ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝑹𝑩:

𝑎. ρ > ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑅𝐵
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝑹𝑩 𝐴𝑠
ρ=
1. 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑑
2. 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 − 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑐′ 3
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 β1
3. 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑦 7
4. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
Ԑ𝑡 = 0.004
𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏 𝑫𝑹𝑩
1. 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 & 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑏. φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑅𝐵 < 𝑀𝑢
2. 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠, Ԑ𝑡 = 0.005
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 φ = 0.9
φ𝑀𝑛1 = φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑅𝐵
φ𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑢 − φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑅𝐵
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒇′𝒔
Ԑ′𝑆 0.003
=
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑠′ 0.003
′
=
200,000 𝑐 − 𝑑 𝑐
𝒄−𝒅 ′
′
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
Example 1 (Analysis)
A reinforced concrete beam
section has an effective depth of
625 mm and a width of 350 mm.
It is reinforced with compression
bars at the top having an area of
1,500 mm^2 and 4,970 mm^2
tension bars at the bottom with a
steel covering of 62.5 mm for both
top and bottom bars. Use f’c = 28
MPa and fy = 414 MPa. Determine
the
1. depth of compression block
2. ultimate moment capacity
3. maximum span of the beam to
carry an ultimate uniform load
of 75 kN/m
 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
1. 𝑎 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑆𝑅𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑅𝐵 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 4,970 414 = 0.85 28 𝑎 350 + 1,500 414
ρ=
𝑏𝑑 𝑎 = 172.46 𝑚𝑚
4,970 𝑎 = β1 𝑐
ρ=
350(625) 172.46 = 0.85𝑐
ρ = 0.02272 𝑐 = 202.89 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐′ 3 𝑐 − 𝑑 ′
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 β1 𝑓𝑠′ = 600
𝑓𝑦 7 𝑐
28 3 ′
202.89 − 62.5
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 0.85 𝑓𝑠 = 600
414 7 202.89
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02094 𝑓𝑠′ = 415.17 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
ρ > ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑅𝐵 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒔
𝑨𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒛𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝑫𝑹𝑩 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎
2. φ𝑀𝑛
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑑 − + 𝐶𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
2
172.46
𝑀𝑛 = [0.85 28 172.46 350 625 −
2 3. 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 (𝐿)
+1,500 414 (625 − 62.5)]𝑥10−6 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
𝑀𝑛 = 1,123.31 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝑢 =
8
𝑑−𝑐 75𝐿2
𝑓𝑠 = 600 1,010.98 =
𝑐 8
625 − 202.89 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝒎
𝑓𝑠 = 600
202.89
𝑓𝑠 = 1,248.29 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
φ = 0.9
φ𝑀𝑛 = 0.9(1,123.31)
𝝋𝑴𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
Example 2 (Design)
A reinforced concrete beam
section has a limited width of 250
mm and effective depth of 380
mm is carrying a dead load
moment of 115 kN.m and live load
moment of 80 kN.m. Compression
bars shall be placed at 65 mm if
needed. Use f’c = 28 MPa and fy =
400 MPa. Calculate the
1. depth of compression block
2. required tension steel area
3. required compression steel
area
4. maximum steel area as
allowed by the code
 𝑎 ′
𝑎
1. 𝑎 φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = φ𝐶𝑐 𝑑 − = φ[0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − ]
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑆𝑅𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑅𝐵 2 2
𝑎 𝑎
φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = φ𝑇1 𝑑 − = φ[𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − ]
2 2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 φ = 0.9, Ԑ𝑡 = 0.005 121.15
𝑓𝑐′ 3 φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9 1,802.15 400 380 − 𝑥10−6
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 β1 2
𝑓𝑦 8 φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 207.23 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
28 3
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 0.85
400 8 𝑜𝑟
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01897
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = φ𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 2 ω𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 0.59ω𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 ω𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ′
𝑓𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01897(250)(380) 400
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1,802.15 𝑚𝑚2 = 𝐴𝑠1 ω𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01897
28
𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑐 ω𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.271
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥
1,802.15 400 = 0.85 28 𝑎 250 = 0.9 28 250 3802 0.271 1 − 0.59 0.271 𝑥10−6
