Sync Class Notes Situation 2: The beam shown has two layers of reinforcement,

Situation 1: Determine the nominal flexural strength Mn of a
rectangular section having f’c = 34.5 MPa and f y = 448.5 MPa.
The width and the effective depth are 355.6 mm and 546. 1
mm, respectively. The section is reinforced with 4 – 25 mm ϕ
bars.
355.6 mm
3 – 25 mm diameter bars, for the upper and the bottom layer.
Use f’c = 31.05 MPa and fy = 414 MPa. Determine the design
flexural strength.
350 mm

444.5 mm
546.1 mm
6 – 25 mm

63.5 mm
4 – 25 mm

Check if steel is yielding at failure

Check if steel is yielding at failure 𝜋
𝐴𝑠 6 [ (25)2 ]
𝜋 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = 4 ; 𝜌 = 0.02038759618
𝐴𝑠 4 [ (25)2 ] 𝑏𝑑 350 (444.5 − 63.5) 𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = 4 ; 𝜌 = 0.01011104309
𝑏𝑑 355.6(546.1) 𝑎𝑐𝑡 2
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28 𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( ) (0.05)
𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( ) (0.05) 7
7
31.05 − 28 2319
34.5 − 28 45 𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( ) (0.05); 𝛽1 =
𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( ) (0.05); 𝛽1 = 7 2800
7 56
𝑓 ′𝑐 600
𝑓 ′𝑐 600 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 ( ) ( )
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 ( ) ( ) 𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
2319 31.05 600
45 34.5 600 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85 ( )( )( )
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85 ( ) ( )( ) 2800 414 600 + 414
56 448.5 600 + 448.5
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.03124181107 > 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.03006650002 > 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡
∴ 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅, 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
∴ 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅, 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
Compute a, c, εt, ϕ
Compute a, c, εt, ϕ
𝜋
𝜋 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 6 [ (25)2 ] (414)
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 4 [ (25)2 ] (448.5) 𝑎= = 4 ;
𝑎= = 4 ; 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏 0.85(31.05)(350)
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏 0.85(34.5)(355.6)
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝒎
𝒂 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎
𝑎 131.9996913
𝑎 84.44862142 𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝒎
𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝛽1 2319
𝛽1 45 2800
56
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 444.5 − 159.37867
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 546.1 − 105.0916175 𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003) 𝑐 159.37867
𝑐 105.0916175
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟔 > 0.005
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟕𝟕 > 0.005
∴ 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅, ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
∴ 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅, ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
Compute the ultimate capacity of the section
Compute the ultimate capacity of the section 𝑎
𝑎 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) 2
2
𝜋 84.44862142 𝜋 63.5
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(4) [ (25)2 ] (448.5) (546.1 − ) 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(6) [ (25)2 ] (414) ((444.5 − )
4 2 4 2
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟒𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 84.44862142
− )
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟑𝟗𝟗. 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 2
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟒𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟑𝟖𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Situation 3: The width and overall depth of a reinforced 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28
concrete beam is 400 mm and 711.2 mm, respectively. The 𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( ) (0.05)
7
effective depth is 647.7 mm. Use f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 35 − 28
MPa. 𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( ) (0.05); 𝛽1 = 0.80
7
Determine the amount of steel reinforcement for a balanced 𝑓 ′𝑐 600
condition. 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 ( ) ( )
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑓 ′𝑐 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 ( ) ( ) 35 600
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.80) ( )( )
415 600 + 415
27.6 600 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.03390112173 > 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.85) ( )( )
414 600 + 414
∴ 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅, 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.02850098619
Compute a, c, εt, ϕ
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑑 = 0.02850098619(400)(647.7) 𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 3 [ (20)2 ] (415)
𝑨𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑎= = 4 ;
Determine the amount of steel reinforcement to achieve a steel 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏 0.85(35)(350)
strain of 0.004. 𝒂 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝒎
3 𝑓 ′𝑐 3 27.6 𝑎 37.56334073
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85𝛽1 ) ( ) = (0.85)(0.85) ( ) 𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟗𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝒎
7 𝑓𝑦 7 414 𝛽1 0.80
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02064285714 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 340 − 46.95417591
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 = 0.02064285714(400)(647.7) 𝑐 46.95417591
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟔 > 0.005
𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟖. 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
∴ 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅, ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
Determine the nominal flexural strength corresponding to a
steel ratio of 1.75%. Compute the ultimate capacity of the section
𝑎
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0175(400)(647.7) 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2
𝐴𝑠 = 4533.9 𝑚𝑚2 𝜋 37.56334073
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 4533.9(414) 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(3) [ (20)2 ] (415) (340 − )
𝑎= = ; 𝑎 = 200.025 4 2
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏 0.85(27.6)(400) 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟏 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 < 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎 200.025 ∴ 𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑫𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑻𝑬
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) ; 𝑀𝑛 = 4533.9(414) (647.7 − )
2 2
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

Situation 4: A 5.0 m simple beam supports the given floor

loads and a concentrated load Pu due to the wall transverse to
the given beam. For each given section, check the adequacy of 25
𝑑 = 400 − 40 − 10 − 20 −
the beam. 2
𝑑 = 317.5 𝑚𝑚
20
𝑑𝑡 = 400 − 40 − 10 −
2
𝑑𝑡 = 340 𝑚𝑚
Check if steel is yielding at failure
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑠 6 [4 (20) ]
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = ; 𝜌 = 0.02374747203
𝑏𝑑 250(317.5) 𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑓 ′𝑐 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 ( ) ( )
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
21 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.85) ( )( )
∅𝑏 20 415 600 + 415
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 − = 400 − 40 − 10 − = 340 𝑚𝑚 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.0216119651 > 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡
2 2
Check if steel is yielding at failure ∴ 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅, 𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚
𝜋 2 Compute a, c, εt, ϕ
𝐴𝑠 3 [4 (20) ]
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = ; 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.00791998148 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎𝑏
𝑏𝑑 350(340) 𝑎= ′
→ 𝑓𝑠 = ; 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
0.85𝑓 𝑐𝑏 𝐴𝑠
 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 0.85(21)(0.85)(𝑐)(250) ∴ 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅, 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
→ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜋
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 6 [ (20)2 ] Compute a, c, εt, ϕ
4 𝜋
𝑓𝑠 = 2.012315312𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 5 [ (20)2 ] (415)
𝑎= = 4 ;
𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑−𝑐 317.5 − 𝑐 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏 0.85(28)(300)
→ 𝑓𝑠 = (600) = (600)
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐 𝑐 𝒂 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑎 91.2997865
𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝛽1 0.85
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑. 𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 390 − 107.4115135
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 340 − 192.813472 𝑐 107.4115135
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑐 192.813472 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟎𝟑 > 0.005
0.002 < 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟒 < 0.005 ∴ 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅, ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
∴ 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 Compute the ultimate capacity of the section
250 𝑎
∅ = 0.65 + (𝜀𝑡 − 0.002) 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
3 2
250 𝜋 91.2997865
∅ = 0.65 + (0.002290086784 − 0.002) 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(5) [ (20)2 ] (415) (372 − )
3 4 2
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟖𝟕 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 > 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
Compute the ultimate capacity of the section ∴ 𝑨𝑫𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑻𝑬
𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2 Situation 6: Determine the number of 16 mm diameter bars of
𝜋 2 the 250 mm by 400 mm rectangular propped beam to
𝑀𝑢 = 𝟎. 6741738987(6) [ (20) ] (388.00152021) (317.5
4 adequately support the given loads. Use f’c = 21 MPa, fy =
163.8914512
− ) 415 Mpa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and concrete cover =
2 40mm.
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 < 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴ 𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑫𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑻𝑬

Situation 5: Check the adequacy of the given section to

adequately support the given loads. Use f’c = 28 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, stirrups diameter = 10mm and concrete cover =
Limits of Reinforcement
40mm.
√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 √21
= = 0.0008519358809
4(415) 4(415)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.4 1.4
= = 0.003373493976
𝑓𝑦 415
𝐺𝑂𝑉𝐸𝑅𝑁!
20 20 3 𝑓 ′𝑐 3 21
5𝑚 = 3 (40 + 10 + ) + 2 (40 + 10 + 20 + 25 + ) 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85𝛽1 ) ( ) = (0.85)(0.85) ( )
2 2 7 𝑓𝑦 7 415
𝑚 = 78 𝑚𝑚 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0156686747
78 = 450 − 𝑑; 𝑑 = 372 𝑚𝑚 0.003377 ≤ 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 0.01567
∅𝑏 20 if actual is within the interval – singly reinforced
𝑑𝑡 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 − = 450 − 40 − 10 −
2 2 if actual is less than minimum – use minimum
𝑑𝑡 = 390 𝑚𝑚 if actual is greater than maximum – doubly reinforced
Check if steel is yielding at failure For max positive moment
𝜋 2 9 9
𝐴𝑠 5 [4 (20) ] +
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤𝐿2 = (40)(42 ) = 45 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = ; 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.0140752359 128 128
𝑏𝑑 300(372)
assumption: one layer
𝛽1 = 0.85
16
𝑓 ′𝑐 600 𝑑 = 400 − 40 − 10 − ; 𝑑 = 342 𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 ( ) ( ) 2
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 Calculate the required reinforced ratio
28 600 415
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.85) ( )( ) 45 × 106 = 0.90𝜌(250)(3422 )(415) (1 − 0.59𝜌 )
415 600 + 415 21
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.02881595347 > 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 0.004339913415 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∴ 𝑂𝐾!
 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.004339913415(250)(342) Situation 8: Determine the number of 20 mm diameter bars at
𝐴𝑠 = 371.062597 𝑚𝑚2 left support of beam CD to adequately support the given loads.
Compute the number of bars The beam dimension is 300 mm by 450 mm and column size
is 500 mm by 500 mm. Use f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
𝐴𝑠 371.062597
𝑛16 = = 𝜋 ; 𝑛16 ≈ 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 stirrups diameter = 10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Use
𝐴𝑏 (162 ) approximate method of analysis.
4
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑠 4 (16 )(2)
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = ; 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.004703203037
𝑏𝑑 250(342)
Therefore, use 2 – 16 mm ∅ bottom bars.
For negative bending moment
Calculate the required reinforcement ratio
415 B
80 × 106 = 0.9𝜌(250)(342)2 (415) (1 − 0.59𝜌 )
21
𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 0.008087640763 ∴ 𝑂𝐾!
Compute the number of bars A C
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.008087640763(250)(342)
𝐴𝑠 = 691.4932852 𝑚𝑚2 5.5 + 6 2
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2𝑛 50 ( 2 )
𝐴𝑠 691.4932852 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 165.3125 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑛16 = = ≈ 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 10 10
𝐴𝑏 𝜋 ∅𝑏 20
(16)2
4 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 − = 450 − 40 − 10 − = 390 𝑚𝑚
Check spacing requirements 2 2
2(40) + 2(10) + 4(16) + 3(25) < 250 300 mm
∴ 𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝜋

450 mm
4 [ (16)2 ] As
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 ; 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.009406406074
250(342)

d
Therefore, use 4 – 16 mm ∅ top bars.

