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‫ﺻدق ﷲ اﻟﻌظﯾﻢ‬
Mechanical Properties
Presented by Prof. Dina H. Mostafa
Professor and Head of Biomaterials Department
Faculty of Dentistry
Cairo University
 Objectives
• Define mechanical properties

• Review: Force, stress and strain

• Understand their importances in dentistry

• Discuss the relation between them through

the stress strain curve
 Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Properties Related to Mass
Thermal Properties
Electrical Properties
Optical Properties
Magnetic Properties
Miscellaneous Properties
 Mechanical Properties

Mechanical properties are a group of

physical properties that describe the
behavior of materials under force
 FORCE
• It is that action which produces:

ØMovement.
ØAcceleration.
ØDeformation.

ØStop an already moving body

 Characteristics of force:
1. Magnitude kg, N, lb

2. Speed: Static

Dynamic
3. Direction: Away from each other

Towards or opposite each other

4. Point of application: Axial

or normal

Tangential
 Biting Force:

Molars = 565 N
Premolars = 288 N
Canines = 208 N
Incisors = 115 N
Women < Man
Child < Adult
Restoration < Natural dentition
 Stress
• It is the internal reaction due to an external
applied force equal in magnitude but opposite
in direction and distributed over the whole
area.

Units: F
MN/m2 or N/mm2 or lb/inch2
A
MPa
 Types of stress
1. Tensile stress:
2. Compressive stress
3. Shear stress
• Complex stress
• Importance in Dentistry:

– Small dental restorations are subjected to

high stresses because the area over which
the forces are applied is extremely small.
Any restorative material is subjected to
complex stresses.
Stress analysis in a dental restoration
help in its design.
 Strain
• It is the change in length per unit length.

• Units: Lf – Lo mm/mm or unit less

Lo
7-5 = 2 = 0.4
5 5
5mm 7mm
 Types of strain:
Elastic strain
Complete recovery of the material
after the removal of the force

Plastic strain
No recovery of the
material
after the removal of
the force
 Mechanical Properties and Testing

• Stress-strain curve
Static Properties • Bending Properties

Dynamic • Fatigue Strength

Properties • Impact Strength

• Hardness
Surface Properties • Wear

Rheological • Viscoelasticity
Properties • Creep
 I- Static Properties
1- Stress-Strain Curve

Force & Area

Stress = Force
Area
Strain = Lf - Lo
Lo
Force = 1N Area = 2mm2 Stress = 0.5N/mm2 Strain = 4
Force = 2N Area = 2mm2 Stress = 1N/mm2 Strain = 8
Force = 3N Area = 2mm2 Stress = 1.5N/mm2 Strain = 12
Force = 4N Area = 2mm2 Stress = 2N/mm2 Strain = 20
Force = 5N Area = 2mm2 Stress = 2.5N/mm2 Strain = 28
Force = 6N Area = 2mm2 Stress = 3N/mm2 Strain = 30
Force = 7N Area = 2mm2 Stress = 3.5N/mm2 Strain = 35

σ stress

ε strain
 Relation between stress & strain:

σ stress Plastic strain

Engineering curve

Elastic strain

ε strain
Hook’s law: Stress is directly proportional to strain till certain
limit.
The stress strain curve consists of two portions

Elastic portion Plastic (non elastic) portion

• It obeys Hook’s law. • It does not obey hook’s law.

• The strain is recovered • The strain is not recovered

when removing the force when removing the force.
1- Proportional limit: it is the maximum stress the material can withstand
without deviation from Hook’s law.

2- Elastic limit: it is the maximum stress the material can

withstand without permanent deformation.

σ P.L.
E.L.

ε
3- yield strength: stress at which the material will begin to
behave in a plastic manner

200 MPa

ε
 How to precise the yield point
% Offset
σ

100 MPa

0.1 % offset ε
0.1/100 = 0.001
 How to precise the yield point
% Offset
σ

200 MPa

0.2 % offset ε
0.2/100 = 0.002
Clinical significance

Open margin of a crown

Functional failure
4- Ultimate strength: The maximum stress the material
can withstand without fracture
5- Fracture strength: the stress at which the material
will fracture
σ

ε
 Clinical significance

Stress Stress

Strain Strain

Strong = P.L. Weak = P.L.

