Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II-1

MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES PART II

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE SYSTEMS
DR. DUWA HAMISI CHENGULA (PE)
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
JANUARY 2020
1.0 CHAPTER THREE
1.1 Introduction
This chapter use force method which is the application of energy theorem to determine
redundant forces in the structural systems. The redundant forces are considered to be extra
support links, moments at joints and members. By releasing the redundant forces, the system
becomes statically determinate and geometrically stable.
1.2 Application of force method
The application of force method is based on the equilibrium of deflection/displacement and

rotation caused by applied external loads and redundant forces by assuming the system is
statically determinate and geometrically stable.
∑𝑛1 ∆𝑖𝑗 = 0 3.1
1. The unknown forces or redundant forces are also treated as external loads and deflections
or rotation are determined using deflection equation.
2. Determine the redundant reaction forces and members in the system.
3. Remove redundant forces and members to create statically and stable primary systems.
4. Select the simplest primary system “PS” and analyse for support reactions and internal
forces.
5. Replace successively the unknown forces and determine the reactions and internal forces.
6. Apply deflection/rotation equation at the points of redundant forces to get the deflections
or rotations.
Example 3.1: Give a statically indeterminate beam system below use force method to
determine reactions at supports and internal forces (bending moment and shear
force) and draw bending moment and shear force diagrams (EI – constant).
Figure 3.1: A loaded beam system
Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 1

Solution:
i. Introduce imaginary hinges at rigid joints to create discrete individual members forming
the system and determine redundant forces (ie support links and members) by using the
following equation;
RF = ∑ SL𝑖 + 2 ∑(𝐽𝑖 + 𝐽′ 𝑖 ) − 3 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 + ∑ 𝐽′ 𝑖 3.2
Where: RF – redundant forces (support links and members)
SL – support links;
J – simple hinges;
M – independent members;
J’ – imaginary simple hinges in the system.
Figure 3.2: Imaginary hinge at rigid joint to the beam system
From the figure:
SL = 5 (RA and RB, RC, HC and MC)
J = 0,
J’ = 1 (at joint B),
M = 2 (AB and BC),
RF = 5 + 2*(0+1) – 3*2 + 1 = 2
Therefore, the redundant forces to be removed for creating primary systems can be as follows:
a. Vertical reaction at A and B;

b. Vertical reaction at A and moment at C;
c. Vertical reaction at A and horizontal reaction at C;
d. Vertical reaction at B and moment at C;
e. Vertical reaction at B and horizontal reaction at C;
f. Moment at B and C etc.
ii. Create a primary system. For this example, the selected primary system is that with
unknown vertical reaction at support A and moment at support C removed;
Figure 3.3: Selected primary system of the beam
iii. Determine support reactions of the primary system;
∑Hi = 0: HC = 0 (i)
L −4 4
𝑅𝐵 = (1 − 𝐿 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐹 = (1 − ) ∗ 10 ∗ 8 + (1 − 8) ∗ 15 = 127.5𝑘𝑁 (ii)
𝐵𝐶 8
L 4 12
𝑅𝐶 = (1 − 𝐿 𝐶 ) ∗ 𝐹 = (1 − 8) ∗ 15 + (1 − ) ∗ 10 ∗ 8 = −32.5𝑘𝑁 (iii)
𝐶𝐵 8
iv. Determine internal bending moment and shear force
Beam Sections

Section A – B (0 < x ≤ 8) Section C – M (0 < x ≤ 4) Section M – B (0 < x ≤ 4)
𝑉𝑥 = 10x 𝑉𝑥 = −32.5kN 𝑉𝑥 = −32.5 − 15 = −47.5kN
x2
𝑀𝑥 = 10 ∗ = 5x 2 𝑀𝑥 = 32.5x 𝑀𝑥 − 32.5(x + 4) − 15x = 0
2
The given table below show the values of the internal forces (bending moment, shear force and
normal force) and reactions at supports of the selected primary system.
Table 3.1: Values for internal forces and reactions at supports of the primary beam system
L(m) 0 2 4 6 8 8 10 12 12 13 14 16
Sections Section A – B Section M – B Section C – M
X(m) 0 2 4 6 8 4 2 0 4 3 2 0
Nx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vx 0 20 40 60 80 -47.5 -47.5 -47.5 -32.5 -32.5 -32.5 -32.5
Mx 0 20 80 180 320 320 225 130 130 97.5 65 0
Rx 0 127.5 -15 -32.5
Reaction force at any point along the beam is given by equation 3.3
v. Draw bending moment and shear force diagrams the primary beam system
Rx = VL – VR 3.3
Figure 3.4: Normal force and shear force diagrams of a primary system

Figure 3.5: Bending moment diagram of a primary system
vi. Replace the removed redundant forces successively and determine reactions and internal
forces
a. Replace X1 = RA and X2 = MC
Figure 3.6: Beam systems with X1 (top) and X2 (bottom) as external loads
vii. Reactions at supports for redundant forces
Top figure
∑Hi = 0: HC = 0 (i)
L −8
𝑅𝐵 = (1 − 𝐿 𝐵 ) ∗ 𝐹 = (1 − ) ∗ (−𝑋1 ) = −2𝑋1 𝑘𝑁 (ii)
𝐵𝐶 8
L 16
𝑅𝐶 = (1 − 𝐿 𝐶 ) ∗ 𝐹 = (1 − ) ∗ (−𝑋1 ) = +𝑋1 𝑘𝑁 (iii)
𝐶𝐵 8
Bottom figure
∑Hi = 0: HC = 0 (i)
1 1
𝑅𝐵 = − 𝐿 ∗ 𝑀 = − 8 ∗ 𝑋2 = −0.125𝑋2 𝑘𝑁 (ii)
𝐵𝐶
1 1
𝑅𝐶 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑀 = 8 ∗ 𝑋2 = +0.125𝑋2 𝑘𝑁 (iii)
𝐶𝐵
viii. Determine internal forces for redundant forces
Beam Sections
Section A – B (0 < x ≤ 8) Section B – C (0 < x ≤ 8)
Top figure Top figure
𝑉𝑥 = −X1 𝑉𝑥 = 2X1 − X1 = X1
𝑀𝑥 = −X1 ∗ 𝑥 Mx = −X1 ∗ (x + 8) + 2X1 ∗ x = X1 (x − 8)
Bottom figure Bottom figure
𝑉𝑥 = 0 𝑉𝑥 = 0.125X2
𝑀𝑥 = 0 Mx = 0.125X2 ∗ x
ix. Draw bending moment and shear force diagrams of the unit forces by factoring out
unknown forces (redundant forces)