Situation 7: Given the figure below, and the design Limits of Reinforcement
information. Determine the factored moments and shear forces
√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 √28
in the beam. = = 0.003187652182
4(415) 4(415)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.4 1.4
= = 0.003373493976
𝑓𝑦 415
𝐺𝑂𝑉𝐸𝑅𝑁!
3 𝑓 ′𝑐 3 28
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85𝛽1 ) ( ) = (0.85)(0.85) ( )
7 𝑓𝑦 7 415
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02089156627
Calculate the ρreq′d
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 )
𝑓 ′𝑐
165.3125 × 106 = 0.90𝜌(300)(390)2 (415) [1
415
− 0.59𝜌 ( )]
28
𝝆𝒓𝒆𝒒′𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟖 𝑜𝑘!
Calculate the As and n20
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.01070124898(300)(390)
𝐿𝑛2 5.5 𝐴𝑠 = 1252.046131 𝑚𝑚2
= = 1.057692308 ≤ 1.20 ✓
𝐿𝑛1 5.2 𝐴𝑠 1252.046131
𝑛20 = = 𝜋 ≈ 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐿𝑛2 5.5 𝐴𝑏 (20)2
= = 1.1 ≤ 1.20 ✓ 4
𝐿𝑛3 5
2(40) + 2(10) + 4(20) + 3(25) __ 300
Use Approximate Method of Analysis
255 < 300
 𝜋 Calculate the minimum reinforcement ratio for a given beam
4 [ (20)2 ]
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 0.01074 section if f’c = 28MPa and fy = 345 MPa.
300(390)
√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 √28
Therefore, use 4 – 20 mm ∅ bars. 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.25 = 0.25 = 0.00383442219
𝑓𝑦 345
1.4 1.4
Formative Assessments 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.004057971014
𝑓𝑦 345
For fy = 415 MPa, the balanced strain εty shall be permitted to
be equal to 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒
𝑓𝑦 415 Calculate the maximum reinforcement ratio in a beam section
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟓 having concrete compressive strength of 28 MPa, β1 = 0.85,
𝐸𝑠 200 × 103
and fy is 415 MPa.
Calculate the strain at extreme layer of steel if fy = 415 MPa
3 𝑓 ′𝑐 3 28
and the strength reduction factor is 0.80. 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85𝛽1 ) ( ) = (0.85)(0.85) ( )
7 𝑓𝑦 7 415
0.25(𝜀𝑡 − 0.002075)
0.80 = 0.65 + 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟕
0.005 − 0.002075
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟑 Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete
If the yield stress of steel is equal to 345MPa, the balanced if β1 = 0.80?
strain εty is nearest to 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28
0.80 = 0.85 − (0.05); 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟑𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑓𝑦 345 7
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟓 A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
𝐸𝑠 200 × 103
mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
If the depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fiber is
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm.
250 mm, calculate the depth of compression block if β1 = 0.85.
Calculate the effective depth of the beam.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(250); 𝒂 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
20
Calculate the strain in the steel if the stress in the steel is 200 𝑑 = 400 − 40 − 10 −
2
MPa. The specified yield strength of steel is 415 MPa.
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑓𝑦 415
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟓 Calculate the actual reinforcement ratio in the beam.
𝐸𝑠 200 × 103 𝜋
3 × (202 )
Calculate the depth of neutral axis at balanced condition if the
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟕
effective depth is 250 mm and fy is 415 MPa. 250(340)
600(250) Calculate the depth of compression block in the beam.
𝑐= = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎
600 + 415 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28 35 − 28
Calculate the stress at the centroid of the tension steel in single 𝛽1 = 0.85 − (0.005) = 0.85 − (0.05)
7 7
layer if the effective depth is 250 mm and the depth of neural 𝛽1 = 0.80
axis is 100 mm. 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 600 35(600)
𝑑−𝑐 250 − 100 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 = 0.85(0.80)
𝑓𝑠 = (600) = (600) 𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 345(600 + 345)
𝑐 100
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.04380032206; 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝜋
3 × (202 )(345)
Calculate the strain at the centroid of the tension steel in single 𝑎= 4 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎
layer if the effective depth is 250 mm and the depth of neural 0.85(35)(250)
axis is 100 mm. Calculate the depth of neutral axis in the beam.
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 250 − 100 𝑎 43.71829777
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003) 𝑐= = = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝑐 100 𝛽1 0.80
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓 Calculate the strain at the extreme layer of steel.
Calculate the depth of compression at balanced condition if 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 340 − 54.64787221
the effective depth is 250 mm, β1 = 0.85, and fy is 415 MPa. 𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑐 54.64787221
600(250) 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟐 ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑐= = 147.7832512
600 + 415 Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(147.7832512) 𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝐹𝑠 (𝑑 − )
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟓 2
The reinforcement ratio of a section with 3-16 mm diameter 𝜋 2 43.71829777
0.90(3) ( ) (20 )(345) (340 − )
tension bars, effective depth of 338 mm, and width of 280mm 𝑀𝑢 = 4 2
106
is nearest to
𝜋 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
3 × × 162
𝜌= 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟐 A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20
338(280) mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and 25
𝑑 = 500 − 40 − 10 − = 437.5
concrete cover=40mm. 2
Calculate the effective depth of the beam. 415
162.5 × 106 = 0.90𝜌(300)(437.5)2 (415)(1 − 0.59𝜌 )
20 20 42
6𝑚 = 3 (40 + 10 + ) + 3 (40 + 10 + 20 + 25 + ) 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 0.00794476265
2 2
𝑚 = 82.5 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.00794476265 × 300 × 437.5
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑚 = 300 − 82.5; 𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝐴𝑠 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐
20 The minimum depth of a cantilever beam having unsupported
𝑑𝑡 = 300 − 40 − 10 − ; 𝑑 = 240
2 𝑡 length of 3.5 m, reinforced with rebars of fy=420 MPa, and
Calculate the actual reinforcement ratio of the beam. lightweight concrete having density of 1660 kg/m3 is nearest
𝜋 to
6 × (202 )
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟕 16 − 0.0003(1660) = 1.152
250 × 217.5
Calculate the balanced reinforcement ratio of the beam. 3.5
1.152 ( ) = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝒎
21 600 8
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.85) ( )( )
415 600 + 415
𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟏
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
Calculate the depth of the neutral axis from extreme
compression fiber.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85𝑐
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎𝑏 0.85(21)(0.85𝑐)(250)
𝑓𝑠 = = 𝜋
𝐴𝑠 6 × (202 )
4
𝑑−𝑐 217.5 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = (600) = (600)
𝑐 𝑐
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒎
Calculate the stress at the centroid of the tension steel.
217.5 − 146.0046201
𝑓𝑠 = (600)
146.0046201
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Calculate the depth of compression block from extreme
compression fiber.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(146.0046201)
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟕𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Calculate the strain at extreme layer of steel.
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 240 − 146.0046201
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑐 146.0046201
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟗 < 0.005; 𝐶𝐶𝑆
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
𝜋
𝑀𝑢 = 0.65 × 6 × (202 ) × 293.8073325 × (217.5
4
124.1039271
− )
2
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Calculate the nominal moment capacity of the beam.
𝑀𝑢 55.95802149
𝑀𝑛 = = = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
∅ 0.65
Design the minimum area of steel reinforcement of a 300mm
by 500 mm rectangular beam necessary to support a maximum
ultimate moment of 162.5 kN.m. Use f’c=42 MPa, fy=415
MPa, rebar diameter=25 mm, diameter of stirrups=10 mm, and
concrete cover= 40 mm.
 Principle of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete 5. Mixing water
Module 1: Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete 6. Moisture and temperature conditions during curing
Structures 7. Age of concrete

Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other Objectives of Design

aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of 1. Appropriateness
cement and water. 2. Economy
In a reinforced concrete, reinforcing bars are embedded in 3. Structural Adequacy
the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for
4. Maintainability
moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be
developed in the bars.
Limit States
Reinforced Concrete Design When a structure or structural element becomes unfit for its
intended use, it is said to have reached a limit state.
A direct application of laws of statics and mechanics of
materials to obtain a successful design not only on design rules 1. Ultimate limit states involve a structural collapse of part
but is capable of being built in a timely fashion for a or all of the structure.
reasonable cost and should provide a long service of life. 2. Serviceability limit states are those conditions that are
not strength based but still may make the structure
unsuitable for its intended use.
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete
1. Economy
Structural Safety
2. Suitability of material for structural and architectural
functions There are three main reasons why safety factors, such as load
and resistance factors, are necessary in structural design:
3. Fire Resistance
1. Variability in strength
4. Rigidity
2. Variability in loadings
5. Low Maintenance
3. Consequences of failure
6. Availability of materials

Design Procedures
Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
1. Allowable or Working Stress Design
1. Low Tensile Strength
Computed elastic stress in the material must not exceed the
2. Forms and shoring
allowable stress. The moments or forces are added together
3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight or volume and the sums are multiplied by a load combination.
4. Time dependent volume changes

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

1. Compressive strength
Values ranges from 3000-20000 psi
2. Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity
3. Poisson’s Ratio
2. Strength or Load and Resistance Factor Design
Values ranges from 0.11 to 0.21 with average values of
about 0.16 The design is based on factored loads and resistances. The
loads are amplified or reduced by load factors depending
4. Shrinkage
on the type and sense of the load, while the strengths are
5. Creep reduced by resistance factors less than or equal to unity.
6. Tensile Strength 3. Plastic Design / Limit Design / Capacity Design
7. Shear Strength Is a design process that considers the redistribution of
moments as successive cross sections yield thereby
Factors Affecting Concrete Compressive Strength forming plastic hinges that lead to a plastic mechanism.
1. Water/cement ratio Types of Design
2. Type of cement 1. Balanced Design
3. Supplementary cementitious materials A designed so proportioned that maximum stresses of
4. Aggregate concrete and steel are reached simultaneously.
2. Underreinforced Design
A designed in which the amount of steel is lesser than what
is needed in the balanced design. In this design the steel
fails first but failure is gradual with the steel yielding.
3. Overreinforced Design
A designed in which the amount of steel is more than what
is required in the balanced design. In this design the
concrete fails first in crushing and the steel will not yield
before failure.
Stress and Strain Compatibility and Section Equilibrium
Two requirements are satisfied throughout the flexural
analysis and design of reinforced concrete beams and
columns:
1. Stress and strain compatibility.
The stress at any point in a member must correspond to the
strain at that point. Except for short, deep beams, the
distribution of strains over the depth of the member is
assumed to be linear.
2. Equilibrium.
Internal forces must balance the external load effects.
Two different types of problems arise in the study of
reinforced concrete:
1. Analysis.
Given a cross section, concrete strength, reinforcement size
and location, and yield strength, compute the resistance or
strength. In analysis there should be one unique answer.
2. Design.
Given a factored design moment, normally designated as
Mu, select a suitable cross section, including dimensions,
concrete strength, reinforcement, and so on. In design there
are many possible solutions.
Supplementary
It is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other
aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of
cement and water.
Answer: Concrete
The following are components of concrete except
Answer: None of the following (among Cement, Air,
Water)
When steel bars are provided at the section of the concrete to
support primarily stresses in tension due to bending, the
concrete is
Answer: Reinforced concrete
Concrete is dominantly strong in
Answer: Compression
Concrete is weak in
Answer: Tension
It is a direct application of laws of statics and mechanics of
materials to obtain a successful design not only on design rules
but is capable of being built in a timely fashion for a
reasonable cost and should provide a long service of life.
Answer: Reinforced Concrete Design
The following are advantages of concrete except
Answer: Very strong in tension
It is frequently the foremost consideration in the design of RC
structures.
Answer: Economy
The following are disadvantages of concrete except
Answer: Suitability of material for structural and
architectural functions (Among Tensile strength, Forms,
Shoring)
What happens to the volumetric shrinkage of concrete as it
ages in time?
Answer: Increases
The short-term compressive test of concrete is in accordance
with
Answer: ASTM C39
The proper curing of concrete samples is in accordance with
Answer: ASTM C31
The standard size of concrete cylinder to be used for
compressive strength of concrete is
Answer: 6 inches in dimeter by 12 inches in height
The age of concrete to be used in short term compressive
strength test in accordance with ASTM standard is
Answer: 28 days
The average poisson's ratio of concrete is
Answer: 0.16
The ratio of this lateral expansion to the longitudinal
shortening of concrete is referred to as
Answer: Poisson's ratio
Defined as the deformation of a structure under sustained load.
Answer: Creep
The ratio of the tensile strength to compressive strength of
concrete is roughly equal to
Answer: 10%
Property of concrete in which there is a decrease in the volume
of concrete during hardening and drying under constant
temperature.
Answer: Shrinkage
Higher water-cement ratio will result to
Answer: Weak Concrete
As water in the concrete mix decreases up to a certain
desirable amount, the concrete strength
Answer: increases
What type of cement is described as High Early Strength of
cement?
Answer: Type III
It is the most influencing factor affecting the compressive
strength of concrete
Answer: Water-cement ratio
What type of cement is described as Normal Type of cement?
Answer: Type I
Referred to as pozzolans, which are defined as siliceous, or
siliceous and aluminous materials that in themselves possess
little or no cementitious properties but that will, in the
presence of moisture, react with calcium hydroxide to form
compounds with such properties.
Answer: Fly ash
The following are factors affecting the strength of concrete
except
Answer: None of the choices (Among Water-cement ratio,
Type of cement, Quality of Aggregates)
A well-graded aggregate produces a concrete that is
Answer: Less porous
Prolonged moist in curing of concrete leads to the highest
concrete strength.
Answer: Better compressive strength
Objective of design that is associated with arrangement of
spaces, spans, ceiling heights, access and traffic to
complement the intended use.
Answer: Appropriateness
Objectives of design that the structure must be strong enough
to support anticipated loadings safely, must not deflect, tilt,
vibrate, or crack in a manner that impairs its usefulness
Answer: Structural adequacy
A limit state involving a structural collapse of part or all of the
structure.
Answer: Ultimate Limit State
A limit state that are not strength based but still may make the
structure unsuitable for its intended use.
Answer: Serviceability Limit
Which of the following is a component of a limit state?
Answer: All of the above
Ultimate limit state encompass the following except
Answer: None of the choices
The following are reasons for safety factor except
Answer: None of the choices
The differences between the as built plan dimensions and
those shown in structural drawings are considered in this
reason for safety factor.
Answer: Variability in strength
Effects of simplifying assumptions made in deriving equations
for member strength are considered in this reason for safety
factor
Answer: Variability in Strength
Which of the following statements is false?
Answer: Potential loss of life is note considered in
assigning appropriate safety factor. (Among: There is a
definite chance that a weaker-than average structure will
be subjected by higher-than-average load in extreme case
failure will occur; All loadings are variable; Factor of
safety is considered due to the effects of simplifying
assumptions made in deriving equations for member
strength)
What is the wind importance factor of essential facilities such
as public-school buildings and hospitals?
Answer: 1.15
The following are factors considered in assigning factor of
safety due to consequences of failure except
Answer: None of the choices
In this design procedure, the moments or forces are added
together and the sums are multiplied by a load combination.
Answer: Allowable or Working Stress Design
A design based on factored loads and resistances. The loads
are amplified or reduced by load factors depending on the type
and sense of the load, while the strengths are reduced by
resistance factors less than or equal to unity.
Answer: Ultimate strength design
Is a design process that considers the redistribution of
moments as successive cross sections yield thereby forming
plastic hinges that lead to a plastic mechanism?
Answer: All of the choices (Among Plastic Design, Limit
Design, Capacity Design)
A design so proportioned that maximum stresses of concrete
and steel are reached simultaneously.
Answer: Balanced Design
A design in which the amount of steel is lesser than what is
needed in the balanced design
Answer: Underreinforced Design
In this design the steel fails first but failure is gradual with the
steel yielding.
Answer: Underreinforced Design
A design in which the amount of steel is more than what is
required in the balanced design.
Answer: Overreinforced Design
In this design the concrete fails first in crushing and the steel
will not yield before failure.
Answer: Overreinforced Design
A requirement in which the stress at any point in a member
must correspond to the strain at that point. Except for short,
deep beams, the distribution of strains over the depth of the
member is assumed to be linear.
Answer: Stress and strain compatibility
 Principle of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete 422.1.3 Design strength at a section shall be taken as the
Module 2: Singly Reinforced Sections nominal strength multiplied by the applicable strength
reduction factor, ∅, given in Section 421.

Design Assumptions
Section 421 Strength Reduction Factors
Section 422 Sectional Strength
421.1 Scope
422.1 Scope
421.1.1 This section shall apply to the selection of strength
422.1.1 This section shall apply to calculating nominal
reduction factors used in design, except as permitted by
strength at sections of members, including (a) through (g):
Section 427.
a. Flexural strength;
421.2 Strength Reduction Factors for Structural Concrete
b. Axial strength or combined flexural and axial Members and Connections
strength;
421.2.1 Strength reduction factors, ∅, shall be in
c. One-way shear strength; accordance with Table 421.2.1, except as modified by
d. Two-way shear strength; Sections 421.2.2, 421.2.3, and 421.2.4.
e. Torsional strength; 421.2.2 Strength reduction factor for moment, axial force
f. Bearing; or combined moment and axial force shall be in
g. Shear friction accordance with Table 421.2.2.
Table 421.2.1
422.2 Design Assumptions for Moment and Axial Strength Strength Reduction Factors, ∅
422.2.1 Equilibrium and Strain Compatibility Action or Structural Element ∅ Exceptions
(a) Moment, axial force, or combined 0.65 to 0.90 Near ends of pretensioned
422.2.1.1 Equilibrium shall be satisfied at each section. moment and axial force in accordance members where strands area
with Section not fully developed, ∅ shall
422.2.1.2 Strain in concrete and non-prestressed 421.2.2 be in accordance with
Section 421.2.3.
reinforcement shall be assumed proportional to the
(b) Shear 0.75 Additional requirements are
distance from neutral axis. given in Section 421.2.4 for
structures designed to resist
422.2.2 Design Assumptions for Concrete earthquake effects.

422.2.2.2 Tensile strength of concrete shall be (c) Torsion 0.75 -

neglected in flexural and axial strength calculations. (d) Bearing 0.65 -

(e) Post-tensioned anchorage zones 0.85 -
422.2.2.3 The relationship between concrete
(f) Brackets and corbels 0.75 -
compressive stress and strain shall be represented by a Struts, ties, nodal zones, and bearing
(g) 0.75 -
rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or other shape that areas designed in accordance with
strut-and-tie method in Section 423
results in prediction of strength in substantial
(h) Components of connections of precast 0.90 -
agreement with results of comprehensive tests. members controlled by yielding of
steel elements in tension
422.2.2.4 The equivalent rectangular concrete stress (i) Plain concrete elements 0.60 -
distribution in accordance with Sections 422.2.2.4.1 (j) Anchors in concrete elements 0.45 to 0.75 -
through 422.2.2.4.3 satisfies Section 422.2.2.3. in accordance
with Section
422.2.2.4.1 Concrete stress of 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 , shall be 417
Table 421.2.2
assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent Strength Reduction Factor, ∅, for Moment, Axial Force, or Combined Moment and Axial Force
compression zone bounded by edges of the cross Net Classification ∅
Tensile
section and a line parallel to the neutral axis located stain, 𝜀𝑡 Type of transverse reinforcement

a distance 𝜶 from the fiber of maximum Spirals conforming to Other

Sect. 425.7.3
compressive strain, as calculated by: 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 𝜀𝑡𝑦 Compression 0.75 (a) 0.65 (b)
𝜶 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 (422.2.2.4.1) controlled
𝜀𝑡𝑦 < 𝜀𝑡 Transition 0.75 (c) 0.65 (d)
422.2.2.4.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum < 0.005
+ 0.15
(𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
+ 0.25
(𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
(0.005 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 ) (0.005 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
compressive strain to the neutral axis, c, shall be
𝜀𝑡 Tension 0.90 (e) 0.90 (f)
measured perpendicular to the neutral axis. ≥ 0.005 controlled

