3.4 4.

) Velocity of closest approaches in SZ geometry

Prompt: Problem 4. (Problem 9.12 in Hartle) A comet starts at infinity, goes around a
relativistic star of mass M and goes out to infinity. The impact parameter at infinity is
b. The Schwarzschild radius of closest approach is R. What is the speed of the comet at
closest approach as measured by a stationary observer at that point?
Compute the angle variation ϕ along an orbit (calculate the perihelion).

Solution: Start with,

l2 M l2 E2 − 1
 
1 2 1 2 M
ṙ + Vef f = ṙ + − + 2 − 3 =ϵ=
2 2 r 2r r 2

l = ϕ̇r2
Substitute the ṙ term,
dϕ 2 ϕ̇2 −2(Vef f − ϵ)
= 2 =
dr ṙ l2 /r2
Take square root and inverse

dϕ −1 r2
q
=+− 2(ϵ − Vef f )
dr l
Solve for dϕ
l · dr
dϕ = + − p
2(ϵ − Vef f )
One period is from the closest point to the farthest point, and back to the closest point.
This means the integral of ϕ and r is bound between,
Z r2
dr 2 2GM −1/2 c2 E 2 2 l2 −1/2
∆ϕ = 2l (r (1 − ) [ − (c + )]
r1 r
2 c2 r 1 − 2GM
c2
r2
GM
Now expand all square root terms; c2 r
<< 1
r2
1 + GM
Z
dr c2 r
∆ϕ ∼ 2l 2
q
r1 r 2
c2 (E 2 − 1) + 2E GM − 1 2
(l − 4E 2 G2 M 2
)
r r2 c2

Now, U substitution. Use, u = 1r ,

u2
du(1 + GM u)
Z
c2
∆ϕ ∼ 2l q
u1 c2 (E 2 − 1) + u2 E 2 GM − u2 (l2 − ( 2EGM
c
)2 )

Simplify with
2EGM 2
A = l2 − ( ))
c
B = 2E 2 GM
D = c2 (E 2 − 1)

18
Substitute them in
u2
du(1 + GM u)
Z
c2
∆ϕ ∼ 2l p
u1 D + Bu − Au2 )
Memorize and use,
u = αx + β
r
D β2
α= +
A 4A2
β
β=
2A
This equation right above must be a typo... it would be A = 1/2... Substitute these terms
in
dx(1 + GM αGM
Z x2
2 β + c2
x)
∆ϕ ∼ 2l p c
x1 A(1 − x2 )
which is from D + Bu − Au2 = Aα2 (1 − x2 ) ??? ??? ???
Z 1
2l GM β dx
∆ϕ = √ [(1 + 2
) p ]
A c −1 (1 − x2 )
Maybe another U-substitution???
2l GM β
∆ϕ = √ [(1 + )π]
A c2
Maybe another taylor expansion
GM 2 1
∆ϕ = 2π + 6π( ) + O( 2 )
c·l c
GM 2
∆ϕ ∼ 2π + 6π( )
c·l
This is the movement of the perihelion

3.5 5.) Precession of the Perihelion

Skipped
Prompt: Problem 5. (Problem 9.15 in Hartle) Precession of the Perihelion of a Planet
To find the first order in 1/c2 relativistic correction to the angle ∆ϕ swept out in one
bound orbit, one might be tempted to expand the integrand in
Z r2 −1/2
l2 2GM l2

dr 2 2 2GM
∆ϕ = 2l 2
c (e − 1) + − 2+ 2 3
r1 r r r cr
in the small quantity 2GN ‘2/c2r3 and keep only the first two terms. R r This would
be a mistake because the resulting integral would diverge near a turning point such as
2dr/(r2−r)3 /2 , whereas the original 2integral is finite. There are several ways of rewriting
the integrand so it can be expanded. One trick is to factor (1 − 2GM/c2r) out of the
denominator so that it can be written
Z r2  −1/2 "  −1  2
#−1/2
dr 2GM 2GM l
∆ϕ = 2l 2
1− 2 c2 e 2 1 − 2 − c2 + 2
r1 r c r c r r

19
. The factor in the brackets is then still the square root of a quantity quadratic in 1/r to
order 1/c2 . To derive the expression
GM 2  2
GM
δϕprec = 6π
cl
evaluate this expression as follows. (a) Expand the factors of (1 − 2GM/c2r) in the
preceding equation in powers of 1/c2 , keeping only the 1/c2 correction to Newtonian
quantities and using e2 = 1 + 2EN ewt /mc2 + · · · · (b) Introduce the integration variable
u = 1/r, and show that the integral can be put in the form

 Z u1
2GM u1

u · du
Z
GM 2 du 1
∆ϕ = 1 + 2( ) 2 1/2
+ 2 1/2
+ 3+
cl u2 [(u1 − u)(u − u2 )] c u2 [(u1 − u)(u − u2 )] c