Figure 3.7: Bending moment, shear force and normal force diagram for X1
Figure 3.8: Bending moment, shear force and normal force diagram for X2

x. Determine deflection and rotation at point A and C due to applied loads and redundant
forces
𝐿 𝑀𝑃
∆UP = ∫0 𝑀𝑈 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝐸
1 8 4 4 −34400
∆1P = [∫0 (−𝑥) ∗ (5𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝑥 − 8) ∗ (320 − 47.5𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝑥 − 4) ∗ (130 − 32.5𝑥)𝑑𝑥]: ∆1P =
IE 3IE
1 8 4 4 1100
∆2P = [∫0 (0)(5𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (0.125𝑥) (320 − 37.5𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (0.5 + 0.125𝑥) (130 − 32.5𝑥)𝑑𝑥]: ∆2P =
IE 3IE
X1 8 8 1024X1
∆1X1 = [∫ (−𝑥)(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
IE 0
+ ∫0 (𝑥 − 8) ∗ (𝑥 − 8)𝑑𝑥] : ∆1X1 =
3IE
X2 8 8 −32X2
∆1X2 = [∫ (−𝑥)(0) 𝑑𝑥
IE 0
+ ∫0 (𝑥 − 8) ∗ (0.125𝑥)𝑑𝑥] : ∆1X2 =
3IE
X2 8 8 −32X1
∆1X2 = [∫ (0)(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
IE 0
+ ∫0 (0.125𝑥) ∗ (𝑥 − 8) 𝑑𝑥]: ∆2X1 =
3IE
X2 8 8 8X2
∆2X2 = [∫ (0)(0) 𝑑𝑥
IE 0
+ ∫0 (0.125𝑥) ∗ (0.125𝑥)𝑑𝑥]: ∆2X2 =
3IE
xi. Summation of deflection at a point due to all forces equal to zero
∆1p + ∆1X1 + ∆1X2 = 0 and ∆2p + ∆2X1 + ∆2X2 = 0 ii
−∆1p ∆ ∆12 x1
[ ] = [ 11 ][ ]
−∆2p ∆21 ∆22 x2
11466.67 341.33 −10.67 x1

[ ]=[ ] [x ]: RA = 33.48kN; MC = –3.52kNm
−366.67 −10.67 2.67 2
The final forces of the system are given by the following equations
R F = R P + ∑𝑛1 Xi ∗ R 𝑢𝑖 4
NF = NP + ∑𝑛1 Xi ∗ N𝑢𝑖 5
VF = VP + ∑𝑛1 Xi ∗ V𝑢𝑖 6
MF = MP + ∑𝑛1 Xi ∗ M𝑢𝑖 7

Table 3.2: Values of the final internal forces
0 2 4 6 8 8 10 12 12 14 16
Section A – B Section M – B Section C – M
0 2 4 6 8 4 2 0 4 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-33.48 -13.48 6.52 26.52 46.52 -14.46 -14.46 -14.46 0.54 0.54 0.54
0.00 -46.97 -53.94 -20.90 52.13 52.13 23.22 -5.70 -5.70 -4.61 -3.52
33.48 60.97 -15.00 0.54
Figure 3.9: Bending moment, shear force and normal force diagram of the final forces
Example 3.2: Given a loaded truss system below, apply force method to determine the following
(EA – constant).
i. Axial force of the redundant member

ii. Final member forces of the system
iii. Support reactions
iv. Total internal energy of the system

Figure 3.10: Loaded statically indeterminate truss system
Solution:
i. Determine degree of statically indeterminate
Ds = r + 2j – 3m: r = 3; j = 11; m = 8
Ds = 3 + 2*11 – 3*8 = 1
The truss system has one redundant member to be removed since externally there are three links.
The member “BD” is removed to make the truss system statically determinate and geometrically
stable. However member “DE” and “AE” can be removed.
Figure 3.10: Primary Loaded truss system
ii. Determine support reactions of primary truss system
∑ Fy = 0: R A = 10kN
∑ MA = 0: − 5HB − 10 ∗ 10 − 5 ∗ 5 = 0: HB = −25kN

∑ Fx = 0: − HA + 5 + 25 = 0: HA = 30kN
iii. Determine member forces of the primary truss system
Use Northing – Easting method to compute member forces
Northings: ∑TijCosθ = 0 and Eastings: ∑TijSinθ = 0
iv. Replace the removed member force and determine support reactions
Figure 3.11: Truss system with a replaced redundant force
RA = 0; HA = 0 and HB = 0
v. Determine member forces of the replaced unit force in the truss system
Table 3.4: Member forces and deflection caused by replaced unit force to member BD
∆1P ∂11 NFinal

Member Np(kN) N1(kN) L(m) 0.5*NF*NF*L
Np*N1*L N1*N1*L (kN)
AB -25.00 0.45 5.00 -55.88 1.00 -18.00 810.27
AC -15.00 -0.45 5.00 33.60 1.00 -22.01 1211.39
AE -21.21 0.63 7.07 -94.80 2.82 -11.32 453.06
BC 35.36 -1.26 7.07 -316.00 11.30 15.57 857.02
BD 0.00 1.00 11.18 0.00 11.18 15.65 1369.69
CD 10.00 -1.34 5.00 -67.10 9.01 -11.01 302.87
CE 25.00 -0.89 5.00 -111.75 4.00 11.01 302.83
DE -14.14 0.63 7.07 -63.20 2.82 -4.25 63.84
∑ -675.12 43.13 5371/EA
HA 30 0 30
HB -25 0 EA – constant -25
RA 10 0 10
∆1P + ∂11X1 = 0: -675.123 + 43.13X1 = 0; therefore X1 = 15.653kN
NFinal = NP + N1*X1
Internal work done WT = 0.5*∑NF*NF*L
Example 3.3: Given a loaded truss system below, apply force method to determine the following
(EA – constant).
i. Axial force of the redundant member

ii. Final member forces of the system
iii. Support reactions
iv. Total internal energy of the system
Figure 3.12: Statically indeterminate loaded truss system

Solution:
i. Determine the degree of statically indeterminate
Ds = r + 2j – 3m: r = 4; j = 14; m = 10
Ds = 4 + 2*14 – 3*10 = 2
ii. Remove two redundant forces such that horizontal force (X1) at support “B” and member
force (X2) “BF” to make primary truss system.

Figure 3.13: Primary Loaded truss system
iii. Determine support reactions of primary truss system
∑ MA = 0: − 5R B − 20 ∗ 10 + 10 ∗ 10 = 0: R B = −20kN
∑ Fy = 0: R A = 30kN
∑ Fx = 0: HA − 20 = 0: HA = 20kN
iv. Determine member forces “FP” of the primary truss system
Use Northing – Easting method to compute member forces
v. Replace the removed member force and determine support reactions
Figure 3.14: Truss system with a replaced redundant forces X1 and X2

Figure 3.14 left Figure 3.14 right
RA1 = RB1 = 0 and HA1 = 1X1 RA2 = RB2 = 0 and HA2 = 0
vi. Determine member forces of the replaced unit forces in the truss systems
vii. Compute deflection at point 1 due to replaced force X1 and at 2 due to replaced force X2
n
1 L 1
∆ip = ∫ Xi Np dx = ∑ Xi Np L
EA 0 EA
1
Table 3.5: Truss member forces, reactions and deflections
1X1 1X2 ∆1P ∆2P ∂11 ∂12 ∂22