𝒇𝒚
421.2.2.1 For deformed reinforcement, 𝜺𝒕𝒚 shall be . For
Equivalent Stress Distribution 𝑬𝒔

- Whitney’s Rectangular Stress Distribution Grade 280 deformed reinforcement it shall be permitted to
take 𝜺𝒕𝒚 equal to 0.002.
𝒂 𝑨𝒔 𝒇 𝒔
𝑴𝒖 = ∅𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 (𝒅 − ) (𝟔); 𝒂 = (𝟐)
𝟐 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2
 𝐴𝑠 Substituting (12)
Let 𝜌 = = 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (9)
𝑏𝑑
600𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 (10) 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ( )𝛽 𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 600 + 𝑓𝑦 1
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 600 𝐴𝑠
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) = 0.85 ; 𝜌=
2 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑
𝒇′ 𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝜌𝑑𝑓𝑠 𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝜷𝟏 (𝟏𝟒)
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) 𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚
1.7𝑓′𝑐
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑠 (1 − 0.59𝜌 ′ ) 409.6 Reinforcements Limits
𝑓𝑐
409.6.1 Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in Non-
If 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 tension steel is yielding Prestressed Beams
𝒇𝒚 409.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement
𝑴𝒖 = ∅𝝆𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒔 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝆 ) (11)
𝒇′ 𝒄 As, min shall be provided at every section where tension
422.2.2 Design Assumptions for Concrete reinforcement is required by analysis.
422.2.2.1 Maximum strain at the extreme concrete 409.6.1.2 As, min shall be the greater of (a) and (b),
compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003. except as provided in Section 4096.1.3. For a statically
determinate beam with a flange in tension, the value of
bw shall be the lesser bf and 2bw.
420.2.2 Design Properties
420.2.2.1 For non-prestressed bars and wires, the stress
below 𝑓𝑦 shall be 𝐸𝑠 times steel strain. For strains Minimum reinforcement
𝟎.𝟐𝟓√𝒇′𝒄
greater than that corresponding to 𝑓𝑦 , stress shall be a. 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝒇𝒚
considered independent of strain and equal to 𝑓𝑦 . 𝟏.𝟒
b. 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 (𝟏𝟓)
420.2.2.2 Modulus of elasticity, 𝐸𝑠 , for non-prestressed 𝒇𝒚
bars and wires shall be permitted to be taken as 409.6.1.3 If As provided at every section is at least one-
200,000 MPa. third greater than As required by analysis, Sections
409.6.1.1 and 409.6.1.2 need not be satisfied.
Using strain diagram
Maximum reinforcement
409.3.3 Reinforcement Strain Limit in Non-Prestressed
Beams
409.3.3.1 For non-prestressed beams with 𝑷𝒖 <
𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝒇′ 𝒄𝑨𝒈 , 𝜺𝒕 shall be at least 0.004.
𝑓′𝑐 600𝑑
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 ; 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑓 ′𝑐 600𝑑
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 600 + 0.004(200000)
𝟑 𝒇′𝒄
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝜷𝟏 (𝟏𝟔)
Ratio and proportion 𝟕 𝒇𝒚
𝜀𝑠 𝜀𝑐 𝑓𝑠
= ; 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑠 =
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐 200000 418.6.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement
𝑓𝑠 418.6.3.1 Beams shall have at least two continuous bars
200000 = 0.003
at both top and bottom faces. At any section, for top as
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐
𝒅−𝒄 well as for bottom reinforcement, the amount of
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 (12) reinforcement shall be at least that required by Section
𝒄
409.6.1.2 and the reinforcement ration, 𝝆, shall not
Strain at extreme layer of steel
𝜀𝑡 𝜀𝑐 exceed 0.025.
=
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝑐
𝒅𝒕 − 𝒄 Example (Analysis)
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 (13) A 5.0 m simple beam supports the given floor loads and a
𝒄
Equate (2) and (13) then rearranging the terms concentrated load Pu due to the wall transverse to the given
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 𝑏
beam. For each given section, check the adequacy of the Spacing of Reinforcement
beam. 425.2 Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement
425.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a
horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be at least the greatest
𝟒
of 25 mm, 𝒅𝒃 , and ( ) 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒈 .
𝟑
425.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed
in two or more horizontal layers, reinforcement in the
upper layers shall be placed directly above reinforcement
in the bottom layer with a clear spacing between layers of
at least 25 mm.

Relationship between reinforcement ratio and nominal

moment strength
Table 4-2. Relationship between Reinforcement Ratio and Nominal Moment Strength
ρ AS (in2) c (in) εt ϕ Mn (k-ft) ϕ Mn (k-ft)
0.005 1.37 2.03 0.0258 0.900 128 115
0.010 2.73 4.05 0.0115 0.900 243 218
0.015 4.10 6.08 0.00662 0.900 347 312
0.0181 4.93 7.31 0.0050 0.900 404 364
0.0207 5.64 8.36 0.0040 0.817 449 367
0.025 6.83 10.1 0.00278 0.715 519 371
0.0285 7.78 11.5 0.00207 0.656 568 372

Concrete Protective Cover 0.030 8.19 11.7 0.00200 0.650 575 374

420.6.1.3 Specified Concrete Cover Requirements

420.6.1.3.1 Non-prestressed cast-in-place concrete
members shall have specified concrete cover for
reinforcement at least that given in Table 420.6.1.3.1.
Table 420.6.1.3.1
Specified Concrete Cover for Cast-in-Place Non-Prestressed Concrete Members
Concrete exposure Member Reinforcement Specified cover, mm
Cast against
permanently in All All 75
contact with ground
20 mm ϕ through 58 mm ϕ
Exposed to weather 50
bars
or in contact with All
ground 16 mm ϕ bar, MW200 or
40
MD200 wire, and smaller

Slabs, joists, 40 mm ϕ and 58 mm ϕ bars 40

and walls
Effect of Major Section Variables on Strength and
36 mm ϕ bar and smaller 20
Not exposed to
weather or in Beams,
Ductility
contact with ground Primary reinforcement,
columns,
stirrups, ties, spirals, and 40
pedestals, and
hoops
tension ties
Table 420.6.1.3.1
Specified Concrete Cover for Cast-in-Place Non-Prestressed Concrete Members
f’c, MPa Β1
17 ≤ f’c ≤ 28 0.85 (a)
28 < f’c < 55 0.85
0.05(𝑓′ 𝑐−28) (b)
7

f’c ≥ 55 0.65 (c)