(c) The first integral (including the 2) equals 2π. Show that the second integral gives
(π/2)(u1 + u2 ) and that this equals πGM/l2 to lowest order in 1/c2 . (d) Combine these
results to derive (3).
Solution: Skipped

3.6 6.) Light moving near SZ BH

Prompt: Problem 6. (Example 9.2 in Hartle) A stationary observer is stationed at a
radius R < 3M outside a black hole of mass M. He sends out light rays in various directions
in the equatorial plane θ = π/2 making angles Φ with the radial direction. Radial light
with Φ = 0 have impact parameter b = 0 and escape. (a) Find an orthonormal basis
eα̂ associated with the laboratory of the observer. Let the three space-like vectors point
along the coordinate axes r, θ, ϕ. (b) Write the initial four velocity u0 of a light ray sent
out by the observer in terms of the constants e and l. (c) Show that the initial angle
tanΦ = uϕ̂0 /ur̂ can be related directly to the impact parameter b = l2 /e2 by the equation
 1/2   −1/2
1 2M 1 1 2M
tan Φ = 1− 2
− 2 1−
R R b R R
(d) Determine the critical angle Φcrit below which the light rays can escape to infinity.
Furthermore determine the radius R so that the critical angle is π/2. What does the sky
look like for the observer stationed at that radius?
Find orthonormal basis (eµâ ) associated with the observer!
Solution:
Start with the eµâ term:
µ ∈ {t, r, θ, ϕ}
α̂ ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3}
Definition of orthonormal (basis):

gµν eµα̂ eνβ̂ = ηα̂β̂

Now, find a frame associated with a stationary observer at Rµ

uµobs = (ut , 0, 0, 0)

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WHY??????? The first vector in the basis is:

eµt̂ = uµobs

WHY??????? ⇓
uµ uν gµν = −1
... ... ...
2M
−(ut )2 (1 − ) = −1
R
WHY???????
1
eµt̂ = ( q , 0, 0, 0)
2M
1− R

Repeat this process for r, θ, ϕ! We can also reuse the procedure and more simply get:

eµr̂ = (0, α, 0, 0)

eµθ̂ = (0, 0, α, 0)
eµϕ̂ = (0, 0, 0, α2 )
WHAT IS THE PATTERN??? The above terms are then calculated as: For r,

eµr̂ eνr̂ gµν = 1

1
(α2 )( )=1
1 − 2M
R
r
2M
α= 1−
R
r
2M
eµr̂ = (0, 1 − , 0, 0)
R
For θ,
1
eµθ̂ = (0, 0, , 0)
R
For ϕ,
1
eµϕ̂ = (0, 0, 0, )
R
Now conisder an initial 4-velocity

uµinitial = uµ0 = (t, r, θ, ϕ)

??? ??? ???

E
ṫ =
1 − 2M
R
l
ϕ̇ =
R2
??? ??? ???
uµ0 uν0 gµν = 0

21
... ... ...
2M 2 ṙ2
−(1 − )ṫ + 2M
+ R2 ϕ̇2 = 0
R 1− R
solve for r dot, r
2M l2
ṙ = E 2 − (1 − )
R R2
??? ??? ???
E 1
uµ0 = ( 2M
,q , 0, ϕ̇)
1− R 1− 2M
R
r
2M µ 1
uµ0 = 1− ṫet̂ + q ṙeµr̂ + 0 + Rϕ̇eµϕ̂
R 1− 2M
R

Plug into t dot, r dot, and phi dot,

q
2

µ E µ
E 2 − (1 − 2M )l
R R2 µ l
u0 = q et̂ + q er̂ + eµϕ̂
1 − 2M 1 − 2M R
R R

Recap: Begin...  
−1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
uµ0 = (ṫ, ṙ, θ̇ = 0, ϕ̇) →   → {eµ }

0 0 1 0 ϕ̂

0 0 0 1
Now calculate tangents,
uϕ̂0
tanϕ = r̂
u0
q
l
R
1 − 2MR
tanϕ = q
2
E 2 − (1 − 2MR
)( Rl 2 )
Substitute in for E, q
2M
1− R
tanϕ = q
1 2M
R b2
− (1 − R
)( R12 )
The rest is in the book...

3.7 7: Novel metrics around stars

Prompt: Problem 7. (Problem 9.18 in Hartle) Suppose in another theory of gravity (not
Einstein’s general relativity) the metric outside a spherical star is given by
 
2 2M 
−dt2 + dr2 + r2 (dθ2 + sin2 θdϕ2 )

ds = 1 −
r
Calculate the deflection of light by a spherical star in this theory assuming that photons
move along null geodesics in this geometry and following the steps that led to (9.78) in
Hartle. When you get the answer see if you can find a simpler way to do the problem.
Solution:

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