Member L(m) NP FFinal
N1 N2 FPN1L FPN2L N1N1L N1N2L N2N2L
AB 5 0 -1 -0.71 0.0 0.00 5.0 3.54 2.50 -0.02
AC 7.07 -28.3 0 1 0.0 -200 0.0 0.0 7.07 -15.79
AF 5 -10 0 -0.71 0.0 35.35 0.0 0.0 2.50 -18.88
BC 5 20 0 -0.71 0.0 -70.70 0.0 0.0 2.50 11.12
BF 7.07 0 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.07 12.51
CD 5 -10 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -10.00
CE 5 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00
CF 5 10 0 -0.71 0.0 -35.35 0.0 0.0 2.50 1.12
DE 7.07 14.14 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.14
EF 7.07 -14.14 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -14.14
∑ 0.0 -270.7 5.00 3.54 24.14
RA - 30 0 0 30.00
HA - 20 1 0 11.14
EA – constant
RB - -20 0 0 -20.00
HB - 0 1 0 -8.86
viii. Determine values of unknown redundant forces X1 and X2
∆1P + ∂11X1 + ∂12X2 = 0 and ∆2P + ∂21X1 + ∂22X2 = 0

Substitute the values of deflections and solve the simultaneous equations below
0 + 5X1 + 3.54X2 = 0
-270.7 + 3.54X1 + 24.14X2 = 0
X1 = -8.86kN and X2 = 12.51kN
NFINAL = NP + N1*X1 + N2*X2

4.0 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Introduction
This chapter use three moment equations to determine moments at rigid and fixed joints of the
continuous statically indeterminate beam systems. This method is generally a force method
whereby it is considered that the redundant forces in the system is only moments at the joints.
Therefore, by releasing the moments at joints the system becomes statically determinate and
geometrically stable.
4.2 Application of three moment equations method
The application of three moment equations is based on the equilibrium of rotation at joints caused
by applied external loads after release of the moments at joints. In order to use the method, the
system must have more than two continuous spans. However, for a beam system with one or two
span then imaginary spans with zero distance can be assumed in the equations.
4.3 Derivation of three moment equations
Considered a loaded continuous beam system below
Figure 4.1: Three span loaded beams system
Procedure:
i. Release moments at joints “B” and “C” by introducing hinges
Figure 4.2: beams system with released moments at rigid joints

ii. Determine reactions at supports and draw internal force diagrams
0.5L1
R A = (1 − ) ∗ Q ∗ L1 = 0.5QL1 = R B1
L1
R B2 = 0 = R C1
LC3 LD3
R C2 = (1 − ) ∗ P: R D = (1 − )∗P
L3 L3
Figure 4.3: Bending moment diagrams of applied loads and unit moments at joints
iii. Determine rotation at joints due to released moments X1 and X2
1 𝐿1 1 1 1 𝐿2 1 1 1
θ1X1 = ∫ ( 𝑥) ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( 𝑥) ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝐿 + 𝐿2 )
IE 0 𝐿1 𝐿1 IE 0 𝐿2 𝐿2 3𝐸𝐼 1
1 𝐿2 1 1 1
θ1X2 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥) ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝐿 )
IE 0 𝐿2 𝐿2 6𝐸𝐼 2
1 𝐿2 1 1 1
θ2X1 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥) ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝐿 )
IE 0 𝐿2 𝐿2 6𝐸𝐼 2

1 𝐿2 1 1 1 𝐿3 1 1 1
θ2X2 = ∫ ( 𝑥) ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( 𝑥) ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝐿 + 𝐿3 )
IE 0 𝐿2 𝐿2 IE 0 𝐿3 𝐿3 3𝐸𝐼 2
iv. Summation of rotation at joints equal to zero
θ1𝑃 + θ1X1 + θ1X2 = 0 and θ2𝑃 + θ2X1 + θ2X2 = 0
6 −θ1p θ θ12 x1
[ ] = [ 11 ][ ]
𝐼𝐸 −θ2p θ21 θ22 x2
L1 L2 L2
2( + )
−θ1p (𝐸𝐼)1 (𝐸𝐼)2 (𝐸𝐼)2 x1
6[ ]= [x ]
−θ2p L2 L2 L3 2
2( + )
[ (𝐸𝐼)2 (𝐸𝐼)2 (𝐸𝐼)3 ]
For three unknown moments at joints with constant stiffness, the matrix becomes
−θ1p 2(L1 + L2 ) L2 0 x1
6
−θ
[ 2p ] = [ L2 2(L2 + L3 ) L3 ] [x2 ]
𝐼𝐸
−θ3p 0 L3 2(L3 + L4 ) x3
General equation of three moment equations
−6𝐼𝐸(θi(i−1) + θi(i+1) ) = Li (xi−1 ) + 2(L𝑖 + Li+1 )xi + (Li+1 )(𝑥i+1 )
Example 4.1: Use three moment equations to determine moments at joints and analyse for
internal forces and draw bending moment and shear force diagrams.
Figure 4.4: Loaded statically determinate system
Solution:
i. Introduce hinges at rigid and fixed joints “B” and “D” and “E” and imaginary span “EF”;

Figure 4.5: Beam system with moments at joints released
ii. Determine moments and shear forces of the applied forces and draw bending moment and
shear force diagrams
Span A – B Span B – D Span D – E

RA = RB1 = 10*5/2 = 25kN RB2 = (1– 3/5)*15 = 6kN, RD2 = (1 – 2/3)*8*5*0.5 = 6.67kN,
RD1 = 9kN RE = 8*5*0.5 – 6.67 = 13.33kN
Mx = –25x + 5x2 Mx = –6x (0<x<3) Mx = –6.67x + 1.33x2
Vx = –25 + 10x Vx = –6 (0<x<3) Vx = –6.67 + 4x
Table 4.1: Values of bending moment shear force and reactions for SDS
L(m) 0 1 2.5 4 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 11 13 15
Span A–B B-C C–D D–E
X(m) 0 1 2.5 4 5 0 1 3 3 5 0 1 3 5
Mx 0 -20 -31.3 -20 0 0 -6 -18 -18 0 0 -5.3 -8.0 -0.1
Vx -25 -15 0 15 25 -6 -6 -6 9 9 -6.7 -2.7 5.3 13.3
Rx 25 31 -15 15.67 13.33

Figure 4.6: Bending moment and shear force diagram
iii. Determine moments and shear forces of the released moments at joints and draw bending
moment and shear force diagrams
Figure 4.7: Replacing the released moments at joints
M 1X1 M 1X1
R A = − ∑ L ij = = −0.2X1 and R B1 = − ∑ −Lij = = 0.2X1
ij 5 ij −5
Mx = R A ∗ x = 0.2X1 ∗ x and Vx = R A = 0.2X1
Figure 4.8: Bending moment diagrams of the replaced moments at joints