 Members built
integrally with 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /16
supporting column
Exterior face of Two spans 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /9
first interior
support More than two spans 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /10

Face of other
All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /11
supports
a. Slabs with spans
not exceeding 3m.
Face of all b. Beams where ratio
supports satisfying of sum of column 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /12
(a) or (b) stiffnesses to beam
stiffness exceeds 8 at
each end of span
Example (Analysis)
Table 406.5.4 Approximate Shears for Non-Prestressed Continuous Beams and
Check the adequacy of the given section to adequately support One-Way Slabs
the given loads. Use f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, stirrups Location VU
diameter = 10mm and concrete cover = 40mm. Exterior face of first interior support 1.15𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 /2
Face of all other supports 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 /2

Example (Design)
Determine the number of 16 mm diameter bars of the 250 mm
by 400 mm rectangular propped beam to adequately support
the given loads. Use f’c = 21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, stirrups
diameter=10mm, and concrete cover = 40mm.
Example (Design)
Determine the number of 20 mm diameter bars at left support
of beam CD to adequately support the given loads. The beam
dimension is 300 mm by 450 mm and column size is 500 mm
by 500 mm. Use f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, stirrups
diameter = 10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Use
approximate method of analysis.

Methods of Analysis
406.5 Simplified Method of Analysis for Non-Prestressed
Minimum Beam Depth
Continuous Beams and One-way Slabs
409.3.1 Minimum Beam Depth
406.5.1 It shall be permitted to calculate Mu and Vu due to
gravity loads in accordance with this section for 409.3.1.1 For non-prestressed beams not supporting or
continuous beams and one-way slabs satisfying (a) through attached to partitions or other construction likely to be
(e): damaged by large deflections, overall beam depth h
shall satisfy the limits in Table 409.3.1.1, unless the
a. Members are prismatic;
calculated deflection limits of Section 409.3.2 are
b. Loads uniformly distributed; satisfied.
c. L ≤ 3D; Table 409.3.1.1
Minimum Depth of Non-Prestressed Beams
d. There are at least two spans;
Support Condition Minimum h
e. The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the
Simply supported l/16
shorter by more than 20 percent.
One end continuous l/18.5
406.5.2 Mu due to gravity loads shall be calculated in
Both ends continuous l/21
accordance with Table 406.5.2.
Cantilever l/8
Table 406.5.2 Approximate Moments for Non-Prestressed Continuous Beams
and One-Way Slabs 409.3.1.1.1 For fy other than 420 MPa, the
Moment Location Condition MU expressions in Table 409.3.1.1 shall be multiplied
Discontinuous end
𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /14 by (0.4 + fy/700).
integral with support
Positive
End Span
Discontinuous end
409.3.1.1.2 For non-prestressed beams made of
𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /11
unrestrained lightweight concrete having wc in the range of 1440
Interior Spans All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /16 to 1840 kg/m3, the expressions in Table 409.3.1.1
Member built shall be multiplied by the greater of (a) and (b):
Interior face of integrally with
Negative
exterior support supporting spandrel
𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /24 a. 1.65 – 0.0003wc;
beam
b. 1.09.
Supplementary The maximum strain at extreme compression fiber shall be
The strain in the concrete is assumed to be proportional to the assumed equal to *Section 422.2.2.1*
*Section 422.2.1.2* Answer: 0.003
Answer: Distance from neutral axis For strains greater than that corresponding to fy, stress shall be
The tensile strength of concrete in strength calculations is considered equal to *Section 420.2.2.1*
assumed to be Answer: fy
Answer: 10% of compressive strength The modulus of Elasticity Es shall be permitted to be taken as
The relationship between compressive stress and strain in *Section 420.2.2.2*
substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests shall Answer: 200000 MPa
be represented by the following shapes except Calculate the strain in the steel if the stress in the steel is 200
Answer: All of the choices (Rectangular, Parabolic, MPa. The specified yield strength of steel is 415 MPa.
Trapezoidal) Answer: 0.001
The intensity of uniformly distributed stress in concrete for Calculate the depth of neutral axis at balanced condition if the
equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution in effective depth is 250 mm and fy is 415 MPa.
accordance with NSCP is equal to 600(250)
Answer: 0.85f’c 𝑐= = 147.7832512 ≈ 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝟖 𝒎𝒎
600 + 415
The maximum strength reduction factor for structural element Calculate the stress at the centroid of the tension steel in single
subjected to moment is equal to layer if the effective depth is 250 mm and the depth of neural
Answer: 0.90 axis is 100 mm.
The minimum strength reduction factor for structural element 𝑑−𝑐 250 − 100
𝑓𝑠 = (600) = (600)
subjected to moment is equal to 𝑐 100
Answer: 0.65 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
For fy = 415 MPa, the balanced strain εty shall be permitted to Calculate the strain at the centroid of the tension steel in single
be equal to layer if the effective depth is 250 mm and the depth of neural
𝑓𝑦 415 axis is 100 mm.
= = 0.002075 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 250 − 100
𝐸𝑠 200 × 103 𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
If the yield stress of steel is equal to 345MPa, the balanced 𝑐 100
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓
strain εty is nearest to
𝑓𝑦 345 Calculate the depth of compression at balanced condition if
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟓 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟑 the effective depth is 250 mm, β1 = 0.85, and fy is 415 MPa.
𝐸𝑠 200 × 103
600(250)
The strength reduction factor for tension-controlled sections is 𝑐= = 147.7832512
600 + 415
Answer: 0.90
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(147.7832512)
The strength reduction factor for spiral compression-controlled
𝑎 = 125.6157635 ≈ 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
sections is
The reinforcement ratio of a section with 3-16 mm diameter
Answer: 0.75
tension bars, effective depth of 338 mm, and width of 280mm
Calculate the strain at extreme layer of steel if fy = 415 MPa is nearest to
and the strength reduction factor is 0.80. 𝜋
0.25(𝑥 − 0.002075) 3 × × 162
𝜌= 4 = 0.00637347622 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟒
0.80 = 0.65 + 338(280)
0.005 − 0.002075
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟑 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟑 Calculate the minimum reinforcement ratio for a given beam
If the depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fiber is section if f’c = 28MPa and fy = 345 MPa.
250 mm, calculate the depth of compression block if β1 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 √28
0.85. 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.25 = 0.25
𝑓𝑦 345
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(250); 𝒂 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00383442219 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟑
Equilibrium shall be satisfied at The minimum reinforcements need not be satisfied if As
Answer: each section of the member provided at every section is at least _______ greater than As
The strength reduction factor for tied compression-controlled required by analysis. *Section 409.6.1.3*
sections is Answer: 1/3
Answer: 0.65 For non-prestressed beams with Pu less than 0.10f’cAg, the
The classification of bean section with net tensile strain equal strain at extreme layer of tension steel shall be at least
