Cost Estimates

Prepared by: Engr. John Paul O. Santos, SO3

Concrete
Concrete is either plain or Reinforced. By definition, Plain Concrete is
a n artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse
aggregates and water. The conglomeration of these materials producing a
solid mass is called plain concrete.

Reinforced concrete on the other hand, is a concrete with

reinforcement embedded in such a manner that the two materials act
together in resisting forces
Different types of cement used in the construction
are:
• The Ordinary Portland Cement
• The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement which is preferred when high early strength
is required
• The Blast Furnace of Sulphate Cement which is used on structures to resist chemical
attack
• The Low Heat Portland Cement for massive section to reduce the heat of hydration
• The Portland Pozzolan Cement with a low hardening characteristic concrete
• The high Alumina Cement
Main composition of cement
• 60 – 65% Lime

• 18 – 25% Silica

• 3 – 8% Alumina

• 5% Iron Oxide

• 2 – 5% Magnesia

• 1 – 5% Sulfur Trioxide
Aggregates
• Coarse Aggregates
- crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel with particles retained on a
5mm sieve

• Fine Aggregates

- Crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or natural sand with particles passing on a
5mm sieve
Concrete Proportions
The most common and easy way of proportioning in concrete is the volume
method using a measuring box for sand and gravel. The reason behind its traditional
acceptance and use is the convenience in measuring and fast handling of the aggregates
from the stock pile to the mixer

This Volume method of concrete proportioning however, had long been practiced
in almost all types of concrete construction and time have proven it to be effective and
successful
Actual application
A proposed concrete pavement has a general of 4 inches thick, 3.00 meters wide and
5.00 meters long. Determine the number of cement in bags, sand, and gravel in cubic
meters required using class “C” mixture
Solution
1. Determine the volume of the proposed concrete pavement.

Convert 4 inches to meter = .10m

V = .10 x 3.00 x 5.00

V = 1.5 cu.m

2. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class “C” mixture;

Multiply:

Cement : 1.5 x 6.0 = 9 bags

Sand : 1.5 x 0.50 = .75 cu.m.

Gravel : 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.50 cu.m

Solution
Suppose there is no available 40 kg. cement but instead what is available is a 50
kg. per bag. How many bags will be ordered?

Refer to Table 1-2. Using 50 kg. cement class “C” mixture;

Multiply:
Cement : 1.5 x 5.0 = 7.5 bags
Sand : 1.5 x 0.50 = .75 cu.m.
Gravel : 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.50 cu.m

Since we cannot buy 7.5 bags, order 8 bags at 50 kg./ bag

Masonry
Concrete hollow blocks are classified as bearing and non- bearing
blocks. Load bearing blocks are those whose thickness ranges from 15cm to
20cm. And are used to carry load aside from its own weight. Non- bearing
blocks on the other hand, are blocks which are intended for walls, partitions,
fences or dividers carrying it own weight whose thickness ranges from 7.5cm
to 10 cm.
Actual application
From the figure, determine the number of 10 x 20 x 40cm. Concrete Hollow Blocks and
the materials required for:

a. Mortar for block laying

b. Mortar filler for the hollow core cells

c. Plastering

d. Concrete for CHB and post footings

Solution
A. Concrete Hollow Blocks

1. Find the area of the fence

A = 3.00 x 20.00m = 60 sq.m

2. Refer to Table 2-2. Multiply:

60.00 x 12.5 = 750 pcs. CHB

Solution
B. Mortar for block laying and filler of the cell

1. Referring to table 2-2 using class “B” mixture 40 kg. cement

Multiply:

Cement = 60 x 0.525 = 31.5 bags

Sand = 60 x 0.0438 = 2.63 cu.m

Solution
C. Plaster Mortar

1. Finde the area to be plastered:

60 x 2 = 120 sq.m two faces

2. Referring to Table 2-4 using class “B” mixture 40 kg. cement

Cement = 120 x 0.192 = 23.04 bags

Sand = 120x 0.016 = 1.92 cu.m

Solution
D. Footing

1. Determine the total length of the footing:= 20 m.

2. Referring to Table 2-3 using class “B” concrete:

For a 15 x 40 cm. Footing.

Cement = 20m x 0.450 = 9.0 bags

Sand = 20mx 0.030 = 0.60 cu.m

Gravel = 20mx 0.060 = 1.20 cu.m

Solution
Summary of Materials

1. Concrete Hollow Blocks– 750 pcs.

2. 40 kg. Cement – 63.5 say 64 bags

3. Sand – 5.15 cu.m

4. Gravel – 1.2 cu.m

Metal Reinforcement
Steel is the most widely used reinforcing material for almost all types
of concrete construction. It is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting
both tension and compression stresses. Comparatively, Steel is ten times
stronger than concrete in resisting compression load and hundred time
stronger in tensile stresses
Bar Splice, Hook and Bend
In estimating the quantity of the steel reinforcing bars, one has to consider the
additional length for the hook, the bend and the splice whose length varies depending
upon the limitation as provided for the National Building Code.
Actual application
Determine the length of the splice joint for a 16mm steel bars under the following
conditions:

a. Tensile reinforcement of a beam

Multiply:

25 x 16mm + 150mm = 550mm

b. Compressive reinforcement of a column

Multiply:

20 x 16mm + 150mm = 470mm

Actual application
Tie Wire For Steel Reinforcement
Tie wire refers to gauge NO. 16 galvanized iron wire popularly called
G.I. tie wire. Tie wire is used to secure the steel bars in its designed position
before accepting fresh concrete.

The length of each tie wire depends upon the size of the bars to be tied
on. However, tie wire is cut into length ranging from 20 to 40 centimeters for
a small and medium size steel bars.
Actual application
From the Figure determine the quantity of tie wire required in kilograms.

Vertical Reinforcement spacing = 80 cm.

Horizontal Reinforcement spacing at every 3 layers

Area of the wall = 12 sq.m

Solution
1. Determine the number of CHB

12 x 12.5 = 150 pcs.

2. Referring to Table 3-5 using a 25 cm. long tie wire

Multiply:

150 x .0016 = .24 kg No. 16 G.I. tie wire