Figure 4.9: Shear force diagrams of the replaced moments at joints
iv. Determine rotation at joints due to applied external forces
1 𝐿
𝜃1𝑃 = ∫ 𝑀1 𝑀𝑃 𝑑𝑥
EI 0
1 5 1 3 1 2 47.042
𝜃1𝑃 = ∫ 0.2𝑥(−25𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ( ∫0 (1 − 0.2𝑥)(−6𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 0.2𝑥(−9𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ) = −
2𝐸𝐼 0 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
1 𝐿
𝜃2𝑃 = ∫ 𝑀 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
EI 0 2 𝑃
1 3 1 2 1 2
𝜃2𝑃 = ( ∫ (0.2𝑥)(−6𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (1 − 0.2𝑥)(−9𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ) + ∫ 0.2𝑥(−6.67𝑥 + 1.33𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 0 𝐸𝐼 0 2𝐸𝐼 0
30.97
𝜃2𝑃 = − 𝐸𝐼
1 𝐿 1 2 6.97
𝜃3𝑃 = EI ∫0 𝑀3 𝑀𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝐸𝐼 ∫0 (1 − 0.2𝑥)(−6.67𝑥 + 1.33𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐸𝐼
47.042 5 5 5
2(2EI + EI) 0
𝐸𝐼 EI x1
30.97 5 5 5 5
6 𝐸𝐼
= EI
2(EI + 2𝐸𝐼) 2EI
[x 2 ]
6.97 5 5 x3
[ 𝐸𝐼 ] [ 0 2(2EI + 0)]
2EI
47.042 15 5 0 x1
6 [ 30.97 ] = [ 5 15 2.5] [x2 ]
6.97 0 2.5 5 x3
X1 = 16.863kNm; X2 = 5.862kNm and X3 = 5.433kNm

v. Draw final bending moment and shear force diagram
Figure 4.10: Bending moment of the combined simply supported beams and support moments
MF = MP + ∑𝑛1 Xi ∗ M𝑢𝑖 and VF = VP + ∑𝑛1 Xi ∗ V𝑢𝑖
Span A – B
MxF = –25x + 5x2 +16.863*0.2x (0<x≤5)
Vx = –25 + 10x + 16.863*0.2 (0<x≤5)
Span B – D
MxF = –6x + 16.863*(1 – 0.2x) + 5.862*0.2x (0<x≤3) and
MxF = (–18 + 9x) + 16.863*(0.4 – 0.2x) + 5.862*(0.6 + 0.2x) (0<x≤2)
VxF = –6 – 16.863*0.2 + 5.862*0.2 (0<x≤3) and 9–16.863*0.2 + 5.862*0.2 (0<x≤2)
Span D – E
MxF = –6.67x + 1.33x2 + 5.862*(1 – 0.2x) + 5.433*0.2x (0<x≤5)
VxF = –6.67 + 4x + 5.862*(– 0.2) + 5.433*0.2 (0<x≤5)

Table 4.2: Final values of bending moment, shear force and reactions of the beam system
L(m) 0 2.2 3 5 5 7 8 8 10 10 11 12.6 14 15
Span A–B B–C C–D D–E
x(m) 0 2 3 5 0 2 3 0 2 0 1 2.6 4 5
Mx 0.0 -23.4 -19.9 16.9 16.9 0.5 -7.7 -7.7 5.9 5.9 0.4 -2.7 0.1 5.4
Vx -21.6 -1.6 8.4 28.4 -8.2 -8.2 -8.2 6.8 6.8 -6.8 -2.8 3.6 9.2 13.2
Rx 21.6 36.6 -15.0 13.6 13.2
Figure 4.11: Final Bending moment and shear force diagrams
For the given beam span, the reactions and shear forces at supports are given by the following
equations:
Lik Mij −Mji Ljk Mji −Mij

R i = ∑𝑛𝑛=1 F𝑛 (1 − )+( ) and R j = ∑𝑛𝑛=1 F𝑛 (1 − )+( )
Lij Lij Lji Lji
Lik Mij −Mji L Mji −Mij

Vi = − (∑𝑛𝑛=1 F𝑛 (1 − )+( )) and Vj = ∑𝑛𝑛=1 F𝑛 (1 − Ljk ) + ( )
Lij Lij ji Lji
Where: Ri and Rj – are reactions at supports “i” and “j”
Lij and Lji – are the distance between supports “ij”
Lik and Ljk – are the distance from supports “ij” to the point of concentrated point load(s)
Vi and Vj – are shear forces at supports “i” and “j”

5.0 CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Introduction
This chapter use slope – deflection equations (displacement method) to determine moments at
rigid joints of the continuous statically indeterminate beam and frame systems. This method is
basically a force method whereby deformations ie rotations and displacements in a system are
assumed to be caused by the effects of bending moments only. The redundant forces in the
system are moments at rigid joints. The system is divided into simple systems and additional
moments due to rotations and displacements at joints are determine.
5.2 Application of displacement method
The analytical approach of slope – deflection equations is based on the relationship between
bending moments and displacements (slope and deflection). The basic equation expresses the
moments at the ends of the member as superposition of the end moments due to external loads
with ends restrained or fixed from kinematic movements and end moments caused by end
displacements (rotations/slopes and deflections).
5.3 Degree of kinematic indeterminacy
Degree of kinematic indeterminacy is the number of rotational movements and independent

translational movements in the system.
Dk = θn + ∆n 5.1
Where: Dk – is the degree of kinematic indeterminacy
θn – number of rigid joints in the system
∆n – number of free movements of the member or system which can be determined by

introducing hinges at rigid joints and apply forces to each direction and count
number of movements.
Example 5.1: Determine degree of kinematic indeterminacy of the following systems
Solution:

Identify number of rigid joints which may result into twisting of the connected members and
independent displacements of the members
Table 5.1: Solution for degree of kinematic indeterminacies of the structural systems
S/N Figure Dk Reasons
1 Dk = 0 No rotation, no translation movement
There is rigid joint “B” which may result

Dk = 2
into twisting of connected members and
4 Which are
vertical movement of joint “A” on
(θB+∆A)
application of load.
There is rigid joint “B” which may result
Dk = 2 into twisting of connected members and
5 Which are horizontal movement of member “AB” due
(θB+∆A) to roller support at “A” and side sway of
the vertical member “BC”.
Dk = 6 There are rigid joints “B, C, D and E”
Which are which may result into twisting of
6 (θB + θC + connected members and horizontal
θD + θE + movement of member “CD” and “BE” due
∆C,D+∆B,E) to side sway of the vertical members.
5.4 Notation and sign convention
Table 5.2 gives sign convention and notation used when applying slope – deflection equations
method.
Table 5.2: Sign convention and notation to structural members

S/N Figure Notation Description
“MAB” and “MBA”

Moments in clockwise direction
1 are additional
are positive
moments

S/N Figure Notation Description
are additional
moments due to Moments in clockwise direction
2
rotations and are positive
displacements at
joints

Moments in anticlockwise
3 are additional
direction are negative
moments

are additional
moments due to Moments in anticlockwise
4
rotations and direction are negative
displacements at
joints
“MoAB” and “MoBA” Moments in clockwise direction

