Analysis and Design of Beams

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analysis and design of beams
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (University of Mindanao)
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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.1
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective
depth of 460 mm and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
and 𝑓𝑦 = 345𝑀𝑃𝑎, determine the balance steel area in sq.mm.
SOLUTION
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600
𝜌𝑏 = 𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 < 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦 )
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑏 =
345(600 + 345)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.02792
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑
PROBLEM 2.2
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d =490 mm. Concrete
compressive strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 27.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 and steel yield strength 𝑓𝑦 =
276 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculate the required tension steel area if the factored moment
𝑀𝑢 is (a) 20 kN-m, (b) 140 kN-m, (c) 485 kN-m, and (d)620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Solve for 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(27.6)0.85(600)

𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦 ) 276(600+276)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0495
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.0495)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0371
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 0.03711(276)
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑐
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
27.6
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.371

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𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 27.6(0.371)[1 − 0.59(0.37)]

𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8.001𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8.001(300)(490)2

𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 576.279𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 576.279𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90 𝑥 576.279
𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 518.65 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
a) 𝑀𝑢 = 20𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑)

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑 2 20 x 106 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (300)(490)2
𝑅𝑛 = 0.309 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.085𝑓′𝑐
0.85(27.6) 2(0.309
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
276 0.85(27.6)
𝜌 = 0.00113 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
√𝑓′𝑐 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑖𝑓 𝑓′𝑐 > 31.36𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.005072
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.00572(300)(490)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟕𝟒𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐
b) 𝑀𝑢 = 140𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (singly reinforced)

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 140 x 106 = 0.90 𝑅𝑛 (300)(490)2
𝑅𝑛 = 2.16 𝑀𝑃𝑎

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0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐
0.85(27.6) 2(2.16)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
276 0.85(27.6)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝜌 = 0.00822 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐴𝑠 = 0.00822(300)(490)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝒎𝒎𝟐
c) 𝑀𝑢 = 485 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (singly reinforced)

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 485 x 102 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (300)(490)2
𝑅𝑛 = 7.48 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
0.85(27.6) 2(7.48)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
276 0.85(27.6)
𝜌 = 0.03384 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.03384(300)(490)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟒, 𝟗𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐
d) 𝑀𝑢 = 600 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
The beam will be doubly reinforced. See Chapter 3.

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PROBLEM 2.3 (CE MAY 2012)

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth
of 480 mm. The beam is simply supported over span of 5 m. Steel
strength 𝑓𝑦 = 415 MPa and concrete𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Concrete cover is 70
mm from the centroid of the steel area. Unit weight concrete is
23.5kN/𝑚3 .Other than the weight of the beam, the beam carries a
superimposed dead of 18 kN/m and a live load of 14 kN/m. Use the
strength design method.
a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.
b) If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280
kN-m, determine the required number of 20 mm tension
bars.
c) If the beam will carry a factored load of 240 kN at midsPan,
determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Given: b=300m 𝑓′𝑐 = 300 𝑀𝑃𝑎

d=480-70=410 mm 𝛽1 = 0.85
1.4
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00337 𝑓𝑦
Bar diameter , 𝑑𝑏 = 20 𝑚
𝑘𝑁
Weight of beam, 𝑤𝑏 = 𝛾𝑐 𝐴𝑏 = 23.5(0.3 𝑥 0.48 ) = 3.384
𝑚
a) Maximum factored moment on the beam.

Factored load, 𝑊𝑢 = 1.4(3.384 + 18) + .7 (14)
Factored load, 𝑊𝑢 = 53.738 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Maximum factored moment:
𝑊 𝐿2 53.738(5)2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑢8 𝑀𝑢 = 8
𝑀𝑢 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟗𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
b) 𝑀𝑢 = 280 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

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Solve for 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 to determine whether compression steel is needed
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(28)(0.85)(600)

𝑓𝑦 (600+ 𝑓𝑦 ) 415(600+415)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.02881
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.021261
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓′𝑐
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.03203
𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 0.59 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 7.274

𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜑 𝑅𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 2 = 330.14 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Required 𝑀𝑢 = 280 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚<𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (singly reinforced)

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 280 𝑥 106 = .90 𝑅𝑛 (300)(410)2
𝑅𝑛 = 6.169 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − ]
0.85(28) 2(6.619)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] = 0.01755 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
415 0.85(28)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.01755(300)(410)
𝐴𝑠 = 2159𝑚𝑚2
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑑𝑏2 2159 = (20)2 𝑁
4 4
N=6.9 say 7 bars
1. 𝑃𝑢 = 240𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑊_𝑑 = 3.384 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (weight of beam)
𝑃𝑢 𝐿 (1.4𝑊𝑑 )𝐿2
𝑀𝑢 = + = 314.805 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦)
4 8

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𝑀 314.805 𝑥 106
𝑅𝑛 = 𝜑𝑏𝑑𝑢 2 𝑅𝑛 = 0.90(300)(410)2
𝑅𝑛 = 6.936𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
0.85(28) 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] = 002031 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
415 0.85𝑓′𝑐
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.02031(300)(410)
𝐴𝑠 = 2498𝑚𝑚2
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑑𝑏2 𝑁 2498 = 4 (20)2 N
4
𝑁 = 7.95 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟖 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth
to tension bars of 600 mm. compression reinforcement if needed will be
placed at a depth of 60 mm below the top. If 𝑓′𝑐 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 =
414 𝑀𝑃𝑎, determine the tension steel area if the beam is to resist an
ultimate moment of 650 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Solve for 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600
𝜌𝑏 = 𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 < 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
0.85(30)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑏 =
414(600 + 414)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.031
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.15𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.031)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0232

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𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.02323(414)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 30
𝜔 = 0.3209
𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜑𝑓′𝑐 𝜔 𝑏 𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(30)(0.3209)(300)(600)2 [1-0.59(0.309)
𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 758.1 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢
Since𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the beam may be designed as singly reinforced.
𝑅𝑛 = 6.687 𝑀𝑃𝑎 650 x 106 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (300)(600)2

𝑅𝑛 = 6.687𝑀𝑃𝑎
Solve for 𝜌:
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
0.85(30) 2(6.687)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] = 0.0191 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
414 0.85(30)
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00338
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.0191(300)(600)
𝐴𝑠 = 3442 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 2.5 (CE November 2000)
A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective

depth of 550 mm. The beam is simply supported over a span 6 m and is
used to carry a uniform dead load of 25 kN/m and a uniform live load of
40 kN/m. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 312 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Compression

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reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80 mm from the

outermost compression concrete.
a) Determine 80 mm from the outermost compression concrete.
b) Determine the required tension steel area.
c) Determine the required number of 25-mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
a) Maximum steel area:
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1 600
𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑏 =
312(312 + 600)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.03199
𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.03199)

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02399
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02399(300)(550)

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟑, 𝟗𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
b) Required tension steel area:
Factored load:
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 𝐷 + 1.7 𝐿 𝑊𝑢 = 1.4(25) + 1.7(40)
𝑊𝑢 = 103 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Required strength:
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2 103(6)2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢 =
8 8
𝑀𝑢 =463.5kN-m
Solve for 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥

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𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 0.0299(312)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 21
𝜔 = 0.356
𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜑𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(30)(0.356)(300)(550)2 [1 − 0.59(0.356)]
𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 536.5 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑢 = 0.39 𝑅𝑛 (300)(550)2

463.5 𝑥 106 = 0.9 𝑅𝑛 (300)(550)2
𝑅𝑛 = 5.67 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓,𝑐
0.85(21) 2(5.67)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
312 0.85(21)
𝜌 = 0.02269
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.002269(300)(550)
𝐴𝑠 = 3743 𝑚𝑚2
c) Number of 25 mm bars:
𝐴𝑠
Number of 25-mm bars=
𝐴𝑠 25
3.743
Number of 25-mm bars=𝜋 = 7.63 𝑠𝑎𝑦 8
(25)2
4

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and total depth of 600
mm. The beam will be design to carry a factored moment of 540kN-m.

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Concrete strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and steel yield strength 𝑓𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Solve using the strength design method.
a) Determine the balanced steel ratio in percent.
b) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using a steel
ratio 𝜌 equal to 0.5 of balanced steel ratio.
c) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using the
maximum allowable steel ratio.
SOLUTION
Given:
b=300 mm 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
h=600 mm 𝑓𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 540 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝛽1 = 0.85
a) Balanced steel ratio:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(28)(0.85)600

𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 248(600 + 248)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0577 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟕%
b) Effective depth using 𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏
𝜌 = 0.5(0.0577) = 0.0289
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.0289(248)
𝜔= 𝜔= = 0.2556
𝑓′𝑐 28
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝑅𝑛 = 28(0.2556)[1 − 0.59(0.2556)]
𝑅𝑛 = 6.0776 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 540 x 106 = 0.90(8.307)(300)𝑑 2
𝑑 = 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝒎

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PROBLEM 2.7
A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will
be reinforced with 12-mm-diameter bars with 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎.Concrete
strength𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine the required spacing 12 mm main bar if
the total factored moment acting on 1-m width of slab is 23 kN-m width of
slab is 23 kN-m. Clear concrete cover is 20 mm.
SOLUTION
Note: Slabs are practically singly reinforced because of its small

depths.
Effective depth, d= 120 -20-1/2(12) = 94 mm

Width, b = 1000 mm
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2 23 x 106 = 0.90 𝑅𝑛 (1000)(94)2
𝑅𝑛 = 2.892
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
0.85(21) 2(2.982)
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
275 0.85(21)

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0.75 𝑥 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 0.0284
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00509
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.1154(1000)(94)
𝐴𝑠 = 1085 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Spacing of bars (for walls and slabs using unit width):
𝑏 1000
𝑠= 𝑠= 𝐴𝑠
𝑁
𝐴𝑏
1000𝐴𝑏
𝑠=
𝐴𝑠
Eq. 2-17
𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000 𝑥 (12)2
𝑠= 𝑠= 4
𝐴𝑠 1085
𝑠 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
PROBLEM 2.8
A 2.8 m square column fooring has a total thickness of 47 mm. The
factored moment at critical section for moment is 640 kN-m. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 =
21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Clear concrete cover is 75 mm. Determine
the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Effective depth, d=470-75-1/2(20) = 385 mm
Width, b =2800 mm
Design strength, 𝑀𝑢 = 640 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

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Maximum and minimum requirements:
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑥 = 0.0284
𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦 )
𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2528𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
(Procedure is not shown anymore see Problem 2.2)
1.4 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 5488 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦
Singly reinforced:
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2 640 𝑥 106 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (2800)(385)2
𝑅𝑛 = 1.713 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
0.85(21) 2(1.713
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
275 0.85(21)
𝜌 = 0.00656
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.00656(2800)(385)
𝐴𝑠 = 7074 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Number of 20 mm bars:
𝐴𝑠 7074
𝑁= 𝑁=𝜋
𝐴𝑏 2
4 (20)
𝑁 = 22.5 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟐𝟑 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 2.9
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead
load moment of 60 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load
moment of 48 kN- m. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
Required strength:
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝑏 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4(60) + 1.7(48)

𝑀𝑢 = 165.6 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
(Note: this already includes the weight of beam)
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)

𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 276(600 + 276)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0371
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00507
𝑓𝑦
Try 𝜌 = 60% 𝜌𝑏 Note: this is the author’s suggestion
𝜌 = 0.6(0.0371) = 0.02226
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.02226(276)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 20.7
𝜔 = 0.2968
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 = 20.7(0.2968)[1 − 0.59(0.2968)]

𝑅𝑛 = 5.068

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 165.6 x 106 = 0.90(5.068)𝑏𝑑 2

