From interactive class

A cantilever of 14m span carries load of 6kN, 4kN, 6kN and 4kN at 2m, 4m, 7m and 14m
respectively from the fixed end. It also has a uniformly distributed load of 2kN/m for the length
between 4m and 8m from the fixed end. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram.

11 November 2020 DR. ROJA A R 57

Portion EG: Fx= 4kN (constant)
Portion DE: Fx= 4+ 2(x-6) (linear) Fe(x=6)= 4kN; Fd (x=7) = 6 kN
Portion CD: Fx= 4+ 2(x-6)+6; (linear); Fd (x=7) =12 kN; Fc (x=10)=18kN
Portion BC: Fx= 18+4; (constant); Fc= Fb=22kN;
Portion AB: Fx= 22+6; (constant); Fa= Fb= 28kN;

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Bending Moment
Portion EG: Mx= 4. X (linear): MG(x=0) = 0; ME(x=6) = 24kNm
2(x− )
Portion DE: Mx= 4 x+ (Parabolic) ME(x=6) = 24kNm; MD(x=7) = 29kNm

2(x− )
Portion CD: Mx= 4 x+ +6 (x-7) ; (Parabolic); MD(x=7) =29kNm; MC(x=10) =74kNm

Portion BC: Mx= 4 x+ 2 X 4 (x-8)+ 6 (x-7) + 4 (x-10) ; (linear); MC(x=10) =74 MB(x=12) =118kNm;
Portion AB: Mx= 4 x+ 2 X 4 (x-8)+ 6 (x-7) + 4 (x-10) + 6 (x-12) ; (linear);
MB(x=12) = 118kNm MA(x=14) = 174kNm;

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Practice Problem
A cantilever beam 1.5 m long is loaded with UDL of 2kN/m runs over 1.25m from the free end. It
also carries a point load of 3kN at a distance of 0.25m from the free end. Draw SFD and BMD

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RELATION BETWEEN LOAD,
SHEAR AND MOMENT
Consider small length of 𝛿𝑥cut out from loaded beam
at a distance 𝑥 from the fixed origin O. Let
𝑤 = mean rate of loading on the lengthδ𝑥
F = shear force at the section 𝑥
F+ δF = shear force at the section 𝑥 + δ𝑥
M= Bending Moment at the section 𝑥
M+ δM= Bending Moment at the section 𝑥 + δ𝑥
Total load on the small length= 𝑤 . δ𝑥 acting approximately through the centre C

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For equilibrium of the element of length δ𝑥, equating vertical forces,
F- 𝑤𝛿𝑥 − (𝐹 + 𝛿𝐹) =0
- 𝑤𝛿𝑥 − 𝛿𝐹 =0
−𝛿𝐹 = 𝑤𝛿𝑥
◦ − =𝑤
◦ 𝑤=− _____Eq-1
i.e., rate of change of shear force (or slope of the shear force curve) is equal to intensity of loading.

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Bending Moment
Taking moment at right most point of section (point B)
And equating moments to 0

𝑤𝛿𝑥. − 𝐹𝛿𝑥 + 𝑀 + 𝛿𝑀 − M = 0
𝛿𝑥 is a very small value and its square can be a negligible value
−𝐹𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑀 = 0
◦ 𝛿𝑀 = 𝐹𝛿𝑥
◦ 𝐹=
◦ i.e. rate of change of bending moment curve to the shear force.

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At a point where dM/dx = 0 i.e., shear force is zero, the bending moment will have the maximum value.
The point of zero bending moment i.e., where the type of bending changes from sagging to hogging is called
point of inflection or contra-flexure.
 Integrating equation (1) between two values of x at two sections A and B,

FA –FB = ∫ 𝑤𝑑𝑥
which is the area under the load distribution diagram
Integrating equation (2) between two values of x at two sections A and B,

MA –MB = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑥
Variation of bending moment between two sections is equal to the area under the shear force diagram

𝐹= ;𝑤=− =

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SFD and BMD for Simply Supported Beams
A. Simply Supported beam with Point Load
Reactions
Support Reactions ƩFv =0; sum of all vertical forces = 0
RA + R B – w = 0
RA + R B = w _______Eq 1
ƩMA = 0; sum of all moment about a point = 0

RB x 𝑙 – w x = 0

RB =

From Eq 1, RA =

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Shear Force Diagram
Fx→ shear force at 𝑥 − 𝑥
Portion BC
Consider a section 𝑥 − 𝑥 at a distance x from the end B. Shear force at 𝑥−𝑥 will be equal to the
resultant force acting towards right end of section The force to the right of the section is RB
upwards and is constant along the length up to point C on the beam. But according to sign
convention for the considered section, force to the right of section is acting upwards
Fx = − (between B and C)

Portion AC:
Consider a section 𝑥 − 𝑥 at a distance x from the end B. Shear force at 𝑥 − 𝑥 will be equal to the
resultant force acting on the right portion of section shown in figure
W –RB = → F𝑥= (FA = force to the left of section is acting upwards)

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Bending Moment Diagram
Portion BC: Consider a section at a distance 𝑥 from the end B.
Taking moments about the section, M= RB . 𝑥 = 𝑥
MB= RB . 0 = 0
Mc= RB . =
As the moment on the right portion of the section is counter clockwise the bending moment is
positive
Section AC: Consider a section at a distance 𝑥 from the end B.
Taking moments about the section, M= RB . 𝑥 − 𝑤. (𝑥 − )
Mc(x= )= RB . =
MA(x=𝑙) = 0
Maximum bending will be at point C
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B. Simply Supported beam with an Eccentric Load
Reactions
Support Reactions ƩFv =0; sum of all vertical forces = 0
RA + R B – w = 0
RA + R B = w _______Eq 1
ƩMA = 0; sum of all moment about a point = 0
RB x 𝑙 – w x a= 0
RB =

From Eq 1, RA =

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Shear Force Diagram
Fx→ shear force at 𝑥 − 𝑥
Portion BC
Consider a section 𝑥 − 𝑥 at a distance x from the end B. Shear force at 𝑥−𝑥 will be equal to the
resultant force acting towards right end of section The force to the right of the section is RB
upwards and is constant along the length up to point C on the beam. But according to sign
convention for the considered section, force to the right of section is acting upwards
Fx = − (between B and C)
Portion AC:
Consider a section 𝑥 − 𝑥 at a distance x from the end B. Shear force at 𝑥 − 𝑥 will be equal to the
resultant force acting on the right portion of section shown in figure

W –RB =w- → F𝑥= (FA = force to the left of section is acting upwards)

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Bending Moment Diagram
Portion BC: Consider a section at a distance 𝑥 from the end B.
Taking moments about the section, M= RB . 𝑥 = 𝑥
MB= RB . 0 = 0
Mc= RB . 𝑏 =
As the moment on the right portion of the section is counter clockwise the bending moment is
positive
Section AC: Consider a section at a distance 𝑥 from the end B.
Taking moments about the section, M= RB . 𝑥 − 𝑤. (𝑥 − 𝑏)
Mc(x=b)= RB . 𝑏 =
MA(x=𝑙) = 0
Maximum bending will be at point C

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