5 are moments due to are positive and anticlockwise
applied loads direction are negative
Rotations caused by clockwise

“θAB” and “θBA” are
moment are positive and rotation
6 rotation due to
caused by anticlockwise direction
additional moments
are negative
5.5 Derivation of slope – deflection equations
Considered a straight beam “ij” subjected to external moments “Mij” and “Mji” successively with
the fixed end moments released.
Figure 5.1: A beam member “ij” fixed on both ends
Release moments at both ends “Moij” and “Moji” and apply external moment at joint “i”

Determine rotation at joint “i” caused by applied external moment “Mij”.
1 L 1 L −1 −Mij LMij
θij = ∫ M̅ Mij dx = ∫ x∗ x dx =
EI 0 EI 0 L L 3EI
Apply unit moment at joint “j” to determine rotation due to unit moment
Determine rotation at joint “j” caused by applied external moment “Mij”.
1 L 1 L1 (−1 + x)Mij −LMij

θji = ∫ M̅ Mij dx = ∫ x ∗ dx =
EI 0 EI 0 L L 6EI
Therefore:
LMij −LMij
θij = and θji =
3EI 6EI
The rotation at point “i” and “j” due to application of external moment “Mji” at joint “j”
−LMji LMji
θij = and θji =
6EI 3EI
Determine rotations at both joints by applying external moments at both ends.

Then:
LMij LMji −LMij LMji

θij = − and θji = +
3EI 6EI 6EI 3EI
The values of additional moments “Mij” and “Mji” are obtained by solving the equation
simultaneously. Therefore:
EI EI
Mij = (4θij + 2θji ) and Mji = (2θij + 4θji )
L L
In case there is no external force causing rotation at joint “j” then θji =0. Therefore:
EI EI
Mij = (4θij ) and Mji = (2θij )
L L
The moment at joint “j” is half of moment at joint “i” and is called carry over moment to joint
“j” due to rotation at joint “i”.
Similarly, if rotation at joint “i” is zero then:
EI EI
Mij = (2θji ) and Mji = (4θji )
L L
Considered a straight beam “ij” subjected to external moments “Mij” with one end fixed and
another end is hinged or roller supported.
Figure 5.2: A beam member “ij” fixed on one end
Release moments at fixed end “Moij” and apply external moment at joint “i”

θij = ∫ M̅ Mij dx = ∫ x∗ x dx =
EI 0 EI 0 L L 3EI
1 L 1 L1 (−1 + x)Mij −LMij

EI 0 EI 0 L L 6EI
Therefore:
LMij −LMij
θij = and θji =
3EI 6EI
Since moment at hinged joint “j” is zero therefore the additional moment at fixed end is given
by:
EI3θij −EI6θji
Mij = 0r Mij =
L L

There is no carry over moment at pin or roller supports
Considered a straight beam “ij” fixed at both ends subjected to displacement “∆ji” at its one end.
Figure 5.3: A beam member “ij” fixed at both ends
Release moments at fixed ends “Moij” and “Moji” and apply external moment at joint “i”
̅
θij = ∫ MMij dx = ∫ x∗ x dx =
EI 0 EI 0 L L 3EI
But θij = θji = ∆ji/L for small angles

1 L 1 L1 (−1 + x)Mij −LMij

EI 0 EI 0 L L 6EI
Therefore:
LMij −LMij
θij = and θji =
3EI 6EI
The rotation at point “i” and “j” due to application of external moment “Mji” at joint “j”
−LMji LMji
θij = and θji =
6EI 3EI
By combining the rotation at joints and solving simultaneous the values of additional moments
at joints are given by:
EI EI
Mij = (4θij + 2θji ) and Mji = (2θij + 4θji )
L L
Substituting displacement in the equations above we get:
EI −∆ji −∆ji EI EI −∆ji −∆ji EI

Mij = (4 +2 ) = − 2 6∆ji and Mji = (2 +4 ) = − 2 6∆ji
L L L L L L L L
Considered a straight beam “ij” fixed at one end and other end is pinned, subjected to
displacement “∆ji” at its one end.
Figure 5.4: A beam member “ij” fixed on one end
Release moments at fixed end “Moij” and apply external moment at joint “i”

̅
θij = ∫ MMij dx = ∫ x∗ x dx =
EI 0 EI 0 L L 3EI
But θij = ∆ji/L for small angles
The moment at pin joint is zero. Then, substitute the value of displacement in the equation above.
EI
Mij = − 3∆
L2 ji
General slope – deflection equations with all parameters (rotations and displacements) are:
A. Member fixed at both ends
EI 6∆ EI 6∆
Mij = (4θij + 2θji − 2 ) + 𝑀𝑜 𝑖𝑗 and Mji = (4θji + 2θij − 2 ) + 𝑀𝑜𝑗𝑖
L L L L
B. Member fixed at one end and another end is pinned or roller supported
EI 3∆
Mij = (3θij − 2 ) + 𝑀𝑜 𝑖𝑗 and Mji = 0
L L
5.6 Procedure of using slope – deflection equations
i. Identify the unknowns of the method which is degree of kinematic indeterminacy (Dk);
ii. Disassemble the structural system into elements or members and write slope – deflection
equations for each member/element;

iii. Calculate fixed end moments (FEM) due to external loadings to each member;
iv. Set equilibrium equations forming the system of algebraic equations;
v. Solve the system of algebraic equations to determine the final end moments;
vi. Check the results whether equilibrium conditions are satisfied.
Example 5.1: Determine end moments and draw bending moment and shear force diagram of
the loaded subframe system below, neglect deflection of the system due to horizontal
side sway (EI – constant).
Figure 5.5: A loaded subframe system
Solution:
i. Degree of kinematic indeterminacy Dk = 2(θC, θE)

ii. Determine fixed end moment for each member and write their slope – deflection equations;
A. Member “AC”
MoCA = –3FL/16 = –3*5*10/16 = –9.375kNm

Moment of a simply supported beam AC at B
MB = –FL/4 = –5*10/4 = –12.5kNm
Equation of the slope – deflection
EI
MCA = (3θC ) − 9.375 and MAC = 0
5
B. Member CE
MoEC = –FL/8 = –5*10/8 = –6.25kNm; MoCE = FL/8 = 5*10/8 = 6.25kNm
Moment of a simply supported beam CE at D
MB = –FL/4 = –5*10/4 = –12.5kNm
EI EI
MEC = (4θE + 2θC ) − 6.25 and MCE = (4θC + 2θE ) + 6.25
5 5
C. Member “EG”
MoEG = 0kNm; MoGE = 0kNm
EI EI
MEG = (4θE + 2θG ) − 0 and MGE = (4θG + 2θE ) + 0: θG = 0 fixed joint rotation is zero
5 5