𝑏𝑑 2 = 36.296 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3
Try d = 1.75 b b=228 mm say 230 mm

d=399 say 30 mm
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.02226(230)2(400)
𝐴𝑠 = 2.049 𝑚𝑚2
Summary: b = 230 mm
d = 400 mm
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐, 𝟎𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
PROBLEM 2.10
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to
support a superimposed dead load of 29 kN/m and a live load of 44 kN/m.
24𝑘𝑁
Assume normal weight concrete with = 3 .
𝑚
Use 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑓′𝑐 = 34 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
Weight of beam: (this is the author’s assumption)
Assuming a 300 mm x 600 mm, 𝑊_𝑏 = 24 𝑥 (0.3 0.6) = 4.32𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑏 = 1.4 𝑊𝐿 + 1.7 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 (29 + 4.32) + 1.7(44)

𝑊𝑢 = 121.448 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2 121.448(6)2
. 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢 =
8 8
𝑀𝑢 = 546.516 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − = 0.821
7(34 − 30)
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(34)(0.821)(600)

𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 = 0.04369
𝑓𝑦 (600+ 𝑓𝑦 ) 345(600+345)

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 (0.04369) 𝜌 = 0.03277 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
√𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00423 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 > 31.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎
4𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.03277(345)
𝜔= 𝑓′𝑐
𝜔=
34
𝜔 = 0.332
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.56 𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 = 34(0.332)[1 − 0.59(0.332)]

𝑅𝑛 = 9.087 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Assume d = 1.75 b (this is the author’s assumption)
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2 546.516 x 106 = 0.90(9.087)(𝑏)(1. 75𝑏)2

𝑏 = 279.4 𝑚𝑚 & 𝑑 = 489 𝑚𝑚
Use b = 280 mm, d = 490 mm
Minimum beam the thickness (Section 409.6.2.1)
𝐿 𝑓𝑦 6000 345
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + ) ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + )
16 700 16 700
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 335 𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝐾
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.03277(280)(490)
𝐴𝑠 = 4496 𝑚𝑚2
Using 32 mm bars (#100):
𝐴𝑠 4496
𝑁= 𝑁=𝜋
𝐴𝑏 (32)2
4
𝑁 = 5.6 𝑠𝑎𝑦 6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
ℎ = 490 + (25) + 32 + 20
ℎ = 554.5 𝑚𝑚 > ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛
Beam weight = 24 (0.28)(0.5545)
Beam weight = 3.73 kN/m < 4.32(OK)
PROBLEM 2.11
A propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 2.6 is made of reinforced
concrete having a width of 290 mm overall depth of 490 mm. The beam
is loaded with uniform dead load of 35 kN/m (including its own weight),
and a uniform live load of 55 kN/m. Given 𝑓′𝑐 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 =
415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.Concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of the bars.
Determine the required tension steel area for maximum positive moment.
Assume EI=constant.

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Figure 2.6
SOLUTION
Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦ℎ = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏 = 290 𝑚𝑚
𝐻 = 490 𝑚𝑚
𝑑′ = 60 𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝐷 = 35 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝐿 = 55 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑑 = 490 − 60 = 430 𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4𝑊𝐷 + 1.7 𝑊𝐿
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 (35) + 1.7 (55)

𝑊𝑢 = 142.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

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Solve for moment reactions using the three-moment equation:
𝑀𝐵 = −142.5 (2)(1) = −285 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
6𝐴0 ̅̅̅̅
𝑎0 6𝐴1 ̅̅̅
𝑏0
Mo Lo + 2𝑀𝐴 (𝐿𝑜 + 𝐿1 ) + 𝑀𝐵 𝐿1 + 𝐿0
+ 𝐿1
=0
142.5(6)3
0 + 2𝑀𝐴 (0 + 6 ) + (−285 )(6) + 0 + 4
=0

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝐴 = −498.75𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 -489.75 = R(6)- 142.5(8)(4)

R=676.875 kN
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑊𝑢 𝐿 − 𝑅 𝑅𝐴 = 142.5(8) − 676.875
𝑅𝐴 = 463.125 𝑘𝑁
Maximum positive moment:
𝑉𝐷 = 0 𝑊𝑢 (2 + 𝑥) − 𝑅 = 0
142.5(2 + x) - 676.875 = 0
x = 2.75 m
(𝑥+2)2 (2.75+2)2
𝑀𝐷 = 𝑅𝑋 − 𝑊𝑢 𝑀𝐷 = 676.875(2.75) − 142.5
2 2
𝑀𝐷 = 253.828 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Solve for 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(24)(0.85)600

𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 415(600 + 415)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0247
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 (0.0247)

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01852
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 0.01852(415)
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑓′𝑐 24
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.3203

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59 𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 415(0.3203)[1 − 0.59(0.3203)]

𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2 𝑀 𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.235(290)(430)2
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 334.316 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(334.316)

𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300.884 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
At a point of maximum positive moment:
𝑀𝑢 = 253.828 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝜑 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Singly reinforced)
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2 253.828 x 106 = .90 𝑅𝑛 (290)(430)2

𝑅𝑛 = 5.26 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
0.85(24) 2(5.26)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
415 0.85(24)
𝜌 = 0.01495
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.01495(290)(430)
𝐴𝑠 = 1,864 𝑚𝑚2

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ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE

STEEL YIELDS (𝒇𝑺 = 𝒇𝒀 )
PROBLEM 2.12(CE MAY 1999)

A reinforced concrete rectangular beam with b = 400 mm and d= 720 mm
is reinforced for tension only with 6-25 mm diameter bars. If 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
and 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔:
a) The coefficient of resistance 𝑅𝑛 of the beam.
b) The ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1
𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
=
𝜌𝑏 400(600 + 400)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.02276
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 6 𝑥 (25)2 = 2945 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠 2945
𝜌= 𝜌= = 0.01023 < 𝜌𝑏 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠)
𝑏𝑑 400(720)
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.01023(400)
𝜔= 𝜔= = 0.195
𝑓′𝑐 21
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔 (1 − 0.56𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 = 21(0.195)[1 − 0.59(0.195)]
𝑅𝑛 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂 Answer
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(3.62)(400)(720)2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝟔𝟕𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 Answer

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 2.13
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b= 300 m, d = 490

mm. The tension steel area provided is 4,500 sq. mm. Determine the
ultimate moment capcity of the beam in kN-m. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 =
27 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(27)(0.85)(600)

𝑓𝑦 (600+ 𝑓𝑦 ) 275(600+275)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.02276
𝐴 4,500
𝜌 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠 𝜌=
300(490)
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.0361(275)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 27
𝜔 = 0.3118
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔 (1 − 0.59 𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 = 27(0.3118)[1 − 0.59(0.3118)]
𝑅𝑛 = 6.87 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(6.87)(300)(490)2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝟒𝟒𝟓. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.14
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 3 − 25 𝑚𝑚, 𝑓′𝑐 =

34.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎, grade 60 reinforcement (𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎). Calculate the design
moment 𝑀𝑢 .

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
SOLUTION
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (34.2 − 30) = 0.82
7
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(34.2)(0.82)(600)
𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 = 0.03407
𝑓𝑦 (600+ 𝑓𝑦 ) 414(600+414)
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (25)2 𝑥 3 = 1473 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠 1473
𝜌= 𝜌= 𝜌 = 0.00982 < 𝜌𝑏 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑏𝑑 300(500)
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:

√𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00353 𝑂𝐾
4𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.00982(414)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 34.2
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 = 34.2(0.1188)[1 − 0.59(0.1188)]

𝑅𝑛 = 3.779 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(3.779)(300)(500)2

𝑀𝑢 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.15
A 130-mm-thick-one-way slab is reinforced with 12-mm-diameter tension
bars spaced at 110 on centers. Concrete cover is 20 mm, concrete
strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 MPa and steel yield strength 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Unit weight
of concrete is 23.5 kN/𝑚3 .
a) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the slab?
b) If the slab is simply supported over a span of 4 m, what safe
uniform live load pressure can the slab carry?

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
SOLUTION
a) Consider 1 m width of slab, b = 1000 mm
Effective depth: d = h – cover- 1/2 𝑑𝑏
d = 130-20-1/2(12)=104 mm
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(21)(0.85)(600)

𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 275(600 + 275)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0378
𝑏
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑥 𝑁 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑥
𝑠
𝜋 1000
𝐴𝑠 = (12)2 𝐴𝑠 = 1028 𝑚𝑚2
4 100
𝐴𝑠 1028
𝜌= 𝜌=
𝑏𝑑 1000(104)
𝜌 = 0.00989
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexures:
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00509 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.00989(275)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 21
𝜔 = 0.129
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔 (1 − 0.59 𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 = 21(0.129)(1 − 0.59(0.129)]

𝑅𝑛 = 2.511 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(2.511)(1000)(104)2

𝑀𝑢 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2 𝑊𝑢 (4)2
b) 𝑀𝑢 = 24.443 = 𝑊𝑢 = 12.222 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
8 8

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Dead load pressure, 𝜌𝐷 = 𝛾𝑐 x thickness of concrete.

Dead load pressure, 𝜌𝐷 = 23.5 𝑥 0.13 = 3.055𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4𝑊𝐿 + 1.7 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝑢 = 1.4(𝜌𝐷 𝑏) + 1.7 (𝜌𝐿 𝑏)

12.222 = 1.4(3.055 𝑥 1) + 1.7(𝜌𝐿 𝑥 1)
𝜌𝐿 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂
PROBLEM 2.16
A rectangular beam with b = 250 mm and d = 460 m is reinforced for

tension only with 3-25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported over a
span of 6 m and carries a uniform dead load of 680 N/m including its own
weight. Calculate the uniform live load that the beam can carry. Assume
𝑓𝑦 = 276.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 3 𝑥 (25)2 = 1479 𝑚𝑚2
4
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)

𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 276.5(600 + 276.5)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.03703
𝐴𝑠 1.473
𝜌= 𝜌=
𝑏𝑑 250(460)
𝜌 = 0.01281 < 𝜌𝑏 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠)
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexure:
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00506 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.01281(276.5)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 20.7
𝜔 = 0.171

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 = 27(0.171)[1 − 0.59(0.171)]

𝑅𝑛 = 3.183 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(3.183)(250)(460)2
𝑀𝑢 = 151.56 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2 𝑊𝑢 (6)2
𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 151.56 =
8 8
𝑊𝑢 = 33.68 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 𝑊𝐷𝐿 + 1.7 𝑊𝐿𝐿 33.68 = 1.4 (0.68) + 1.7 𝑊𝐿𝐿

𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.17 (CE JANUARY 2008)

A reinforced concrete rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an
effective depth of 55 mm. The beam is reinforced with six 25-mm-
diameter tension bars. Steel yield 𝑓𝑦 is 415 MPa and concrete strength
𝑓′𝑐 is 28 MPa.
a) What is the balanced steel ratio?
b) What is the maximum steel area for singly reinforced?
c) What is the nominal moment capacity of the beam?
SOLUTION
a) Balanced steel ratio:
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(28)(0.85)600

𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 415(600 + 415)
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝜌𝑏 = 0.028816
𝜌𝑏 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟖%
b) Maximum steel area
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.75 𝜌𝑏 ) 𝑏𝑑

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.75 𝑥 0.028816)(300)(5)
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟑, 𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐

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c) Nominal moment capacity

Using 6-25 mm bars:
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (25)2 𝑥 6 = 2,945 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠 2,945
𝜌= 𝜌= = 𝜌 = 0.01963 < 𝜌𝑏 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠)
𝑏𝑑 300(500)
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.01963(415)
𝜔= 𝜔= = 0.291
𝑓′𝑐 28
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 + 0.59 𝜔) = 𝑅𝑛 = 28(0.291)(1 − 0.59 𝑥 0.291)
𝑅𝑛 = 6.7494 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 = 𝑀𝑛 = 6.7494(300)(500)2
𝑀𝑛 = 𝟓𝟎𝟔. 𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.18
A 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular is reinforced for tension only with 5-28
mm bars. The beam has an effective depth of 446 mm. The beam carries
a uniform dead load of 4.5 kN/m (including its own weight), a uniform live
load of 3 kN/m, and concentrated dead load of P and 2P as shown in
Figure 2.7. Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓′𝑐 = 34.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculate the
following:
a) The ultimate moment capacity of the section in kN-m, and
b) The maximum value of P in kN.
2P P
2m 2m 2m

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
SOLUTION
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (34.5 − 30) = 0.818
7
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(34.5)(0.818)(600)

𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 = = 0.03428
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 414(600 + 414)
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (28)2 𝑥 5 = 3079 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠 3079
𝜌= 𝜌= = 𝜌 = 0.01972 < 𝜌𝑏 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑏𝑑 300(446)
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:
√𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00355
4𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.01972(414)
𝜔= 𝜔= = 0.2367
𝑓′𝑐 34.5
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) = 𝑅𝑛 = 34.5(0.2367)[1 − 0.59(0.2367)]=7.025 MPa

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 = 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(7.025)(300)(446)2 = 440.18 kN - m
1.4(2P) 1.4P
A
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4(4.5) + 1.7(3) = 11.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑅𝑎 B C D
2m 2m 2m

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Figure 2.8 – Beam with factored loads
For the given loads, the maximum moment can occur at B or C:
At point C: 𝑀𝑐 = 1.4𝑃(2) + 11.4(2)(1)

Set 𝑀𝑐 = 𝑀𝑢 440.18 = 1.4P(2) + 11.4(2)(1)
𝑃 = 149 𝑘𝑁
At point B: (First solve for 𝑅𝐴 )
∑ 𝑀𝑐 = 0 4 𝑅𝐴 + 1.4𝑃(2) = 2.8𝑃(2) + 11.4(6)(1)

𝑅𝐴 = 17.1 + 0.7 𝑃
∑ 𝑀𝐵 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑀𝐵 = (17.1 + 0.7𝑃) − 11.4(2)(1)

Set 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝑢 440.18 = (17.1 + 0.7 𝑃)(2) − 11.4(2)(1)
𝑃 = 306.27 𝑘𝑁
Thus the maximum value of P such that 𝑀𝑢 will not exceed 440.18 kN-m is
149 kN.

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE

STEEL DOES NOT YIELDS (𝒇𝑺 ≠ 𝒇𝒀 )
PROBLEM 2.19
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, 𝐴𝑠 = 6 − 32 𝑚𝑚, 𝑓′𝑐 =

27.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎, grade 60 reinforcement (𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎). Calculate the ultimate
moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(27.6)(0.85)(600)

𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 414(600 + 414)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0285
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (32)2 𝑥 6 = 4825 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠 4825
𝜌= 𝜌= = 𝜌 = 0.03217 > 𝜌𝑏 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑏𝑑 300(500)
b=.300 0.85
c=0.85 ab
a
d=500
500-a/2
=4825
From Eq. 2-18
T=

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑑−𝑐 500 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 𝑐
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏, 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85 𝑐
500−𝑐
(4825)600 = 0.85(27.6)(0.85𝑐)(300)
𝑐
𝑐 2 = 484𝑐 − 241,964 = 0
𝑐 = 306.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑑−𝑐 500−306
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 𝑓𝑠 = 379.65 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 306
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(306.2)
𝑎 = 260.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2
260.3
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(4825)(379.65)(500 − )
2
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟔𝟎𝟗. 𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.20
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d = 490
mm. The tension steel area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with 𝑓𝑦 =
415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. 𝑓′𝑐 = 21𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the
beam.

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
SOLUTION
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(21)(0.85)(600)

𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 415(600 + 415)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.02161
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (25)2 𝑥 7 = 3436 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴 3436
𝜌 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠 𝜌=
300(490)
𝜌 = 0.02337 > 𝜌𝑏 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
b=300 0.85
c=0.85 ab
a
d=490
490-a/2
=3436
From Eq.2-18:
T=
𝑑−𝑐 490 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 𝑐
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏, 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85 𝑐
490−𝑐
(3436)600 = 0.85(221)(0.85𝑐)(300) = 𝑐 = 296.24 𝑚𝑚
𝑐

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑑−𝑐 490 − 296.24

𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 296.24
𝑓𝑠 = 392.43 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(392.43)
𝑎 = 251.81 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 𝑎
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝑇 (𝑑 − ) 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2 2
251.81
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(3436)(392.43)(490 − )
2
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟒𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED

NON-RECTANGULAR BEAMS
PROBLEM 2.21
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.9.
Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
125 125 125
125
4-32mm 700mm
75
375mm
Figure 2.9
SOLUTION
Note: This is not a rectangular beam. Some formulas derived above
(such as𝜌, 𝜌𝑏 , 𝑅𝑛 ) may not be applicable. The moment can be
computed using the assumptions in the Code and the conditions of
equilibrium.

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (32)2 𝑥 4
4
𝐴𝑠 = 3217 𝑚𝑚2
Solve for the balanced 𝐴𝑠 to determine whether the given steel yield or not.
125 125 125
From Eq. 2-11 𝐶𝑏 =:
125
600𝑑 600(625)
𝑐𝑏 = = = 396.825𝑚𝑚 a
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 345
625mm
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(396.825)= 337.3 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑐 = 337.3(375) − 125(125) = 110,863 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.8𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 4-32mm
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (345) = 0.85(21)(110,863)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 5,736 𝑚𝑚2
375mm
Since 𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 < 𝐴𝑠𝑏 , tension steel yields.
𝐶=𝑇 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝑎𝑏 − 1252 ) = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)(𝑎 𝑥 375 − 1252 ) = 3,217(345)
𝑎 = 207.5 𝑚𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑎 125
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 − 𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶1 (𝑑 − ) − 𝐶2 (𝑑 − )
2 2
207.5
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)(207.5)(375)(625 − )
2
𝑀𝑛 = 567.03 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(567.03)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.22
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.10.
Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 345𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (22)2 𝑥 3
4
𝐴𝑠 = 1,140 𝑚𝑚2
Solve for 𝐴𝑠 :
450mm
600 𝑑
375
𝐶𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦
Figure
600(375) 3-22mm 2.10
𝐶𝑏 =
600 + 345 75
𝐶𝑏 = 238 𝑚𝑚 375m
m
𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝐶𝑏
𝑎𝑏 = 0.85(238)
𝑎𝑏 = 202.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑥 375 5
= 𝑥= 𝑎
𝑎 450 6

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑥 = 168.7𝑚𝑚 a
𝐴𝑐 = 1/2(𝑥)(𝑎) c
1 5 5
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑥 6 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑎2
2
450m
450m
x
375
𝐴𝑐 = 17,066 𝑚𝑚2 d-(2/3)a
d-
m
m
3-
𝑇 = 𝐶𝐶 22mm 7
𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 T
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (345) = 0.85(21)(17,066) 375m 5
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 883 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠 m
Since𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 𝐴𝑠𝑏 , tension steel does not yield (𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 )
solve for c:
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
𝑑−𝑐 5 2 𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 0.85(21) 𝑎 = 1140 𝑥 600
𝑐 12 𝑐
375−𝑐
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 7.437(0. 85𝑐)2 = 684,00
𝑐
𝑐 = 250.92 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(250.92) = 213.3 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑥 (𝑑 − 𝑎) = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑎)
3 3
5 2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21) (213. 29)2 𝑥 [375 − (213.3)]
12 3
𝑀𝑛 = 78.77 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 𝑥 78.77 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 2.23
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.11. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 =
345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when 𝑀𝑢 = 800𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚.
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly
reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when 𝑀𝑢 = 1200𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚.
Figure 2.11-
Hallow beam
SOLUTION
To guide us whether “a: will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the
design moment when a=150 mm.
d = 800 – 75 = 725 mm

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑎 150
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝐶𝐶 (𝑑 − ) 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85(28)(150) (725 − )
2 2
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 1044.225 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
a) 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Since the required 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 1044.25 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑎 < 150 𝑚𝑚.
Assuming tension steel yields:

𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − )
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏(𝑑 − )
2
800 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85(28)𝑎(500)(725 − 0.5𝑎)
𝑎 = 111.6𝑚𝑚 < 150 𝑚𝑚
Check is steel yields:
𝑑−𝑐 𝑎
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = = 131.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 𝛽1
725 − 131.2
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 2,712 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
131.3
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑠 (345) = 0.85(28)(111.6)(500)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
b) Balanced condition (See Figure 2.12)
600𝑑 600(725)
𝐶𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 = = 460.32𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 345
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝐶𝑏 𝑎 = 0.85(460.32) = 391.3 𝑚𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 150 = 241.27 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 500(150) = 75,000 𝑚𝑚2
1
𝑦1 = 725 − = 650𝑚𝑚
2(150)
𝐴1 = 125(241.27) = 30,159 𝑚𝑚2

1
𝑦2 = 725 − 150 − = 454.37
2(241.27)
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 2𝐶2 𝑦2
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 2𝐴2 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85(28)[75,000 𝑥 650 + 2 𝑥 30,159 𝑥 454.37]
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 1812.52𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 𝑥 1812.52 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟏. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
500m
m
12 25 12
5 0 5
150
1
2 2 a
z
725
Figure 2.12

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
c) Maximum steel area, 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 2𝐴2 )
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (345) = 0.85(28)(75,00 + 2 𝑥 30,159)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 9,335 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(9,335)

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟕, 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐
d) Maximum moment , 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 :

Refer to Figure 2.12:
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝑇
0.85(28)[75,000 + 2𝐴2 ] = 7,001(245)
𝐴2 = 13,244 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 125 𝑧 13,244 = 125 𝑧

𝑧 = 105.95 𝑚𝑚
1501
𝑦2 = 725 − = 522.03 𝑚𝑚
2(105.95)
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶1 + 𝑦1 + 2𝐶2 𝑦2
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 2𝐴2 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(28)[75,00 𝑥 650 + 2 𝑥 13,244 𝑥 522.03]
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1489.34 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90 𝑥 1189.34 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟎. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
e) 𝑀𝑢 = 1200𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑)
Refer to Figure 2.12
𝐴1 = 75,000 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦1 = 650 𝑚𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝐴2 = 125𝑧 𝑦2 = 575 − 0.5𝑧
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛
1200 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 2𝐴2 𝑦2 )
1200 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85(28)[75,000(650) + 2(125𝑧)(575 − 0.5𝑧)]
𝑧 = 53.04𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝐴𝑐 = 75,000 + 2 𝑥 125(53.04)
𝐴𝑐 = 88,259.2 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠 (345) = 0.85(28)(88,259.2)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟔, 𝟎𝟖𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
BEAM DEFLECTION PROBLEM
PROBLEM 2.24
A reinforced concrete beam is 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep. The beam
is simply supported over a span of 8 m and carries a uniform dead load
of 11 kN/m including its own weight and a uniform live load of 15 kN/m.
The beam is reinforced tension bars of 530 mm. 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 =
344.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑟 = 2.832 𝑀𝑃𝐴. Modulus of elasticity of concrete 𝐸𝑐 =
21,650 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
a) Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service
loads.
b) Calculate the deflection for the same loads after five years
assuming that 40% of the live load is sustained.
SOLUTION
b = 350 mm b = 350 mm
c
d = 530 mm
h = 600 mm
Figure 2.13
N.A.
6 – 25 mm Ø
d-c

