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Mathematics - I

First Semester
Module - III
Vector Integral Calculus

by

Prof. (Dr.) B. N. Dash


GITA, BBSR
Prof. (Dr.) B. N. Dash Vector Integral Calculus

3.1 Green’s Theorem in a plane:


Green’s Theorem is a transformation between double integrals into line inte-
grals and conversely.

Figure 3.1: Region R between C1 and C2

Statement: Let R is a closed bounded region in xy−plane whose bound-


ary C consists of finitely many smooth curves. Let F1 (x, y) and F2 (x, y) are
continuous functions and have continuous partial derivatives ∂F∂y
1
and ∂F∂x
2
in
same domain D containing R, then
ZZ I
Curl F⃗ · k̂ dx dy = F⃗ (⃗r) · d⃗r ;
R C

or
ZZ   I
∂F2 ∂F1
− dx dy = (F1 dx + F2 dy) ;
∂x ∂y C
R

where F⃗ = [F1 , F2 ].

3.1.1 Verification of Green’s Theorem:


Verify Green’s Theorem in the plane for F1 = y 2 − 7y, F2 = 2xy + 2x and C
the circle x2 + y 2 = 1.

Solution:
The double integral is
ZZ   ZZ
∂F2 ∂F1
− dx dy = [(2y + 2) − (2y − 7)] dx dy ;
∂x ∂y
R R
ZZ
= 9 dx dy = 9π ;
R

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Vector Integral Calculus Prof. (Dr.) B. N. Dash

where the area of the circular disk R is π.


Since the parametric form of the circle C is
⃗r (t) = [cos t, sin t] where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π ⇒ ⃗r ′ (t) = [− sin t, cos t]
Now F1 = sin2 t − 7 sin t and F2 = 2 cos t sin t + 2 cos t.
The line integral is
I I
(F1 dx + F2 dy) = F⃗ (⃗r) · d⃗r ;
C
ZC2π
d⃗r
= F⃗ (⃗r) · dt ;
0 dt
Z 2π
= [sin2 t − 7 sin t, 2 cos t sin t + 2 cos t]
0
· [− sin t, cos t] dt ;
Z 2π
= [− sin3 t + 7 sin2 t + 2 cos2 t sin t + 2 cos2 t] dt ;
0
= 0 + 7 π + 0 + 2 π = 9 π. □
Hence Green’s Theorem is verified in the plane.

3.1.2 Applications of Green’s Theorem:


1. The area of a plane region in cartesian coordinates is
I
1
A= (x dy − y dx) . (3.1.1)
2
C

2. The area of a plane region in polar coordinates is


I
1
A= r2 dθ . (3.1.2)
2
C

3. The double integral of Laplacian in terms of a line integral of it’s normal


derivatives is ZZ I
2 ∂w
∇ w dx dy = ds . (3.1.3)
∂n
R C

Example 1:
x2 y2
Find the area of the ellipse a2
+ b2
= 1.

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Prof. (Dr.) B. N. Dash Vector Integral Calculus

Solution:
2 2
The parametric form of the ellipse xa2 + yb2 = 1 is x = a cos t, y = b sin t
⇒ x′ = −a sin t, y = b cos t, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
So, the area of the ellipse is

I I
1 1
A = (x dy − y dx) = (x y ′ − y x′ ) dt;
2 2
C C
Z 2π
1
= [ab cos2 t − (−ab sin2 t)] dt = π a b. □
2 0

Example 2:

Find the area of the cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ), where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

Solution:

The area of the cardioid is

I Z 2π
1 2 1
A = r dθ = a2 (1 − cos θ)2 dθ;
2 2 0
C
2 Z 2π
a 3π a2
= (1 − 2 cos θ + cos2 θ) dt = . □
2 0 2

Problem Set 9.4

F⃗ (⃗r) · d⃗r counterclock-


H
Using Green’s Theorem, evaluate the line integral
C
wise around the boundary C of the region R, where

1. F⃗ = [x2 ey , y 2 ex ], C : the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 3), (0, 3).

∂F1 ∂F1
Solution: Here F1 = x2 ey ⇒ ∂y
= x2 ey and F2 = y 2 ex ⇒ ∂x
= y 2 ex .