EI EI
MEG = (4θE ) − 0 and MGE = (2θE ) + 0
5 5
D. Member “EF”
MoEF = FL2/2 = 5*52/2 = 62.5kNm; MoFE = 0kNm
MEF = 0 + 62.5 and MCE = 0
iii. Equilibrium of the moments at joints “C” and “E”
Joint “C”
MCA + MCE = 0
EI EI
(3θC ) − 9.375 + (4θC + 2θE ) + 6.25 = 0
5 5
EI(1.4θC ) + EI(0.4θE ) − 3.125 = 0 i
Joint “E”
MEG + MEC + MEF = 0
EI EI
(4θE ) + (4θE + 2θC ) − 6.25 + 62.5 = 0
5 5
EI(1.6θE ) + EI(0.4θC ) + 56.25 = 0 ii
By solving the two equations “i” and “ii” θE = -38.46/EI and θC = 13.22/EI
iv. Joint moments for each member

EI 13.22
MCA = (3 ∗ ) − 9.375 = −1.443kN/m and MAC = 0
5 EI
EI 13.22 38.46
MCE = (4 ∗ + 2 ∗ (− )) + 6.25 = 1.443kNm
5 EI EI
EI 38.46 13.22
MEC = (4 ∗ (− )+2∗ ) − 6.25 = −31.73
5 𝐸𝐼 EI
EI 38.46
MEG = (4 ∗ (− )) − 0 = −30.768kNm
5 EI
EI 38.46
MGE = (2 ∗ (− )) + 0 = −15.384kNm
5 EI
MEF = 62.5kNm
Figure 5.6: Bending moment (kNm) diagram of the loaded subframe system
For the given member span, the reactions and shear forces at supports are given by the following
equations:
Lik Mij −Mji Ljk Mji −Mij

R i = ∑𝑛𝑛=1 F𝑛 (1 − )+( ) and R j = ∑𝑛𝑛=1 F𝑛 (1 − )+( )
Lij Lij Lji Lji

Lij Lij ji Lji

Where: Ri and Rj – are reactions at supports “i” and “j”
Lij and Lji – are the distance between supports “ij”
Lik and Ljk – are the distance from supports “ij” to the point of concentrated point load(s)
Vi and Vj – are shear forces at supports “i” and “j”
Figure 5.7: Shear force (kN) diagram of the loaded subframe system
Example 5.2: Determine end moments and draw bending moment and shear force diagram of
the loaded subframe system below, consider deflection of the system due to
horizontal side sway (EI – variable).
Figure 5.7: A loaded subframe system

Solution:
i. Degree of kinematic indeterminacy Dk = 2(θC, Δx)

ii. Determine fixed end moment for each member and write their slope – deflection equations;
A. Member “CD”
MoCD = 0 and MoDC = 0
2EI
Equation of the slope – deflection MCD = (3θC ) and MDC = 0
6
B. Member AC
MoAC = –FL/8 = –20*6/8 = –15kNm; MoCA = FL/8 = 20*6/8 = 15kNm
Moment of a simply supported beam CE at D
MAC = –FL/4 = –20*6/4 = –30kNm
EI 6𝛥 EI 6𝛥
MCA = (4θC − ) + 15 and MAC = (2θC − ) − 15
6 6 6 6
iii. Equilibrium of moments at joint C

MCA + MCD = 0
EI 6𝛥 2EI
(4θC − ) + 15 + (3θC ) = 0
6 6 6
EI10θC − EI𝛥 = −90 i
iv. Equilibrium of horizontal force of the system
HA = 20kN
v. Equilibrium of moment at C for member AC
∑ MC = 0: MCA + MAC + 20 ∗ 6 − 20 ∗ 3 = 0
MCA + MAC = −60 ii
Substitute the slope – deflection equations of MCA and MAC in equation ii
EI6θC − EI2𝛥 = −360 iii
Solve equations “I” and “iii” to get values of θC and Δx
90 1530
θC = and Δx = m
7EI 7EI
vi. Determine joint moments for each member

2EI 2EI 90 90
MCD = (3θC ) = (3 ∗ )= kNm and MDC = 0
6 6 7EI 7
EI 6Δ EI 90 1530 90
MCA = (4θC − ) + 15 = (4 ∗ − ) + 15 = − kNm
6 6 6 7EI 7EI 7
EI 6Δ EI 90 1530 330
MAC = (2θC − ) − 15 = (2 ∗ − ) − 15 = − kNm
6 6 6 7EI 7EI 7
vii. Draw bending moment and shear force diagrams
Figure 5.8: Bending moment (kNm) diagram of the loaded subframe system
For the given member span, the reactions and shear forces is given by the following equations:

Lij Lij ji Lji
Figure 5.9: Shear force (kN) diagram of the loaded subframe system

6.0 CHAPTER 6
6.1 Introduction
This chapter use moment distribution method (Hard Cross method) to determine moments at
rigid joints of the continuous statically indeterminate beam and frame systems. This method is
the modification of slope – deflection method whereby deformations ie rotations and
displacements in a system are assumed to be caused by the effects of bending moments only.
The redundant forces in the system are moments at rigid joints and the system is divided into
simple systems. It is the rapid iterative method for analysis of structures in which bending is the
determinant mode of behaviour. In this method the joint displacements are first assumed
restrained (prevented). The effects of joint displacements are then introduced by successive
iteration which can be continued to any desired precision level.
6.2 Application of moment distribution method
The analytical approach of moment distribution method is based on balancing the moments at
joints using ratios of the stiffness of the members at joints assuming rotation is unit. Generally
there are no equations solved to find joint displacements.
6.3 Terms used for moment distribution method
The following are the terms used during analysis of statically indeterminate beams and frames.
6.3.1 Fixed end moment (FEM)
This is the end moment developed on the loaded member when the member is fixed against
rotation.
The table 6.1 gives some of the FEMs of the loaded beam members having different loading type
and end conditions.
Table 6.1: Fixed end moment (FEM) for different loading and end condition
S/N Beam system and Loading FEM (AB) FEM (BA)
1 +MoAB +MoBA

S/N Beam system and Loading FEM (AB) FEM (BA)
2 -FLβ(1 – β)2 +FLβ2(1 – β)
3FL
3 − (2𝛽 − 3𝛽 2 + 𝛽 3 ) 0
16
QL2
4 − 0
8
−7QL2
5 0
120
−QL2
6 0
10
−QL2 +QL2
7
12 12
−QL2 +QL2
8
20 30
−QL2 2 +QL2 3
9 β (10 − 10β + 3β2 ) β (5 − 3β)
60 60
−5QL2 5QL2
10
96 96
6.3.2 Stiffness factor (K)
The stiffness of the member (flexural stiffness) is the moment necessary to cause a unit rotation
of the member fixed end.
M𝑖𝑗 = K 𝑖𝑗 𝜃𝑖 when 𝜃𝑖 = 1 then M𝑖𝑗 = K 𝑖𝑗

Figure 6.1: Additional moment due to rotation at joint “i”
When the rotation at joint “j” is zero and rotation at joint “I” is unit then:
For figure 6.1(A) For figure 6.1(B)
4EI 2EI 3EI