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Effective moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑒 : Eq. 2-19
𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑏ℎ3 350(600)3
𝐼𝑔 = = = 6300 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦𝑡 = 1/2(600) = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑡
2.832(600 𝑥 10)6
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = 59.472 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
600/2
𝑀𝑎 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑤𝐿2
𝑀𝑎 = 𝑤 = 𝑤𝐷 + 𝑤𝐿 = 11 + 15 = 26 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
8
26(8)2
𝑀𝑎 = = 208𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = Moment of inertia of cracked section with steel transformed to concrete

From Figure 2.13:
𝐸
Modular ratio, 𝑛 = 𝐸𝑠 = 9.238
𝑐
𝜋
𝑛 𝐴𝑠 = 9.328 𝑥 6 𝑥 (25)2 = 27,208 𝑚𝑚2
4

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Solve for c:
Moment of area above N.A. = Moment of area below N.A.
350 x c x c/2 = 27,208(350-c)
c = 219.7 mm
𝑏𝑐 3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝐼𝑁𝐴 = + 𝑛 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)2
3
350(219.7)3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 27,208(530 − 219.7)2
3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 3,857 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
59.472 3 6
59.472 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝑥 600 𝑥 10 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝑥 3,857 𝑥 106
208 208
𝐼𝑒 = 3,914 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4 < 𝐼𝑔 (𝑂𝐾)
a) Instantaneous Deflection:
5𝑤𝐿4 2(26)(8000)4
𝛿= 𝛿=
384 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒 384(21,650)(3,914 𝑥 106 )
𝛿 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟔 𝒎𝒎
b) Long-term Deflection
Since only 40% of the live load was sustained:
w = 11 + 0.4(15) = 17 kN/m

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
5𝑤𝐿4
Instantaneous deflection 𝛿 = 384 𝐸
𝑐 𝐼𝑒
5(17)(8)4 (1000)4
𝛿=
384(21,650)(3,914 𝑥 106 )
𝛿 = 10.7 𝑚𝑚
Note: Since deflections are directly proportional to the load, the

instantaneous deflection due to sustained load can be found by ratio and
proportion using the result in Part”a”.
𝛿1 16.36
=
17 26
𝛿1 = 10.7 𝑚
Long-term deflection = 𝛿 + 𝛿1
𝜉
𝜆=
1 + 50 𝜌′
𝜉=2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒

𝜌′ = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2
𝜆= =2
1 + 50(0)
Long-term deflection = 16.36 + 2(10.7)

Long-term deflection = 37.76 mm

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 2.25 (CE NOVEMBER 2002)

The continuous reinforced concrete beam shown in Figure 2.14 is
subjected to a uniform service dead load of 16 k/m and a service live load
of 32 kN/m,resulting in the bending moment diagram shown. Twenty
percent of the live load will be sustained in nature, while 80% will be
applied only intermittently. The concrete strength 𝑓𝑐 = 17.2𝑀𝑃𝑎. The
modulus of elasticity of concrete is given by the expression
𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑆𝑞𝑟𝑡(𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ) and the modulus of rapture is given by the
expression
𝑓𝑟 = 0.7 𝑆𝑞𝑟𝑡(𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ). Determine the following:
a) The effective moment of inertia at the supports (maximum negative
moment).
b) The effective moment of inertia for the continuous member.
c) The additional deflection (in addition to the initial deflection) after 5
years, under the sustained loading if the instantaneous deflection
due to the combined service dead and live load is 5 mm.

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Figure 2.14
y
560 mm
y
Gross Section Cracked Section

I=0.0715 I=0.00573
y=310 mm y=159 mm
AT SUPPORTS
1900 mm
y
y
560 mm
620 mm
n As
Gross Section Cracked Section

I=0.0138 I=0.00573
y=194 mm AT MIDSPAN y=107 mm

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
7.6 m
5-32 mmø 3-32 mmø 5-32 mmø
145 kN-m
202 kN-m
202 kN-m
SOLUTION
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓′𝑐 = 4700√17.2 = 19,492 𝑀𝑃𝐴
𝑓𝑟 = 0.70√𝑓′𝑐 = 0.7 √17.2 = 2.903 𝑀𝑃𝑎
a) Effective moment of inertia at the supports
Maximum moment, 𝑀𝑢 = 202𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Distance from NA of gross section to extreme tension fiber, 𝑌𝑡 = 310 𝑚𝑚
Moment of inertia of gross section, 𝐼𝑔 = 0.00715 𝑚4
Moment of inertia of cracked section, 𝐼𝑔 = 0.00573 𝑚4
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 2.903(0.00715 𝑥 10004 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑦𝑡
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 10
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 66.959 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
66.9593 66.959 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝑥 0.00715 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝑥0.00573
202 202
𝐼𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝟒
b) Effective moment of inertia for the continuous member
(𝐼𝑒 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + (𝐼𝑒 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑛𝑒𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐼𝑒 = (𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡. 409.6.2.4)
3
At maximum negative moment (at support)
𝐼𝑒 = 0.0057817 𝑚4
Solving for 𝐼𝑒 at maximum positive moment (at midspan)

𝐼𝑔 = 0.0138 𝑚4
𝑌𝑡 = 620 − 194 = 246 𝑚𝑚 (𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 0.00513 𝑚4
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 2.903(0.00715 𝑥 10004 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑌𝑡
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
310
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 66.959 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
(𝐼𝑒 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + (𝐼𝑒 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑛𝑒𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐼𝑒 =
2
0.0057817 + 0.007932
𝐼𝑒 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝟒
2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
c) Additional long term deflection= long term deflection x 𝜆
𝜉
𝜆=
1 + 50𝜌′
𝜌′ = 0(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)
𝜉 = 2(𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠)
2
𝜆= =2
1+0
Solving for the instantaneous deflection under sustained loading:
Instantaneous deflection = 5mm (given)

Instantaneous loading = 16 kN/m + 32 kN/m
Instantaneous loading = 48 kN/m
Sustained loading = 16 + 20%(32)

Sustained loading = 22.4 kN/m
Sine deflection is directly proportional to the load:
𝛿1 5
=
22.4 48
𝛿1 = 2.33 𝑚
Additional long term deflection = 2.333 x 𝜆

=2.333 x 2
Additional long term deflection = 4.67 mm

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
ONE WAY SLAB PROBLEMS
Problem 2.36
Design a one-way slab having a simple span 3 m. The slab is to carry a

uniform live load of 7,500 Pa. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 27.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎
for main and temperature bars. The slab is not exposed to earth or
weather. Use unit weight of concrete 𝛾𝑐 = 23.5 𝑘𝑀/𝑚3.
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b= 1000 m
Uniform live load, 𝑤𝐿 = 7.5 𝐾𝑃𝑎 𝑥 1𝑚 = 7.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Minimum slab thickness from Table 2.1:
𝐿 𝑓𝑦 3000 276
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + 700) ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + )
20 20 700
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 119 𝑚𝑚 (𝑢𝑠𝑒 120 𝑚𝑚)
B = 1000 mm
10 mm temp. bars
d
h = 120 mm
Cover + /2
102mm main bars

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Effective depth:
d = 120-20 mm (covering)-1/2 bar diameter (12mm)
d=94 mm
Weight of slab:
𝑊𝑠 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ 𝑊𝑠 = 23.5 (1)(0.12)
𝑊𝑠 = 2.82 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Factored floor pressure load:
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4𝑤𝑠 + 1.7 𝑤𝐿 𝑊𝑢 = 1.4(2.82) + 1.7(7.5)

𝑊𝑢 = 16.698 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2 16.698(3)2
8 2
𝑀𝑢 = 18.785 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2 18.785 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑅𝑛 (1000)(94)2

𝑅𝑛 = 2.362 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑅𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
0.85(27.6) 2(2.362)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
276 0.85(27.6)
𝜌 = 0.009039
Check for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00507 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑦
0.75 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.75 0.85(27.6)(0.85)600

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 276(600 + 276)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.037 > 0.009309 (𝑂𝐾)

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.009039(1000)(94)
𝐴𝑠 = 850 𝑚𝑚2 per meter width of slab
Using 12-mm main bars:

𝜋
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 (12)2
Spacing s = 𝑥 1000 𝑠= 4
𝑥 1000
𝐴𝑠 850
𝑠 = 138 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 135 𝑚𝑚
Maximum spacing required by the Code:

a) 3(ℎ) = 3(120) = 360 𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝐾
b) 450 𝑚𝑚
Thus, use 12 mm main bars at 135 mm o.c.
Temperature bars: (Grade 275)
𝐴𝑡 = 0.002𝑏ℎ 𝐴𝑡 = 0.002(1000)(120)
𝐴𝑡 = 240 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 (10)2
Spacing = 𝑥 1000 𝑠= 4
𝑥 1000
𝐴𝑠 240
𝑠 = 327 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 325 𝑚𝑚

a) 5ℎ = 5(120) = 600𝑚𝑚
b) 450 mm OK
Thus, use 10 mm temperature bars at 325 mm o.c.

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PROBLEM 2.27
Design a one-way slab to carry a service live load of 4000 Pa. The slab
has a length of 4m with both ends continuous. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for main bars and 𝑓𝑦 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for temperature bars.
Steel cover is 20 mm. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/𝑚3 .
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip, b = 1000 mm
Uniform live load, 𝑤𝐿 = 4 𝑘𝑝𝑎 𝑥 1𝑚 = 4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Minimum slab thickness from Table 2.1:
𝐿 4000
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
28 28
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 143 𝑚𝑚 (𝑢𝑠𝑒 150 𝑚𝑚)
Weight of beam (DL):

𝑤𝐷 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ 𝑤𝐷 = 23.5(1)(0.15)
𝑤𝐷 = 3.525 𝑘𝑃𝑎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑤𝑢 = 1.4 𝑤𝐷 + 1.4 𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝑢 = 1.4(3.525) + 1.7(4)

𝑤𝑢 = 11.735 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Maximum factored moment, Section 408.4 (See Page 29)

LL < 3 DL
Column Column Column
Spandrel
Beam
Shear
Moment
Effective depth, d = 1.50 – 20 – 1/2 (12)

Effective depth, d = 124 mm
At midspan:
𝑤𝑢 𝐿𝑛2 11.735 (4)2

16 16
𝑀𝑢 = 11.735 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 11.735 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑅𝑛 (1000)(124)2
𝑅𝑛 = 0.848 𝑀𝑃𝑎

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0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85(21) 2(0.848)

𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] 𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐 415 0.85(21)
𝜌 = 0.0021
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00337 > 0.0021
𝑓𝑦
Use 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.00337(1000)(124)
𝐴𝑠 = 418 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (12)2
Spacing, s = 𝑥 1000 = 𝑠 = 4
𝑥1000
𝐴𝑠 418
𝑠 = 271 𝑠𝑎𝑦 270 𝑚𝑚

a) 3 ℎ = 3(150) = 450 𝑚𝑚
b) 450 mm
Thus, use 12 mm bottom bars at 270 mm o.c. at midspan
At support:
𝑤𝑢 𝐿𝑛 2 11.735(4)2
10 10
𝑀𝑢 = 18.776 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 = 18.776 𝑥 106 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (1000)(124)2

𝑅𝑛 = 1.357 𝑀𝑃𝑎

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0.85𝑓′𝑐 1 − 2𝑅𝑛 0.85(21) 2(1.357)

𝜌= [1 − √ ] 𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐 415 0.85(21)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0034 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(21)(0.85)600