 6- Modulus of Elasticity:
Cst of proportionality between stress & strain.

σ
B
A

ε
E = It is the stress within the elastic slope MN/m2
strain
 E Strain = Stiff material

E Strain = Flexible material

Modulus of elasticity measures the flexibility and/or the stiffness

of the material
 Material Elastic modulus
(GPa)
Cobalt chromium partial denture 218.0
alloy
Gold (type IV) alloy 99.3
Enamel 84.1
Feldspathic porcelain 69.0
Zinc phosphate cement (base) 22.4
Lathe-cut amalgam 21.2
Dentine 18.3
Composite resin 16.6
Zinc phosphate cement (luting) 13.7
Acrylic denture base 2.65
Silicone rubber (maxillofacial) 0.002
 Clinical significance
Rigid Base distributes the load
of mastication over a large area

Rigid denture Base permits the

material to be used in a thin
thickness
 Maximum Flexibility:
!
ℇm=
"

Maxi. flexibility: it is the ε

amount of elastic strain till
the elastic limit.
 Clinical significance

Flexible impression material can be easily

removed from the patient mouth
Impression material
This is flexibility: the ease by
which the impression is removed
from the mouth

This is Elasticity: the partial

recovery of the impression after
its removal from the mouth
Ability of the material to perform a plastic deformation

ε
7- Ductility:
Ability of the material to be drawn into wire

Malleability
Ability of the material to be hammered into sheet
% Elongation:
Lf – Lo
X 100
Lo
 Alloy %
elongation
Crown and bridge
Gold (type lll) 34.0
40% Au-Ag-Cu 2.0
Nickel-chromium 1.1
Partial denture
Gold (type IV) 6.5
Nickel-chromium 2.4
Iron-chromium 9.0
Cobalt-nickel- 8-10
chromium
 Clinical significance

Clasps of a partial denture Orthodontic wires

Burnish-ability: ability of the

material to be adapted to the
tooth structure
8- Brittleness: material fractures at or near the proportional limit
This material can withstand compression and not tension

ε
Diametral Compression Test or (Brazilian
test): It is used to test indirectly the tensile
strength of a brittle material

• Indirect Tensile Strength test

2P
Tensile stresses =
П DT

P = Load applied on the cylinder

П = 3.14
D = Diameter of small cylinder
T = Thickness of the cylinder
 Clinical Significance:

• Amalgam Restoration

• Ceramic
 9- Resilience:
It is the energy needed to deform the material elastically.
Energy per unit volume
σ

½ Base X Height
½ strain X Stress = m/m x MN/m2

mMN/m3
ε
mMN =FxD= energy m3= volume
Resilience = energy/volume
• Clinical Importance

– Orthodontic wires - resilient liners lining

the fitting surface
of denture
 10- Toughness:
It is the energy needed to fracture the material

ε
 Fracture Toughness

The behavior of the material containing

crack or flaws. As Ceramics or amalgam,
their ability to resist crack propagation is
the fracture toughness

The less the fracture toughness the

more brittle is the materials
 Failure of materials

Permenant deformation Fracture

Brittle Ductile
 Fracture of materials

Brittle Fracture Ductile Fracture

• Fracture at or near the P.L • Fracture away from the P.L
• No or limited plastic • Plastic deformation occurs
deformation.
• Brittle material is not tough • Ductile material is tough
• Can not withstand % • Has high % elongation
elongation (Brazilian test is
recommended)
Stress Stress

Strain Strain

Strong = P.L. Weak = P.L.

Stress Stress

Strain Strain

Stiff = E Flexible = E
Stress Stress

Strain Strain

Ductile = Plastic deformation Brittle = Plastic deformation

or
Malleable
Stress Stress

Strain Strain

Resilient = area of the Not Resilient = area of

triangle below elastic the triangle below elastic
slope slope
Stress Stress

Strain Strain

Tough = area under the Not tough = area under the

elastic and plastic (curve) elastic and plastic (curve)
 A B

Stress Stress

Strain Strain
Stress

Strain