𝐾𝑖𝑗 = and 𝐾𝑗𝑖 = 𝐾𝑖𝑗 = and 𝐾𝑗𝑖 = 0
L L L
The stiffness of the joint is the summation of stiffness of the members at the joint.
𝐾𝑖 = ∑𝑛1 𝐾𝑖𝑗
Example 6.1: Compute joint stiffness of the following loaded framed system, ignore horizontal
deflection due to side sway of vertical members (EI – constant)
Figure 6.2: Loaded framed system
Solution:
i. Degree of kinematic indeterminacy
Dk = 2(θB and θC)
Stiffness of the members at joint “B” Stiffness of the members at joint “C”
KBA = 3EI/H and KBC = 4EI/L KCB = 4EI/L and KCD = 4EI/H
Stiffness of joint B: KB = KBA + KBC Stiffness of joint C: KC = KCB + KCD

6.3.3 Distribution factor (R)
These are the ratios of members stiffness at joint used to apportion the extra fixed end moments
at joint. The distribution factor is obtained by dividing the stiffness of the member at joint by
stiffness of the joint.
K 𝑖𝑗
R 𝑖𝑗 =
K𝑖
6.3.4 Carry over factor (C)

Carryover factor is the amount carried from joint “i” to joint “j” due to rotation at joint “i”. The
carryover factor is obtained by dividing the stiffness at joint “j” by stiffness of joint “i”.
K
C𝑖𝑗 = K𝑗𝑖 and the moment carried from joint “i” to joint “j” is given by: M𝑗𝑖 = C𝑖𝑗 M𝑖𝑗
𝑖𝑗
The carryover factor is either 0.5 for members with both ends fixed or zero for one end fixed and
another pinned or roller support.
Example 6.2: From the loaded beam system below use moment distribution method to determine
final end moment of each member. Draw bending moment and shear force diagrams
(EI – variable).
Figure 6.3: Loaded beam system
Solution:
i. Compute fixed end moment (FEM), stiffness of the members, distribution factors and carry
over factors.
Table 6.2: Values of FEM, stiffness, distribution factors and carryover factors
Joint
Span FEM Member stiffness Distr Carry
Joints Member stiffness
(M) (kNm) (Kij) (Ki) R C
A AB 8 -25.6 EI EI 0 0
B BA 8 17.07 EI 1.8EI 0.56 0.5

Joint
Span FEM Member stiffness Distr Carry
Joints Member stiffness
(M) (kNm) (Kij) (Ki) R C
BD 5 -13.54 0.8EI 0.44 0.5
DB 5 13.54 0.8EI 0.29 0.5
D 2.8EI
DE 6 0 2EI 0.71 0.5
E ED 6 0 2EI 2EI 0 0
ii. Perform the iterative distribution and carrying over the moments at joints of the system.
The process involves balancing the extra moments at rigid joints using distribution factors
and carryover the moments to the next joints.
∑ M𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0: 𝑖𝑒 𝑀𝐵 + 𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0: ∆𝑀𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = − (∑ 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡)

1
Table 6.3: Distribution table for the fixed end moments

Joint A B D E
Memb AB BA B BD DB D DE ED
R 0 0.56 1 0.44 0.29 1 0.71 0
C 0 0.5 - 0.5 0.5 - 0.5 0
FEM -25.60 17.07 - -13.54 13.54 - 0.00 0.00
At Joint ∑M=0 0.00 0.00 -3.53 0.00 0.00 -13.54 0.00 0.00
Dist 0.00 -1.98 - -1.55 -3.93 - -9.61 0.00
Carry -0.99 0.00 - -1.96 -0.78 - 0.00 -4.81
At Joint ∑M=0 0.00 0.00 1.96 0.00 0.00 0.78 0.00 0.00
Dist 0.00 1.10 - 0.86 0.23 - 0.55 0.00
Carry 0.55 0.00 - 0.11 0.43 - 0.00 0.28
At Joint ∑M=0 0.00 0.00 -0.11 0.00 0.00 -0.43 0.00 0.00
Dist 0.00 -0.06 - -0.05 -0.13 - -0.31 0.00
Carry -0.03 0.00 - -0.06 -0.02 - 0.00 -0.15
At Joint ∑M=0 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00
Dist 0.00 0.04 - 0.03 0.01 - 0.02 0.00
Carry 0.02 0.00 - 0.00 0.01 - 0.00 0.01
∑ -26.05 16.16 - -16.16 9.36 - -9.36 -4.68
i. Compute bending moment of the primary loaded beam system (PS)
Figure 6.4: Primary loaded beam system

Member A – B Section B – D
RA = 8*8*0.5*(1 – 1/3) = 21.33kN RB2 = 5*5(1 – 0.5)+(5(1 – 0.5) = 15kN RD2 = 0kN
RB1 = 8*8*0.5*(1 – 2/3) = 10.67kN RD1 = 5*5(1 – 0.5)+(5(1 – 0.5) = 15kN RE = 0kN
Mx = –21.33x + 2.67x2 Mx = –15x + 2.5x2 (B – C) Mx = 0kN
ii. Draw bending moment diagram of the system
M𝑖𝑗 − M𝑗𝑖
M𝐹 = M𝑃 − ( ) 𝑥 + M𝑖𝑗
L𝑖𝑗
Figure 6.5: Bending moment diagram of the loaded beam system
iii. Draw shear force diagram of the system
For the given member span, the shear forces at supports are given by the following equations:

Lij Lij ji Lji

Figure 6.6: Shear force diagram of the loaded beam system
Example 6.3: From the given loaded frame system below use moment distribution method to
determine final end moment of each member. Draw bending moment and shear force diagrams.
Neglect the effect of side sway to the vertical member (EI – constant).
Figure 6.7: Loaded sub-framed system
Solution:
iv. Compute fixed end moment (FEM), stiffness of the members, distribution factors and
carry over factors.