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 415(600 + 415)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0162 > 0.0034
Use 𝜌 = 0.034
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.0034(1000)(124)
𝐴𝑠 = 422 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (12)2
Spacing, 𝑠 = 𝑥 1000 𝑠= 4
𝑥 1000
𝐴𝑠 422
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 268 𝑠𝑎𝑦 265 𝑚𝑚
Thus, use 12 mm top bars @ 265 mm o.c. at support
Temperature bars (10 mm): (𝜌𝑡 = 0.002)
𝐴𝑡 = 0.002𝑏ℎ = 𝐴𝑡 = 0.002(1000)(150)
𝐴𝑡 = 300 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (10)2
Spacing, s = 𝑥 1000 = 𝑠 = 4
𝑥 1000
𝐴𝑠 300
𝑠 = 261 𝑠𝑎𝑦 260 𝑚𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477

a) 5ℎ = 5(150) = 750 𝑚𝑚
b) 450 mm
Thus, use 10 mm temperature bars @ 260 mm o.c.
10 mm temperature
bars @ 260 mm o.c.
150 mm
12 mm main bars
@ 265 mm o.c.
L/4 L/2 L/4
PROBLEM 2.28
A one-way slab having a simple span of 3 m is 160 mm thick. The slab is

reinforced with 12 mm tension bars (𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎) spaced at 140 mm
o.c. Steel covering is 20 mm. Calculate the uniform live load pressure that
a slab can carry. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5
kN/𝑚3 .
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b = 1000 m

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Dead load: 𝑤𝑑 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑏 ℎ
𝑤𝑑 = 23.5(1)(0.16)
𝑤𝑑 = 3.76 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Effective depth: d = 160 – 20 – 1/2(12)

d = 134 mm
1000 1000 𝜋
Steel area, 𝐴𝑠 =
𝑠
𝑥 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑥 (12)2
140 24
𝐴𝑠 = 807.8 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 807.8
𝜌= = 𝜌=
𝑏𝑑 1000(134)
𝜌 = 0.006028
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)

𝜌𝑏 = = 𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 275(600 + 275)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.037 > 𝜌 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠)
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.006028(275)
𝜔= = 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 20.7
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) = 𝑅𝑛 = 20.7(0.0801)[1 − 0.59(0.0801)]

𝑅𝑛 = 1.58 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑀𝑢 = 20.7(0.0801)[1 − 0.59(0.0801)]

𝑀𝑢 = 25.5334 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 𝑤𝑢 (3)2
𝑀𝑢 = = 25.5334 =
8 8
𝑤𝑢 = 22.696 kN/m
𝑤𝑢 = 1.4 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 1.7 𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 22.696 = 1.4(3.76) + 1.7 𝑤𝐿𝐿

𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 10.25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑏
10.25 = Uniform pressure x 1
Uniform live load pressure = 10.25 kPa

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Solved Problems Using 2010 NSCP
PROBLEM 2.29
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 310 mm and an effective depth

of 490 mm. 𝑓′𝑐 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The maximum steel area for singly reinforced condition
c) The maximum design strength if the beam is singly reinforced
d) The required steel area if the beam is subjected to dead load
moment of 120 kN-m and live load moment of 170 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Since 𝑓′𝑐 > 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎;
0.05 ′ 0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (𝑓 𝑐 − 28) 𝛽1 = 0.85 − (30 − 28)
7 7
𝛽1 = 0.836
a) Balanced steel area:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(30)(0.836)(600)

𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 415(600 + 415)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.03036
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 0.03036(310)(490)

𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 𝟒, 𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐
b) Maximum steel area when beam is singly reinforced:
3 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1
From Eq. 2-24: 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
7 𝑓𝑦
3 0.85(30)(0.836)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
7 415(600+415)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0221

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0221(310)(490)

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟑, 𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐
c) Maximum design strength, 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 : 𝜀 = 0.004, 𝑓𝑠 = 800 𝑀𝑃𝑎

51 3
From Eq. 2-25 : 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽 𝑓′ 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 𝛽)
140 1 𝑐 14 1
51 3
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.836)(30)(310)(490)2 (1 − 𝑥 0.836)
140 14
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 558.05 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
800−𝑓𝑦
From Eq. 2-26: 𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 1000−𝑓𝑦
800−415
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000−415
𝜑 = 0.8145
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.8145(558.05)

𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟒𝟓𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
d) 𝑀𝑢 = 1.2𝑀𝐷 + 1.6 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑢 = 1.2(120) + 1.6(170)

𝑀𝑢 = 451.45 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Thus, the beam is singly reinforced.
Determine if the beam is tension-controlled:

459 3
From Eq. 2-22: 𝜑𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 𝛽1 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 𝛽)
1600 16 1
𝜑𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 451.45 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Since the required 𝑀𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑡𝑛 , the section is tension controlled. 𝜑 =
0.90

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑 𝑥 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − )
2
6
𝑎
416 𝑥 10 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85(30)(𝑎)(310)(490 − )
2
𝑎 = 139.06 𝑚𝑚
Check if it is really tension-controlled:
𝑎 139.06
𝑐= = = 166.4 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.836
𝑑−𝑐 490 − 166.4

𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 600 = 1,167 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 166.4
> 1,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑂𝐾)
PROBLEM 2.30
Given the following data for a rectangular beam: width 𝑏 = 320𝑚𝑚,

effective depth 𝑑 = 520 𝑚𝑚, 𝑓′𝑐 = 27 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Dead load
moment 𝑀𝐷 = 180 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, Live load moment 𝑀𝐿 = 167 𝑘𝑁 −
𝑚. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎.
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑀𝑈 = 1.2 𝑀𝐷 + 1.6 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑢 = 1.2(180) + 1.6(167)
𝑀𝑢 = 483.2 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Solve for 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 to determine if compression steel area is required.

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
51 3
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 𝛽)
140 14 1
51 3
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85)(27)(320)(520)2 (1 − 𝑥 0.85)
140 14
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 591.64 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
800−𝑓𝑦
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 1000−𝑓𝑦
=0.8237
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 487.31 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑)
Solve for 𝜑𝑀𝑡𝑛 to determine if the section is tension-controlled.
459 3
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝛽1 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 𝛽1 ) = 478.9 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
1600 16
Since 𝑀𝑢 > 𝜑𝑀𝑡𝑛 , the section is within “transition region’, i.e 0.65 < 𝜑 <
0.90
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑 𝑥 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
520 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦 600 − 345
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 0.65 + 0.25 𝑐
1000 − 𝑓𝑦 1000 − 345
119.084
𝜑= + 0.2893
𝑐
𝜑 = 0.85𝑐
119.084
483.2 𝑥 106 = ( + 0.2893) 𝑥 0.85(27)(0.85𝑐)(320)(520
𝑐
− 1/2𝑥 0.85𝑐)

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑐 = 208.8 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 177.45 𝑚𝑚
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑠 (34.5) = 0.850(27)(177.45)(320)
𝐴𝑠 = 3,777 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 2.31
Given the following properties of a rectangular concrete beam: b = 280
mm, d = 480 mm, 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The beam is reinforced
for tension only.
Determine the design strength under the following conditions.
a) When the beam is reinforced with three 25 mm diameter bars.
b) When the beam is reinforced with four 25 mm diameter bars.
c) When the beam is reinforced with seven 25 mm diameter bars.
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(21)(0.85)(600)

𝜌𝑏 = = 𝜌𝑏 = = 𝜌𝑏 = 0.0216
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 415(600 + 415)
𝜋
𝐴𝑏 = (25)2 = 490.87 𝑚𝑚2
4
a) 𝐴𝑠 = 3 𝑥 𝐴𝑏 = 1473 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 1473
𝜌= = 𝜌=
𝑏𝑑 280(480)

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)(𝑎)(280) = 1473(415)
𝑎 = 122.28 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝑐= = 143.86 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1
𝑑−𝑐 480 − 143.86

𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 600 = 1,402 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 143.86
The section is tension-controlled, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑎/2) = 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎/2)

𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)(122.28)(280)(480 − 122.28/2)
𝑀𝑛 = 255.87 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(255.87)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
b) 𝐴𝑠 = 4 𝑥 𝐴𝑏 = 1963 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 1963
𝜌= =
𝑏𝑑 280(480)
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)(𝑎)(280) = 1963(415)
𝑎 = 163.04 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝑐= = 191.81 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1
𝑑−𝑐 480 − 191.81

𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 600 = 901.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 1,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 191.81

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The section within” transition region”, i. e 0.65 < 𝜑 < 0.90
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦 901.5 − 415
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000 − 𝑓𝑦 1000 − 415
𝜑 = 0.858
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑎/2) = 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎/2)

𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)(163.04)(280)(480 − 163.04/2)
𝑀𝑛 = 324.504 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.858(324.504)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟑𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
c) 𝐴𝑠 = 7 𝑥 𝐴𝑏 = 3436 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 3436
𝜌= = = 0.02557 > 𝜌𝑏 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑏𝑑 280(480)
The section is compression-controlled, 𝜑 = 0.65
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
480 − 𝑐
3436 𝑥 600 = 0.85(21)(0.85𝑐)(280)
𝑐
𝑐 = 297.56 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 252.92 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 )𝑑 − 𝑎/2) = 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎/2)

𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)(252.92)(280)(480 − 252.92/2)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.65(446.91)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟐𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

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PROBLEM 2.32
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.16. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
and 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly
reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when 𝑀𝑢 = 1200 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚.
500 mm
125 250 125

150
800 mm
500
150
75 mm
Figure 2.16 - Hallow beam

SOLUTION
This problem is the same as Problem 2.23.
𝑑 = 800 − 75 = 725 𝑚𝑚

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To guide us whether “a” will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design
moment when a =150 mm.
𝑎
𝑐= = 176.47 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1,865 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑎/2) = 0.90 𝑥 0.85(28)(150)(500)(725 − 150/2)

𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 1044.225 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
a) 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Since the required 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 1044.225 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑎 < 150 𝑚𝑚.
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑎/2)

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏(𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
800 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85(28)𝑎(500)(725 − 0.5𝑎)
𝑎 = 111.6 𝑚𝑚 < 150 𝑚𝑚
Stress in steel
𝑑−𝑐 𝑎
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = = 131.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 𝛽1
725 − 131.2
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 2,712 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
131.3
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑠 (345) = 0.85(28)(111.6)(500)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
b) Balanced condition: 𝜑 = 0.65

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600𝑑 600(725)
𝐶𝑏 = = 𝐶𝑏 = = 460.32 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 345
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑎 = 0.85(460.32) = 391.3 𝑚𝑚
500 mm
125 250 125
150
N
725
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 150 = 241.27𝑚𝑚 Figure 2.17

𝐴1 = 500(150) = 75,000 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦1 = 725 − 1/2(150) = 650 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 125(241.27) = 30,159 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦2 = 725 − 150 − 1/2(241.27) = 454.37
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 2𝐶2 𝑦2
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 2𝐴2 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85(28)[75,000 𝑥 650 + 2 𝑥 30,159 𝑥 454.37]
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 1812.52 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.65 𝑥 1812.52

𝜑𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

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c) Maximum steel area, 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.17
3
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑 = 310.71 𝑚𝑚 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 264.11 𝑚𝑚
7
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 150 = 114.11 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 500(150) = 75,000 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦1 = 725 − 1/2(150) = 650 𝑚𝑚

2
𝐴2 = 125(114.11) = 14,263 𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 725 − 150 − 1/2(114.11)=517.95
𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 2𝐴2 )
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (345) = 0.85(28)[75,000 𝑥 650 + 2 𝑥 14,263]
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟕, 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐
d) Maximum moment, 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 2𝐶2 𝑦2
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 + (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 2𝐴2 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(28)[75,000 𝑥 650 + 2 𝑥 14,263 𝑥 517.95]
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1511.9 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
800 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 0.824
1000 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.824 𝑥 1511.9

𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟓. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
e) 𝑀𝑢 = 1200 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑)
Refer to Figure 2.17
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 2𝐴2 𝑦2 )

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𝑓𝑠 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑−𝑐
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 𝑓𝑠 = 600
1000 − 𝑓𝑦 𝑐
725 − 𝑐
600 − 345 166.03
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 𝑐 = + 0.2893
1000 − 345 𝑐
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 150 = 0.85𝑐 − 150
𝐴2 = 125𝑧 = 106.25𝑐 − 18,750
𝑦2 = 725 − 150 − 1/2𝑧=575-1/2(0.85c-150)
𝑦2 = 650 − 0.425𝑐
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 2𝐴2 𝑦2 )

166.03
1200 𝑥 106 = ( + 0.2893) 0.85(28)[75,000](650)
𝑐
+ 2(106.25𝑐 − 18,750)(650 − 0.425𝑐)]
𝑐 = 398.7 𝑚𝑚
166.03
𝜑= + 0.2893 = 0.706
398.7
𝐴2 = 106.25(398.7) − 18,750 = 23,615 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 2𝐴2 )

𝐴𝑠 (345) = 0.85(28)(75,000 + 2 𝑥 23,615)
𝐴𝑠 = 8,432 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 2.33
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam to carry dead load moment

of 110 kN-m (including self weight) and live load moment of180 kN-m.