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Vector Integral Calculus Prof. (Dr.) B. N. Dash

By Green’s theorem,
I ZZ  
⃗ ∂F2 ∂F1
F (⃗r) · d⃗r = − dx dy;
∂x ∂y
C R
Z 2Z 3
= (y 2 ex − x2 ey ) dx dy;
Z0 2 Z
0
3 
2 x 2 y
= (y e − x e ) dy dx;
0 0
Z 2  3
3
y x
= e − x2 e y dx;
0 3 0
Z 2
= (9 ex − x2 e3 + x2 ) dx;
0
2
x3 3 x3

x
= 9e − e + ;
3 3 0
8 19
= 9 e2 − e3 − . □
3 3

2. F⃗ = [3 y 2 , x − y 4 ], R : the square with vertices (1, 1), (−1, 1) and


(−1, −1), (1, −1).

Solution: Here F1 = 3 y 2 ⇒ ∂F ∂y
1
= 6y and F2 = x − y 4 ⇒ ∂F
∂x
1
= 1.
By Green’s theorem,
I ZZ  
⃗ ∂F2 ∂F1
F (⃗r) · d⃗r = − dx dy;
∂x ∂y
C R
Z 1Z 1
= (1 − 6y) dx dy;
−1 −1
Z 1 Z 1 
= (1 − 6y) dy dx;
−1 −1
Z 1
1
y − 3y 2 −1 dx;

=
−1
Z 1 Z 1
= (−2 + 1 + 3) dx = 2 dx = 2 × 2 = 4. □
−1 −1

Find the area of the following regions.


11. The region in the first quadrant within the cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ).

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Prof. (Dr.) B. N. Dash Vector Integral Calculus

Solution: In the first quadrant 0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 . So the area of the region


in the first quadrant is
I Z π
1 2 1 2 2
A = r dθ = a (1 − cos θ)2 dθ;
2 2 0
C
2 Z π2
 
a 2 2 3π
= (1 + cos θ − 2 cos θ) dθ = a −1 . □
2 0 8

12. The region under one arc of the cycloid ⃗r = a(t − sin t)î + a(1 − cos t)ĵ,
where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

Solution: Here ⃗r(t) = [a(t − sin t), a(1 − cos t)], 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

⇒ ⃗r ′ (t) = [a(1 − cos t), a sin t].


The area of the region under one arc of the cycloid is

1 2π
I Z  
1 dy dx
A = (x dy − y dx) = x −y dt;
2 2 0 dt dt
C
Z 2π
1
= [a(t − sin t) · a sin t − a(1 − cos t) · a(1 − cos t)] dt;
2 0
a2 2π
Z
= [t sin t − sin2 t − (1 − cos t)2 ] dt = 3π a2 . □
2 0

∂w
H
Evaluate ∂n
ds counterclockwise over the boundary curve C of the region
C
R.
14. w = ex + ey , R : the rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
h i
Solution: Here ∇ w = ∂∂x , ∂∂y (ex + ey ) = [ex , ey ].
 
2 ∂ ∂
⇒ ∇ w = ∇ · ∇w = , · [ex , ey ] = ex + ey .
∂x ∂y
Hence
I ZZ Z 2 Z 1
∂w 2
ds = ∇ w dx dy = (ex + ey ) dx dy;
∂n 0 0
C R
Z 2
= (ex + e − 1) dx = e2 + 2e − 3. □
0

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Vector Integral Calculus Prof. (Dr.) B. N. Dash

15. w = cosh x, R : the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (4, 2), (0, 2).
h i
Solution: Here ∇ w = ∂∂x , ∂∂y (cosh x) = [sinh x, 0].
 
2 ∂ ∂
⇒ ∇ w = ∇ · ∇w = , · [sinh x, 0] = cosh x.
∂x ∂y

Hence
I ZZ Z 2 Z 2y
∂w 2
ds = ∇ w dx dy = cosh x dx dy;
∂n 0 0
C R
Z 2 Z 2y
 Z 2
= cosh x dx dy = [sinh x]2y
0 dy;
0 0 0
Z 2  2
cosh 2y 1
= sinh 2y dy = = (cosh 4 − 1). □
0 2 0 2

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