to 0.0045 is *Section 409.6.1.3*
Answer: Transition Answer: 0.004
Calculate the maximum reinforcement ratio in a beam section Increasing the moment capacity of a flexural member is best
having concrete compressive strength of 28 MPa, β1 = 0.85, achieved by increasing the
and fy is 415 MPa. Answer: Effective depth
3 𝑓 ′𝑐 3 28 Increasing the ductility of a flexural member is best achieved
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85𝛽1 ) ( ) = (0.85)(0.85) ( )
7 𝑓𝑦 7 415 by increasing the
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02089156627 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟗 Answer: Effective depth
Beams shall have at least how many continuous bars at both The curvature of the beam is increased if the area of tension
top and bottom faces? *Section 418.6.3.1* reinforcement is
Answer: 2 Answer: increased
Considering seismic provision of the NSCP code for A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
longitudinal reinforcement is flexural members, that mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
reinforcement ratio shall not exceed *Section 418.6.3.1* stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
Answer: 0.025 effective depth of the beam.
20
Concrete cover is provided due to the following reasons 𝑑 = 400 − 40 − 10 −
except 2
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎
Answer: None of the choices (Among Protect the steel
reinforcement bars (rebars) from environmental effects to A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
prevent their corrosion; Provide thermal insulation, which mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
protects the reinforcement bars from fire; Give reinforcing stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
bars sufficient embedding to enable them to be stressed depth of compression block in the beam.
𝜋
without slipping) 3 × (202 )
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 0.01108797407
Minimum concrete cover for concrete members cast against 250(340)
and permanently in contact with ground is equal to 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.04380; 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
Answer: 75 mm 𝜋
3 × (202 )(345)
Minimum concrete cover for concrete beam members not 𝑎= 4 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎
exposed to weather or in contact with ground is equal to 0.85(35)(250)
Answer: 20 mm A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
For f’c between 17MPa to 28 MPa, the factor β1 is equal to mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
Answer: 0.85
depth of neutral axis in the beam.
For f’c greater than 56 MPa, the factor β1 is equal to 𝑎
Answer: 0.65 𝑐= = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒎𝒎
𝛽1
Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
if β1 = 0.85? mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
Answer: 21 stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete strain at the extreme layer of steel.
if β1 = 0.65? 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟓
Answer: 60 𝑐
Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
if β1 = 0.80? mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
𝑥 − 28 stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
0.8 = 0.85 − (0.05); 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 actual reinforcement ratio in the beam.
7
𝜋
For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal 3 × (202 )
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟕
layer, clear spacing shall be at least the greatest of the 250(340)
following except A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
Answer: 30 mm mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
more horizontal layer, reinforcement in the upper layers shall ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
be placed directly above reinforcement in the bottom layer 𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝐹𝑠 (𝑑 − )
with the clear spacing between layers of at least 2
Answer: 25 mm 𝜋 43.71829777
90(3) ( ) (202 )(345) (340 − )
𝑀𝑢 = 4 2
Adding bars will impart significant increase in the moment 6
10
strength of flexural members within
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Answer: Tension controlled region
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the ultimate moment
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, capacity of the beam.
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and 124.104
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the effective depth of the 𝑀𝑢 = 0.65(0.85)(21)(124 − 104)(250)(217.5 − )
2
beam. 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
20 20 A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20
6𝑚 = 3 (40 + 10 + ) + 3 (40 + 10 + 20 + 25 + )
2 2 mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
𝑚 = 82.5 f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑚 = 300 − 82.5; 𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the nominal moment
20 capacity of the beam.
𝑑𝑡 = 300 − 40 − 10 − ; 𝑑 = 240 𝑎
2 𝑡 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 2
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, Design the minimum area of steel reinforcement of a 300mm
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and by 500 mm rectangular beam necessary to support a maximum
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the actual reinforcement ultimate moment of 162.5 kN.m. Use f’c=42 MPa, fy=415
ratio of the beam. MPa, rebar diameter=25 mm, diameter of stirrups=10 mm, and
𝜋 concrete cover= 40 mm.
6 × (202 )
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟕 3 42
250 × 217.5 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85)(0.75) ( ) = 0.02765
7 415
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 = 0.00794
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the balanced reinforcement Approximate method of analysis is permitted if
ratio of the beam. Answer: All of the choices is satisfied (Among Members
21 600 are prismatic; Loads are uniformly distributed; There are
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.85) ( )( ) at least two spans)
415 600 + 415
𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟏 In using approximate method of analysis, the longer of two
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 adjacent spans should not exceed the shorter span by more
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, than
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and Answer: 20%
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the stress at the centroid of In using approximate method of analysis, the ratio of
the tension steel. unfactored live load to unfactored deadload should not exceed
𝑑−𝑐 Answer: 3.0
𝑓𝑠 = (600) = 𝟐𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑐 The minimum depth of a cantilever beam having unsupported
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 length of 3.5 m and reinforced with rebars of fy=276 MPa is
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, Answer: 437.5 mm
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and
The minimum depth of a cantilever beam having unsupported
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the depth of the neutral axis
length of 3.5 m, reinforced with rebars of fy=420 MPa, and
from extreme compression fiber.
lightweight concrete having density of 1660 kg/m3 is nearest
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒎 to
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 16 − 0.0003(1660) = 1.152
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
3.5
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and 1.152 ( ) = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝒎
8
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the depth of compression
block from extreme compression fiber.
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the strain at extreme layer of
steel.
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑 < 0.005; 𝐶𝐶𝑆
𝑐
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and