Table 6.4: Values of FEM, stiffness, distribution factors and carryover factors
Member Joint
Joints Member Span Loading FEM Distr Carry
stiffness stiffness
(M) (kN/M) (kNm) (Kij) (Ki) R C
A AB 8 0 0 0.5EI 0.5EI 0 0
BA 8 0 0 0.5EI 0.37 0.5
B BC 11.314 0 0 0.355EI 1.354EI 0.26 0.5
BD 8 0 0 0.5EI 0.37 0.5
CB 11.314 0 0 0.355EI 0.414 0.5
C 0.855EI
CD 8 12 -64 0.5EI 0.586 0.5
DC 8 12 64 0.5EI 0.5 0.5
D DE 5 12 -150 0 EI 0 0
DB 8 0 0 0.5EI 0.5 0.5
E ED 5 12 0 0 0 0 0
v. Perform the iterative distribution and carrying over the moments at joints of the system.
The process involves balancing the extra moments at joints using distribution factors and
carryover the moments to the next joints.
Table 6.5: Distribution table for the fixed end moments
Joint A B C D E
Memb AB BA B BC BD CB C CD DB DC D DE ED
R 0 0.37 1 0.26 0.37 0.41 1 0.59 0.5 0.5 1 0 0
C 0.5 0 - 0.5 0.5 0.5 - 0.50 0.5 0.5 - 0 0
FEM 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 -64 0 64 86 -150 0
Dist 0 0 0 0 0 26.5 0 37.5 43.0 43.0 0 0 0
Carry 0 0 -35 13.3 21.5 0 -22 21.5 0 18.8 -19 0 0
Dist 0 -13 0 -9.0 -13 -8.9 0 -12.6 -9.4 -9.3 0.0 0 0
Carry -6.4 0 9.1 -4.5 -4.7 -4.5 9.0 -4.7 -6.4 -6.3 13 0 0
Dist 0 3.4 0 2.4 3.4 3.81 0.0 5.39 6.4 6.36 0 0 0
Carry 1.7 0 -5.1 1.9 3.2 1.19 -4 3.18 1.7 2.70 -4.4 0 0
Dist 0 -1.9 0 -1.3 -1.9 -1.8 0 -2.56 -2.2 -2.19 0.0 0 0
Carry -0.9 0 2.0 -0.9 -1.1 -0.7 2 -1.10 -0.9 -1.28 2.2 0 0
Dist 0.00 0.74 0.00 0.52 0.7 0.73 0 1.03 1.10 1.11 0 0 0
Carry 0.4 0 -0.9 0.4 0.6 0.26 -1.0 0.56 0.40 0.52 -0.9 0 0
Dist 0 -0.34 0 -0.24 -0.34 -0.3 0 -0.48 -0.40 -0.44 0 0 0
Carry -0.17 0.00 0.40 -0.17 -0.22 -0.1 0 -0.22 -0.20 -0.24 0.4 0 0
Dist 0 0.14 0 0.1 0.14 0.14 0 0.20 0.20 0.20 0 0 0
Carry 0.07 0.00 -0.20 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 -0.2 0 0
Dist 0.00 -0.06 0.00 -0.04 -0.06 -0.1 0.00 -0.09 -0.10 -0.09 0 0 0
Carry -0.03 0.00 0.10 -0.03 -0.04 -0.0 0.00 -0.04 0.00 -0.04 0.1 0 0
Dist 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0 0 0
Carry 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0 0 0
Joint A B C D E
Memb AB BA B BC BD CB C CD DB DC D DE ED
∑ -5.4 -10.9 2.4 8.4 16.3 -16.3 33 117 -150 0
vi. Compute bending moment of the simply supported loaded beam members
Members CD and DE
Figure A Figure B
RC = RD1 = 12*8/2 = 48kN RD2 = 12*5 = 60kN
Mx = –48x + 6x2 MDE = –12x5*5/2 = –150
Vx = –48 + 12x Vx = 12x
vii. Draw bending moment diagram of the system
Figure 6.8: Bending moment diagram of the loaded subframe system
viii. Draw shear force diagram of the system
For the given member span, the shear forces at supports are given by the following equations:

Lij Lij ji Lji
Figure 6.9: Shear force diagram of the loaded subframe system

Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II-1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II-1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES PART II

DR. DUWA HAMISI CHENGULA (PE)

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

1.2 Application of force method

The application of force method is based on the equilibrium of deflection/displacement and

∑𝑛1 ∆𝑖𝑗 = 0 3.1

Figure 3.1: A loaded beam system

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 1

RF = ∑ SL𝑖 + 2 ∑(𝐽𝑖 + 𝐽′ 𝑖 ) − 3 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 + ∑ 𝐽′ 𝑖 3.2

Where: RF – redundant forces (support links and members)

J’ – imaginary simple hinges in the system.

Figure 3.2: Imaginary hinge at rigid joint to the beam system

From the figure:

SL = 5 (RA and RB, RC, HC and MC)

J’ = 1 (at joint B),

M = 2 (AB and BC),

a. Vertical reaction at A and B;

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 2

Figure 3.3: Selected primary system of the beam

iii. Determine support reactions of the primary system;

iv. Determine internal bending moment and shear force

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 3

𝑉𝑥 = 10x 𝑉𝑥 = −32.5kN 𝑉𝑥 = −32.5 − 15 = −47.5kN

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 4

vii. Reactions at supports for redundant forces

viii. Determine internal forces for redundant forces

Section A – B (0 < x ≤ 8) Section B – C (0 < x ≤ 8)

Top figure Top figure

𝑀𝑥 = −X1 ∗ 𝑥 Mx = −X1 ∗ (x + 8) + 2X1 ∗ x = X1 (x − 8)

Bottom figure Bottom figure

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 6

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 7

xi. Summation of deflection at a point due to all forces equal to zero

∆1p + ∆1X1 + ∆1X2 = 0 and ∆2p + ∆2X1 + ∆2X2 = 0 ii

11466.67 341.33 −10.67 x1

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 8

i. Axial force of the redundant member

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 9

i. Determine degree of statically indeterminate

Figure 3.10: Primary Loaded truss system

ii. Determine support reactions of primary truss system

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 10

iii. Determine member forces of the primary truss system

Use Northing – Easting method to compute member forces

Northings: ∑TijCosθ = 0 and Eastings: ∑TijSinθ = 0

Figure 3.11: Truss system with a replaced redundant force

Northings: ∑TijCosθ = 0 and Eastings: ∑TijSinθ = 0

∆1P ∂11 NFinal

Internal work done WT = 0.5*∑NF*NF*L

i. Axial force of the redundant member

Figure 3.12: Statically indeterminate loaded truss system

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 12

iii. Determine support reactions of primary truss system

iv. Determine member forces “FP” of the primary truss system

Use Northing – Easting method to compute member forces

Northings: ∑TijCosθ = 0 and Eastings: ∑TijSinθ = 0

v. Replace the removed member force and determine support reactions

Figure 3.14: Truss system with a replaced redundant forces X1 and X2

Dr. Duwa Chengula, Simplified Analysis of Structures Part II Page 13

Northings: ∑TijCosθ = 0 and Eastings: ∑TijSinθ = 0

Table 3.5: Truss member forces, reactions and deflections

1X1 1X2 ∆1P ∆2P ∂11 ∂12 ∂22

viii. Determine values of unknown redundant forces X1 and X2

Internal work done WT = 0.5∑NFNF*L

MxF = –6x + 16.863(1 – 0.2x) + 5.8620.2x (0<x≤3) and

MxF = (–18 + 9x) + 16.863(0.4 – 0.2x) + 5.862(0.6 + 0.2x) (0<x≤2)

VxF = –6 – 16.8630.2 + 5.8620.2 (0<x≤3) and 9–16.8630.2 + 5.8620.2 (0<x≤2)

MxF = –6.67x + 1.33x2 + 5.862(1 – 0.2x) + 5.4330.2x (0<x≤5)

VxF = –6.67 + 4x + 5.862(– 0.2) + 5.4330.2 (0<x≤5)