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Use steel ratio 𝜌 = 0.65𝜌𝑏 and take 𝑑 = 1.9𝑏. Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and
𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 𝑀𝐷 + 1.6 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑢 = 1.2(110) + 1.6(180)

𝑀𝑢 = 420 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600
𝜌𝑏 = = 0.03765 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 < 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
𝜌 = 0.65 𝜌𝑏 = 0.02447
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔= = 0.322
𝑓′𝑐
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59 𝜔)] = 5.473 𝑀𝑃𝑎
600𝑑
𝐶𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 = 0.685𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam, 𝜌 is directly proportional to c.
Thus, 𝑐 = 0.65 𝑐𝑏
𝑐 = 0.445𝑑
𝑑−𝑐 𝑑 − 0.445𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 0.445𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 747.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 "𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛"
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦 747.7 − 276
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000 − 𝑓𝑦 1000 − 276
𝜑 = 0.813

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𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑 2
420 𝑥 106 = 0.813(5.473)(𝑏)(1.9𝑏)2
𝑏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝒎𝒎
𝑑 = 1.9𝑏 = 𝟓𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.02447(297)(564)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟒, 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
PROBLEM 2.34
Repeat Problem 2.33 using a steel ratio 𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏
SOLUTION
𝑀𝑢 = 420𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜌𝑏 = 0.03765
𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏 = 0.01883
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔= (1 − 0.59𝜔) = 4.438 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 ′𝑐
600𝑑
𝐶𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 = 0.685𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 = 0.5𝑐𝑏 = 0.34247 𝑑
𝑑−𝑐 𝑑 − 0.34247𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑑 −
𝑐 0.324247𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 1152 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2 = 420 𝑥 106 = 0.90(5.473)(𝑏)(1.9𝑏)2

𝑏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝒎
𝑑 = 1.9𝑏 = 𝟓𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.01883(308)(585)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟑, 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐

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SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.35
A rectangular beam has 𝑏 = 250 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚, 𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓′𝑐 =
20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Determine (a) the maximum design moment if the beam is singly
reinforced and (b) the required steel area if the beam is required to carry
a dead load moment of 50 kN-m and a live load moment of 30 kN-m. Use
the 2001 NSCP.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:
𝑎) 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 148.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑏) 𝐴𝑠 = 1075 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 2.36
Repeat Problem 2.35 using the 2010 NSCP.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:
𝑎) 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 130.8 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑏) 𝐴𝑠 = 1056 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 2.37
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only carry dead load
moment of 85 kN-m (including its estimated weight) and a live load of 102
kN-m. Use 𝜌 = 0.6𝜌𝑏 and use d= 1.75b. Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓′𝑐 =
28 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use the 2001 NSCP
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑏 = 250 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 436 𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝑠 = 3,273 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 2.38
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 ∶ 𝑏 = 246 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 430 𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝑠 = 3182 𝑚𝑚2

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PROBLEM 2.39
A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties:
Use 2001 NSCP)
beam with, 𝑏 = 320𝑚𝑚
effective depth, 𝑑 = 640 𝑚𝑚
concrete strength, 𝑓′𝑐 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎
reinforcing steel, 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
reinforcing steel modulus, 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
service dead load moment 350 = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
a) If the beam is to be designed for a balanced condition, find the
required area of steel area reinforcement, design balanced
moment, and the corresponding service live load moment.
b) Find the maximum steel area, the maximum design moment, and
the corresponding service live load moment if the beam is to be
designed as singly reinforced.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑎) 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 5,549 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 952.44, 𝑀𝐿 = 272 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑏) 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4,162 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝜑 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 775.46, 𝑀𝐿 = 168 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
PROBLEM 2.40
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑎) 5,549 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 687.87 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 167.42 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑏) 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3,963 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 677,7𝑀𝐿 = 161 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
PROBLEM 2.41
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with 𝑏 =
350 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 450 𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝑠 = 5 − 25 𝑚𝑚. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎. 𝑓𝑦 =
345 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use 2001 NSCP
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 366.2 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
PROBLEM 2.42

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PROBLEM 2.43
350 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 540 𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝑠 = 7 − 28 𝑚𝑚. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 =
345 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.44
PROBLEM 2.45
300 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 500 𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝑠 = 9 − 28 𝑚𝑚2 . Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 34 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 =
414 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use 2010 NSCP
PROBLEM 2.46
𝐴𝑠𝑛𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 522.5 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

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SOLVED PROBLEMS IN T-BEAMS USING 2001 NSCP
PROBLEM 3.1
Determine the effective flange with for symmetrical T-beam with a span
of 6 m. The beam width of web is 250 mm, the slab thickness is 120 mm,
and the clear distance to adjacent beams is 3m.
SOLUTION
For symmetrical T-beam, the effective flange width is the smallest of:
1. 1/4 span = 6000/4 = 1500 mm
2. 16𝑡 + 𝑏𝑤 = 16(120) + 250 = 2170 𝑚𝑚
3. clear spacing of beams + 𝑏𝑤 = 3000 + 250 = 3250 𝑚𝑚
Therefore 𝑏𝑓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
PROBLEM 3.2
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width, 𝑏𝑓 = 1200 𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓′𝑐 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Flange thickness, 𝑡 = 130 𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Width of web, 𝑏𝑤 = 290 𝑚𝑚
Effective depth, 𝑑 = 470 𝑚𝑚
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the ultimate moment
capacity when the depth of compression concrete flange equals the
flange thickness or 𝑎 = 𝑡.
SOLUTION
𝑀𝑛 = 0.8 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑓 𝑎(𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑡
Eq. 3-5 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑓 𝑡(𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2)
180
𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 0.85(30)(120)(130)(470 − )
2
𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 1611 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 𝑥 1611 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒏 − 𝒎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 3.3
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width, 𝑏𝑓 = 900 𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Flange thickness, 𝑡 = 110 𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The nominal and ultimate balanced moment capacity
c) The maximum steel area
d) The nominal and ultimate maximum moment capacity
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
a) Balanced condition
600𝑑 600(460)
𝐶𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 414
𝐶𝑏 = 272.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(272.2)
𝑎 = 231.4 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
= 900mm
t=10
0
d = 460 mm
C a
z
=250
mm
Figure 3.3

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 121.4 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑥 𝑡 = 900(110) = 99,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑥 𝑧 = 310(121.4) = 37,622 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑏 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 136,622 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ( 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (414) = 0.85(20.7)99,000 + 37,622)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 𝟓, 𝟖𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 → 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2 = 405 𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 289.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝐶2 𝑦1 + 𝐶2 𝑦2
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ( 𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85(20.7)[99,000(405) + 37,622(289.3)]
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝟓𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.90(897)
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝟖𝟎𝟕. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
b) Maximum steel area and moment. Refer to Figure 3.3.
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(5806)

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟒, 𝟑𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐 → 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝐴𝑐𝑏 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(136,622)

𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 102,466 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴1 , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑎 > 𝑡
𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 102,466=99,000 + 310(z)

𝑧 = 11.2 𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 102,466 − 99,000 = 3,466 𝑚𝑚2

𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 344.41 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 𝐶2 𝑦2 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ( 𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 )

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(20.7)[99,000(405) + 3,466(289.3)]

𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟕𝟐𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(726.5)
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟔𝟓𝟑. 𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
PROBLEM 3.4
A T-beam has the following properties: 𝑏𝑓 = 820 𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑤 = 250 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 =
470 𝑚𝑚, 𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚. Concrete compressive strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
and steel area for the following load conditions:
a) 𝑀𝐷 = 150𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 120 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
b) 𝑀𝐷 = 175 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 190 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ↑ 𝜑 𝑀𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑡
𝑡
𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 (𝑑 − ) = 545.375 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
Balanced condition:
600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 = = 278.11 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 < 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 236.39 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡

= 820mm
t=1
00
d = 470 mm
C a
z
T
FIGURE 3.4
=250
Downloaded by Tadel mm
Yunting (rdlpjm143@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 136.39 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 = 82,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 34,098 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑏 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 116,098 𝑚𝑚2
Maximum condition:
𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝐴𝑐 𝑏 = 87,073 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴1
𝐴2 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 82,000 = 5,073 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠
𝑧= = 20.29 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 359.85 𝑚𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑛 + 𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑓𝑛 + 0,85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴2 𝑦2

𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 574.28 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
a) 𝑀𝐷 = 150 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝐿 = 120 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿 = 414 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
Since 𝑀𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑓𝑛 , "a" is less than t.
t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm
d -a/2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑢 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
414 𝑥 106 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)𝑎(820)(470 − 𝑎⁄2)
𝑎 = 73.6 𝑚𝑚
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏𝑓
𝐴𝑠 = 2,565 𝑚𝑚2
Minimum 𝐴𝑠 is the smaller of:
√𝑓′𝑐 √𝑓′𝑐
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 646 𝑚𝑚2 𝑏𝑓 𝑑 = 1059 𝑚𝑚2
2𝑓𝑦 4𝑓𝑦
Thus, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝟐, 𝟓𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐
b) 𝑀𝐷 = 175 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 190 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Since 𝑀𝑢 is more than 𝑀𝑓𝑛, "𝑎"is more than t.

= 820mm
t=100
d = 470 mm
C a
z
T
=250
mm
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 + 𝜑𝑀𝑛2
568 𝑥 106 = 545.375 + 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(250)𝑧(470 − 100𝑧⁄2)
𝑧 = 15.78 𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 3,946 𝑚𝑚2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
𝐴𝑠 (414) = 0.85(20.7)(82,000 + 3946)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟑, 𝟔𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐
PROBLEM 3.5
Design a T-beam for a floor system for which 𝑏𝑤 = 300 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑑 =
550 𝑚𝑚. The beams are 4.5 m long and spaced at 3 mo.c. The slab
thickness is 100 mm. 𝑀𝐷 = 450 𝑘𝑁 −
𝑚(𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ), 𝑀𝐿 = 350 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚. 𝑓′𝑐 = 27 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 =
415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4(450) + 1.7(350)
𝑀𝑢 = 1225 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Solve for bf:

𝑏𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓:
1. L/4 = 1.125 m
2. 16𝑡 + 𝑏𝑤 = 16(100) + 300 = 1,900 𝑚𝑚
3. center-to center spacing of beams = 3 m
Thus, 𝑏𝑓 = 1,125 𝑚𝑚
Solve for 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑡 = 100𝑚𝑚, 𝜑 = 0.90

𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 𝜑0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑡 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 1161.844 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Solve for 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 to determine if compression steel is needed.