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝜑𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 207.12 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑀𝐿𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2(115) + 1.6(80)
𝑀𝑢 = 266 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑎
φ𝑀𝑛2 = φ𝐶𝑠 𝑑 − = φ𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ 𝑑 − 𝑑′
φ𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 207.23 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 = 266 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 2
𝑎
𝐷𝑅𝐵 φ𝑀𝑛2 = φ𝑇2 𝑑 − = φ𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
6
58.77𝑥10 = 0.9(𝐴𝑠2 ) 400 380 − 65
2. 𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠2 = 518.25 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
𝐴𝑠 = 1,802.15 + 518.25
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1,802.15 𝑚𝑚2
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐, 𝟑𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
φ𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑢 − φ𝑀𝑛1
φ𝑀𝑛2 = 266 − 207.23
φ𝑀𝑛2 = 58.77 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
3. 𝐴′𝑠 4. 𝐴ҧ𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝐴ҧ𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑠′ = 600 ρത 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑐 𝑏𝑑
𝑎 = β1 𝑐 𝐴ҧ𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ρത 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
121.15 = 0.85𝑐
𝑐 = 142.53 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 φ = 0.9
′
142.53 − 65 𝑓𝑠′
𝑓𝑠 = 600 ρത 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 + ρ′
142.53 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑠′ = 326.37 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔𝒏′ 𝒕 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 ρത 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 +
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝑓′𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦 635.17 326.37
𝑓𝑠′ = 326.37 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ρത 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01897 +
250 380 400
ρത 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02443
𝑇2 = 𝐶𝑠
𝐴ҧ𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02443 250 380
𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′
𝑨ഥ𝒔 = 𝟐, 𝟑𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝟐
518.25 400 = 𝐴′𝑠 326.37 𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑨′𝒔 = 𝟔𝟑𝟓. 𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝐴𝑠 = 2,320.40 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴ҧ𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2,320.85 𝑚𝑚2
Example 3 (Analysis)
For the beam shown, use f’c = 30
MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Calculate
the
1. depth of compression block
2. stress in tension steel
3. stress in compression steel
4. compressive force in concrete
5. compressive force in steel
6. tensile force in steel
7. design moment of the section
 1. 𝑎
𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
6𝑦 = 4(60) + 2 113 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝑦 = 77.67 𝑚𝑚 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠
𝑑 = 500 − 𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑑 = 500 − 77.67
1,176𝜋 345 = 0.85 30 𝑎 300 + 784𝜋 345
𝑑 = 422.33 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 𝑎 = 55.54 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 6 28 2 𝑎 = β1 𝑐
4
𝐴𝑠 = 1,176𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 55.54 = 0.836𝑐
𝜋 𝑐 = 66.44 𝑚𝑚
𝐴′𝑠 = 4 28 2 𝑐 − 𝑑′
4 ′
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝐴′𝑠 = 784𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝑐
0.05 ′ 66.44 − 60
β1 = 0.85 − 𝑓𝑐 − 28 ≥ 0.65 ′
𝑓𝑠 = 600
7 66.44
0.05
β1 = 0.85 − 30 − 28 𝑓𝑠′ = 58.16 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
7
β1 = 0.836 ≥ 0.65 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔𝒏′ 𝒕 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
β1 = 0.836 𝑓′𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 ≠ 55.54 𝑚𝑚
 2. 𝑓𝑠
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 𝑐
1,176𝜋 345 422.33 − 102.93
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 − 60 102.93
= 0.85 30 0.836𝑐 300 + 784𝜋 600
𝑐 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟔𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑐 = 102.93 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = β1 𝑐 3. 𝑓𝑠′
𝑐 − 𝑑 ′
𝑎 = 0.836𝑐 𝑓𝑠′ = 600
𝑎 = 0.836(102.93) 𝑐
𝒂 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒎 ′
102.93 − 60
𝑓𝑠 = 600
102.93
𝒇′𝒔 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
4. 𝐶𝑐
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85 30 86.05 300 𝑥10−3
𝑪𝒄 = 𝟔𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵
7. φ𝑀𝑛
5. 𝐶𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 1,861.85 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1,000
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝐶𝑠 = 784𝜋 250.25 𝑥10−3 φ = 0.9
𝑪𝒔 = 𝟔𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑵 𝑎
φ𝑀𝑛 = φ[𝐶𝑐 𝑑 − + 𝐶𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ]
2
6. 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.08605
φ𝑀𝑛 = 0.9[658.28 0.42233 −
𝑇 = 1,176𝜋 345 𝑥10−3 2
𝑻 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟏 𝒌𝑵 +616.37(0.42233 − .060)]
𝝋𝑴𝒏 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
𝒐𝒓

𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠
𝑇 = 658.28 + 616.37
𝑻 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑵