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xPk ( x ) − Pk −1 ( x ) = kPk ( x )
P (x)t
Step 1: Identify the formula 1
k
k
=
k =0 1 − 2xt + t 2
Step 2: Differentiate the generating function wrt
to x and t respectively.
( )
1
−
Pk ( x ) t k = 1 − 2xt + t 2 2
x k =0 x
1 −
( )
3
Pk ( x ) t k = − 1 − 2 xt + t 2 2 (− 2t )
k =0 2
−
( )
3
Pk ( x ) t k = t 1 − 2 xt + t 2 2 (i)
k =0
17
( )
1
−
Pk ( x ) t k = 1 − 2 xt + t 2 2
t k =0 t
1
( )
3
(− 2 x + 2t )
−
kPk ( x ) t k −1 = − 1 − 2 xt + t 2 2
k =0 2
( )
3
kP ( x ) t (x − t )
−
k
k −1
= 1 − 2 xt + t 2 2
(ii)
k =0
18
1
(x − t ) in eqn (i ),
( )
3
(x − t ) Pk ( x ) t k = t 1 − 2xt + t 2 − 2 (x − t )
(iii)
k =0
t in eqn (ii ),
−
( )
3
t kPk ( x ) t k −1 = t 1 − 2 xt + t 2 2 (x − t ) (iv)
k =0
eqn (iii ) − eqn (iv ),
(x − t ) Pk ( x ) t k − kPk ( x ) t k =0
k =0 k =0
xP ( x ) t
k =0
k
k
− P (x ) t
k =0
k
k +1
− kP ( x ) t
k =0
k
k
=0
k =0
xPk ( x ) t k −
k =1
Pk −1 ( x ) t k − kP ( x ) t
k =0
k
k
=0
19
k 1, xPk ( x ) − Pk −1 ( x ) − kPk ( x ) = 0
xPk ( x ) − Pk −1 ( x ) = kPk ( x )
recurrence relation Pk +1 ( x ) − Pk −1 ( x ) = (2k + 1)Pk ( x ) .
20
2
21
f (x) = A P ( x ) = A P ( x ) + A P ( x ) + A P ( x ) + ...
k =0
k k 0 0 1 1 2 2
1
2k + 1
Ak =
2 −1
f ( x )Pk ( x ) dx
22
3
1
Example 1:
(i ) P2 ( x )P4 ( x ) dx = ?
−1
1
(P ( x )) dx = ?
2
(ii ) 4
−1
= A0 P0 ( x ) + A1P1( x ) + A2P2 ( x ) + A3 P3 ( x )
23
Exercise
24
4
25
26
5
27
28