600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 = = 325.123 𝑚𝑚
600+𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 276.355 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
= 1125mm
t=1
00
C a
d =550mm
z
4
5
=300 mm
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 + 𝜑𝑐2 𝑦2
𝑧
1225 𝑥 106 = 1161.844 𝑥 106 + 0.90 𝑥 0.85(27)(300𝑧)(450 − )
2
z=23.25 mm
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 6975.02 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
𝐴𝑠 (415) = 0.85(27)(112,500 + 6,975.02)
𝐴𝑠 = 6,607 𝑚𝑚2
Minimum 𝐴𝑠 is the smaller value of:
√𝑓′𝑐 √𝑓′𝑐
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 1033 𝑚𝑚2 𝑏𝑓 𝑑 = 1937 𝑚𝑚2
2𝑓𝑦 4𝑓𝑦
Thus, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝟔, 𝟔𝟎𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐
PROBLEM 3.6
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of reinforced concrete T-beam
with the following properties: Flange width b = 1500 mm, web width 𝑏𝑤 =
250 𝑚𝑚, effective depth d = 600 mm, slab thickness t = 100 mm. Assume

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The beam is reinforced with six 28 mm
bars.
SOLUTION
Solve for balanced 𝐴𝑠 :
600 𝑑
𝑐𝑏 = = 380.95 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 323.81 > 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 22381 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 = 150,000
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 55,952 𝑚𝑚2
= 1500mm
t=100
C a
d =600mm
=250 mm
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (345) = 0.85(20.7)(150,00 + 55,952)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 10,503
𝜋
Steel area provided, 𝐴𝑠 = 6 𝑥 (28)2 = 3,695 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑏 steel yields
4
Therefore, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝐶=𝑇 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85(20.7) 𝐴𝑐 = 3,695(345)
𝐴𝑐 = 72,441 < 𝐴1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 "a" is less than t

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
t =100 =1500 mm
C
d = 600 mm
d -a/2
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 72,441 = a (1500)
𝑎 = 48.29 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(20.7)(48.29)(1500)(600 − 48.29⁄2)
𝑀𝑛 = 733.99 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(733.99)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.7
Given the following properties of T-beam:
Flange width, 𝑏𝑓 = 900 𝑚𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Flange thickness, t=1200 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Effective depth, d = 580 mm
Service deal load, 𝑀𝐷 = 410 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
Determine the safe service live load if the beam is reinforced for tension
only with twelve (12) 28-mm-diameter bars.
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85; 𝜑 = .90

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
= 900mm
t=120
C a
d =580mm
z
=400 mm
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 12 𝑥 (28)2 = 7,389 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 = 108,000 𝑚𝑚2
Solve for balance 𝐴𝑠 :

600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 = = 368.25 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 313.02 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑎 = 𝑡 = 193.02 𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 77,206 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )

𝐴𝑠𝑏 (345) = 0.85(21)(108,000 + 77,206)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 9,582 𝑚𝑚2
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
𝐶=𝑇 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)𝐴𝑐 = 7,389(345)
𝐴𝑐 = 142,813 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴1 a>𝑡

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
= 900mm
t=120
C a
d =580mm
z
46
0
=400 mm
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 142,813=108,000+𝐴2
𝐴2 = 34,813 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 34,813 = 400z
𝑧 = 87.03 𝑚𝑚
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2 = 520 𝑚𝑚
𝑧
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − = 416.48 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 𝐶2 𝑦2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)[108,000(520) + 34,813(416.48)]
𝑀𝑛 = 1,261.3 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(1,261.3)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 1135.138 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7𝑀𝐿

1,135.138 = 1.4(410) + 1.7𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎. 𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 3.8
The section of a reinforced concrete T-beam is shown in Figure 3.5. The
beam is reinforced with 10 32-mm-diameter tension bars with 𝑓𝑦 =
415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Concrete strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 32 𝑀𝑃𝑎. If the total service dead load
moment on the beam is 330 kN-m, determine the safe service live load
moment.
=500mm
t = 120mm
d=530mm
10-32 mm
SOLUTION
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥 (32)2
4 =320mm Figure 3.5
𝐴𝑠 = 8,042 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 = 60,000 𝑚𝑚2 =500m
t = 120mm
m
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (32 − 30)
7
𝛽1 = 0.836 a
d=530mm
z
600𝑑
𝐶𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝐶𝑏 = 313.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝐶𝑏 = 261.83 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 141.83 𝑚𝑚 =320m
m
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 45,385.5 𝑚𝑚2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )

𝐴𝑠𝑏 (345) = 0.85(21)(60,00 + 45,385.5)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 6,907 𝑚𝑚2
Since 𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠𝑏 , tension steel does not yield
=500m
t = 120mm
m
a
d=530m
z
m
T
=320m
m
𝐴1 = 60,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑤 (𝑎 − 𝑡)
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 (𝛽1 𝑐 − 𝑡)
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
530−𝑐
8,042 𝑥 600 = 0.85(32)[60,000 + 320(0.836𝑐 − 120)]
𝑐
𝑐 = 327.95 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 261.83 𝑚𝑚 𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 49,303 𝑚𝑚2

𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 141.83 𝑚𝑚 𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 332.97mm
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2 = 470mm

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 𝐶2 𝑦2 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴1 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(32)[60,000(470) + 49,303(332.97)]
𝑀𝑛 = 1,213.56 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(1,213.56)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 1,092.2 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿

1,092 = 1.4(330) + 1.7 𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟑𝟕𝟎. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
SOLVED PROBLEMS IN T-BEAMS USING 2010 NSCP

PROBLEM 3.9
SOLUTION
Given: 𝑏𝑓 = 900 𝑚𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑡 = 110 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑤 = 3210 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 460 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡฀𝑎𝑛 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
a) Balanced condition, 𝜑 = 0.65
600 𝑑 600(460)
𝑐𝑏 = 𝑐𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 414
𝑐𝑏 = 272.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(272.2)
𝑎 = 231.4 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
= 900mm
t=110
C a
d = 460 mm
T
=310 mm
Figure 3.6

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 121.4 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑥 𝑡 = 900(110) = 99,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑥 𝑧 = 310(121.4) = 37,622 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑏 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 136,622 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )

𝐴𝑠𝑏 (414) = 0.85(20.7)(99,000 + 37,622)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 𝟓, 𝟖𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 → 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2 = 405 𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 289.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85(20.7)[99,000(405)37,622(289.3)]
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝟖𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜑𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.65(897)
𝜑𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝟓𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
b) Maximum steel area and moment. Refer to Figure 3.6.
3 800 − 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 = 𝑑 = 197.14 𝑚𝑚; 𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 0.815
7 1000 − 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(197.14)
𝑎 = 167.6 𝑚𝑚
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 57.571 𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 310(57.6) = 17,847 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 321.21 𝑚𝑚
𝑇 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (414) = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (99,000 + 17,847)
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 → 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(20.7)[99,000(415) + 17,847(321.2)]
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟖𝟎𝟔. 𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.815(806.34)

𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟔𝟓𝟔. 𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
PROBLEM 3.10
SOLUTION
Given: 𝑏𝑓 = 1200 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑤 = 290 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 130 𝑚𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 470 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 = 345𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑡 𝑏𝑓(𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2)

𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 0.85(30)(1200)(130)(470 − 130⁄2)
𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 1611𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Solving for 𝜑:
𝑎 = 130 𝑚𝑚
0.05 ′
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (𝑓 𝑐 − 28) = 0.836
7
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 155.56 𝑚𝑚
1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1213 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000 𝑀𝑃 "𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠, 𝜑 = 0.90"
𝑐
𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 090(1611)
𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 3.11
Additional questions:
c) Find the required steel area if 𝑀𝐷 = 195 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 and 𝑀𝐿 =
210 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚.
d) Find the maximum design moment so that section is tension-
controlled if it is reinforced for tension only.
SOLUTION
Given: 𝑏𝑓 = 820 𝑚𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑤 = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 470 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 < 28 < 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Solve for 𝜑𝑀𝑛 when 𝑎 = 𝑡:
𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑓 𝑡(𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2) = 605.97 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 117.65 𝑚𝑚
1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1797𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐
𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 𝟓𝟒𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
3
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑 = 201.43 𝑚𝑚
7
800 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 0.815
1000 − 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 171.21 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
= 820mm
t=100
C a
z
d = 470 mm
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 71.21 𝑚𝑚 =250 mm
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 17,803.6 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 334.39𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑓𝑛 + 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴2 𝑦2

𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 710.72 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 579 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
a) 𝑀𝐷 = 150 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 120 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2𝑀𝐷 + 1.6 𝑀𝐿 = 372 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
Since 𝑀𝑢 is less than 𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 ,”a” is less than t.
t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm
d -a/2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Assume 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
372 𝑥 106 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)𝑎(820)(470 − 𝑎⁄2)

𝑎 = 65.52 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 77.08𝑚𝑚
1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 3,058 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐
𝐴𝑠 (345) = 0.85(20.7)(65.52)(820)
𝐴𝑠 = 2,283 𝑚𝑚2
Minimum 𝐴𝑠 is the smaller value of:
𝑓′𝑐 √𝑓′𝑐
𝑏 𝑑 = 646 𝑚𝑚2 𝑏 𝑑 = 1059 𝑚𝑚2
2𝑓𝑦 𝑤 4𝑓𝑦 𝑓
Thus, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐
b) 𝑀𝐷 = 175 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 190 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Since 𝑀𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 , "𝑎"is less than t.
Assume 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
514 𝑥 106 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)𝑎(820)(470 − 𝑎⁄2)

𝑎 = 93.53 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 110.03 𝑚𝑚
1

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm
d -a/2
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1,963 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐
𝐴𝑠 (345) = 0.85(20.7)(93.53)(820)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟑, 𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
c) 𝑀𝐷 = 195 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 210 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2𝑀𝐷 + 1.6𝑀𝐿 = 570 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚 < 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
Since 𝑀𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝜑𝑀𝑢 , "𝑎"is more than t.
= 820mm
t=10
0
C a
z
d =470mm
=250 mm

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Assume 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 + 𝜑𝑀𝑛2
570 𝑥 106 = 545.375 + 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(250)𝑧(470 − 100 − 𝑧⁄2)
𝑧 = 17.05 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝑡 + 𝑧 = 117.05 𝑚𝑚; 𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽1 = 137.7𝑚𝑚
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1448𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 3,908 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
𝐴𝑠 = 3,666 𝑚𝑚2
3
d) 𝑐 = 𝑑 = 176.25 𝑚𝑚, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑏
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 149.81 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
= 820mm
t=100
C a
z
d = 470 mm
T
=250 mm
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 49.81𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 12,453 𝑚𝑚2
𝑧
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − = 3450.9𝑚𝑚
2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 𝑀𝑓𝑛 + 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴2 𝑦2

𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 681.59 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 𝟔𝟏𝟑. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Note: If 𝑀𝑢 is less than or equal to 𝜑𝑀𝑛 , the beam is tension-controlled.
PROBLEM 3.12
SOLUTION
Given: 𝑏𝑓 = 1500𝑚𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑤 = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 600 𝑚𝑚 𝛽1 = 0.85
𝐴𝑠 = 6 − 28 𝑚𝑚 = 3,694 𝑚𝑚2

600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 = = 380.95 𝑚𝑚
600+𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 323.81 > 𝑡
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 = 150,000
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 55,952 𝑚𝑚2
t=100 = 1500mm
C a
d =600mm
=400 mm

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )

𝐴𝑠𝑏 (345) = 0.85(20.7)(150,000 + 55,952)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 10,503
𝜋
Steel area provided, 𝐴𝑠 = 6 𝑥
4
(28)2 = 3,695 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑏 "𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠"
therefore, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
0.85(20.7)𝐴𝑐 = 3,695(345)
𝐴𝑐 = 72,441 < 𝐴1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 "𝑎" is less than t
t =100 =1500 mm
C
d = 600 mm
d -a/2
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 72,441 = 𝑎(1500)
𝑎 = 48.29 𝑚𝑚2
Solve for 𝜑:
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 56.82 𝑚𝑚
1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 5,736𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠
𝑐
therefore 𝜑 = 0.90

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(20.7)(48.29)(1500)(600 − 48.29⁄2)
𝑀𝑛 = 733.99 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(733.99)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.13
Repeat Problem 3.7 using 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Given the following properties of a T-beam:

Flange width, 𝑏𝑓 = 900 𝑚𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Flange thickness, 𝑡 = 120 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Width of web, 𝑏𝑤 = 400 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑠 = 7,389 𝑚𝑚2
Service deal load, 𝑀𝐷 = 410 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝛽1 = 0.85; 𝜑 = 0.90
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 12 𝑥 (28)2 = 7,389 𝑚𝑚2 = 900mm
4 t=120
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 = 108,000 𝑚𝑚2
C a
z
d =580mm
600𝑑
𝐶𝑏 = = 368.25 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 313.02 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 193.02 𝑚𝑚 =400 mm
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 77,206 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )

𝐴𝑠𝑏 (345) = 0.85(21)(108,000 + 77,206)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 9,582 𝑚𝑚2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
0.85(21)𝐴𝑐 = 7,389(345)
𝐴𝑐 = 142,813 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴1 “a” >t
= 900mm
t=120
C a
d = 580 mm
z
46
0
T
=400 mm
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 142,813 = 108,000 + 𝐴2
𝐴2 = 34,813 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 34,813 = 400𝑧
𝑧 = 87.03 𝑚𝑚
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2 = 520 𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 416.48 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 𝐶2 𝑦2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)[108,000(520) + 34,813(416.48)]
𝑀𝑛 = 1,261.6 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
Solve for 𝜑:
𝑎 = 𝑡 + 𝑧 = 203.03 𝑚𝑚 𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 243.57𝑚𝑚

1

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 828.76 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐
Since 𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎,Transition region
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 0.8346
1000 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.8346(1,261.3)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 1,052.703 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 𝑀𝐷 + .6 𝑀𝐿
1,052.703 = 1.2(410) + 1.7 𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.14
Repeat Problem 3.8 using 2010 NSCP.
=500mm
t = 120mm d=530mm
10-32 mm
=320mm
Figure 3.7

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
t =120 mm =500mm
a
d=530mm
SOLUTION
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥
4
(32)2 =320mm
𝐴𝑠 = 8,042 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 = 60,000 𝑚𝑚2
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (32 − 28)
7
𝛽1 = 0.821
600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 313.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 257.35 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 137.35 𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 43,953 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )

𝐴𝑠𝑏 (345) = 0.85(21)(60,000 + 43,953)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 6,813 𝑚𝑚2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Since 𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠𝑏 , 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
t =120 =500m
mm m
a
d=530mm
T
=320m
m
𝜑 = 0.65 𝑐𝑝𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠
𝐴1 = 60,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑤 (𝑎 − 𝑡) = 𝑏𝑤 (𝛽1 𝑐 − 𝑡)
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
530 − 𝑐
8,042 𝑥 600 = 0.85(32)[60,000 + 320(0.821𝑐 − 1200)]
𝑐
𝑐 = 329.27 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 270.47 𝑚𝑚 𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 48,151 𝑚𝑚2

𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 150.47 𝑚𝑚 𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − = 334.76 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2 = 470 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 )
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(32)[60,000(470) + 48,151(334.76)]
𝑀𝑛 = 1,205.48 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.65(1,205.48)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 783.56 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 𝑀𝐷 + 1.6𝑀𝐿

78.56 = 1.2(330) + 1.6 𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟐𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
DESIGN PROBLEMS Doubly Reinforced Beams

PROBLEM 3.15
a .305-mm wide rectangular beam has an overall depth of 560 mm. The
beam is reinforced with four 25-mm-diameter compression bars. The
centroid fiber. Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓′𝑐 = 29 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine the
following:
a) The balanced tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate
balanced moment.
b) The maximum tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate
maximum moment.
SOLUTION
305 mm
70
mm
a
4-25
d=490 mm
mm
d-d’420
= +
70
mm
𝛽1 = 0.85
a) Balanced condition
600𝑑 600(490)
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 415
𝑐𝑏 = 289.66 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 𝑎 = 0.85(289.66)
𝑎 = 246.21 𝑚𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑑−𝑐 289.66−70
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 600 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 600
𝑐 289.66
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 455 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 yield

𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝑓𝑦
𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑠1 (415) = 0.85(29)(246.21)(305)
𝐴𝑠1 = 4,460 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇2 = 𝐶′𝑠 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠2 = 1,964 𝑚𝑚2
Balanced steel area, 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝟔, 𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑀𝑛𝑏 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2) + 𝐶 ′ 𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
𝑎
𝑀𝑛𝑏 = 0.85𝑇𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
𝑀𝑛𝑏 = 0.85(29)(246.21)(305)(490 − 246.21⁄2)
𝑀𝑛𝑏 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟐𝟏. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝜑𝑀𝑛𝑏 = 0.90(1,021.4) = 𝟗𝟏𝟗. 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
b) Maximum tension steel area:
According to Section 410.4.3, for members with compression

reinforcement, the portion of 𝜌𝑏 equalized by compression reinforcement
need not be reduced by the 0.75 factor.
𝐴𝑠1 = 0.75𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(4,460)

𝐴𝑠1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3,345 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠2 = 1,964 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3,345 + 1,964

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟓, 𝟑𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦
0.85(29)(𝑎)(305) = 3,345(415)
𝑎 = 184.7 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 𝑐 = 184.7/0.85
𝑐 = 217.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑐−𝑑′ 217.2−70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 217.2
𝑓′𝑠 = 406.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦 (𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2) + 𝐶 ′ 𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏(𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2) + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(29)(184.7)(305)(490 − 184.7⁄2)
+1964(406.7)(490 − 70)
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟖𝟖𝟕. 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(887.45)

𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟕𝟗𝟖. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 300 mm and effective depth of

460 mm. The beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars placed
70 mm from extreme concrete. Concrete strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 35 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and steel
strength 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
a) What is the balanced steel area considering the contribution of the
compression steel?
b) What is the maximum tension steel area allowed by the code?
SOLUTION
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (35 − 30) = 0.814
7

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝜋
𝐴′𝑠 = (28)2 𝑥 2 = 1,232 𝑚𝑚2
4
a) Balanced condition considering compression steel:
600 𝑑 600(460)
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 345
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 292 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 292
𝑓′𝑠 = 456 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85(35)(0.814 𝑥 292)(300) + 1232(345) = 𝐴𝑠 (345)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟕, 𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐
b) Maximum steel area:

For rectangular beams:
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑐𝑏 = 0.75(292)

𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 219.05 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 178.37 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 219.05 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 219.05
𝑓′𝑠 = 408 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

0.85(35)(178.37)(300)
+1232(345) = 𝐴𝑠 (345)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟓, 𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟑

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 3.17
A rectangular beam has b=300 mm and d= 490 mm. Concrete

compressive strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 27.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and steel yield strength 𝑓𝑦 =
276 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Compressive steel if required shall have its centroid 60 mm
from extreme concrete fiber. Calculate the required tension steel area if
the factored moment 𝑀𝑢 is 620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
This is the same problem in Chapter 2.
600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 = = 335.616 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 285.27 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏(𝑑 − )
2
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(27.6)(213.96)(300)(490 − 213.96⁄2)
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 576.76 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(576.76) = 519 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Since 𝑀𝑢 = 620 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚 > 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the beam must be doubly reinforced.
b
d
ca ’
d – a/2
= + d – d’

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 576.76 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 620
𝑀𝑛2 = − 𝑀𝑛1 𝑀𝑛2 =
𝜑 0.90 − 576.76
𝑀𝑛2 = 112.13 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑎 = 213.96 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴𝑠1 (276) = 0.85(27.6)(213.96)(300)

𝐴𝑠1 = 5456 𝑚𝑚2
Note: 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Solve for 𝑓′𝑠 :
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 251.71 𝑚𝑚
1
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 251.71 − 60
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 251.71
𝑓′𝑠 = 457 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 Compression steel yields
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑇2 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 112.13 𝑥 106 = 𝐴𝑠2 (276)(490 − 60)

𝐴𝑠2 = 945 𝑚𝑚2
Tension steel area, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Compression steel:
𝑐′𝑠 = 𝑇2 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦

𝐴′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2
𝐴′𝑠 = 𝟗𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 3.18
A rectangular beam has b=310 mm and d=460 mm. The beam will be
designed to carry a service dead load of 230 kN-m and service live load
of190 kn-m. Compression reinforcement if necessary will have its centroid
70 mm from extreme concrete fiber. Determine the required steel area.
Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4(230) + 1.7(190)
𝑀𝑢 = 645 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Note: For rectangular beams, 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑐𝑏
600𝑑
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 = 203.94 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 173.35 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)

𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(30)(173.35)(310)(460 − 173.35/2)
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 511.58 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(511.58)

𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 460.42 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Since 𝑀𝑢 = 645 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 > 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
b
d
ca ’
= d– + d–
a/2 d’
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 511.58 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 645
𝑀𝑛2 = − 𝑀𝑛1 𝑀𝑛2 = − 511.58
𝜑 0.90
𝑀𝑛2 = 205.088 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 203.94 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 173.35 𝑚𝑚
Tension Steel:
𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑠1 (415) = 0.85(30)(173.35)(310)
𝐴𝑠1 = 3,302 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑇2 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 205.088 x 106 = 𝐴𝑠2 (415)(460 − 70)

𝐴𝑠2 = 1,267 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝐴𝑠 = 3,302 + 1,267
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟒, 𝟓𝟔𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Compression steel:
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 203.94 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 203.94

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Compression steel does not yield, 𝑓′𝑠 = 394.06 𝑃𝑎
𝐶′𝑠 = 𝑇2 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦

𝐴′ 𝑠 (394.06) = 1,267(415)
𝑨′𝒔 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐
PROBLEM 3.19
A floor system consists of a 100-mm concrete slab supported by
continuous T beam with 9 m span, 1.2 m on centers as shown in Figure
3.10. Web dimensions, as determined by negative-moment requirements,
are 𝑏𝑤 = 280 𝑚𝑚, and 𝑑 = 500𝑚𝑚. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the
centroid of the bars. The beam is subjected to a maximum positive
factored moment of 1080 kN-m. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Unit
weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/𝑚3 .
a) Calculate the required tension steel area at the point of maximum
positive moment.
b) Using the tributary area method, what is the uniform service dead
load acting on the beam?
c) Calculate the uniform service live load acting on the beam.
A L=9m B L=9m C
SOLUTION
𝑓′𝑐 = 21𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑏𝑤 = 280 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑑 = 500𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑑′ = 70 𝑚𝑚
Maximum factored moment, 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1080 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Effective flange width, 𝑏𝑓 :

1. L/4=9/4=2.25 m
2. 16t+𝑏𝑤 = 16(100) + 280 = 1.88 𝑚
3. 𝑆𝑜𝑐 = 1.2𝑚
Use 𝑏𝑓 = 1.2 𝑚
Solve for 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 to determine if compression steel is required.

Balanced condition:
600𝑑 600(500)
𝑐= 𝑐=
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 415
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(295.57)
𝑎 = 251.23 𝑚𝑚
t=100 = 1200mm
a
d =500mm
C
z
=280 mm
𝑧 =𝑎−𝑡 𝑧 = 251.23100
𝑧 = 151.23 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 1200 𝑥 100 = 120,000 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴2 = 280(151.23) = 42,345 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑏 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 162,345 𝑚𝑚2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Maximum condition:
𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝐴𝑐𝑏 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(162,345)

𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 121,759 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴1
t=100 = 1200mm
d =500mm
C a
z
=280 mm
𝐴2 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐴1 𝐴2 = 121,759 − 120,000

𝐴2 == 1,759 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 1,759 = 280 𝑧
𝑧 = 6.28 𝑚𝑚
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡/2 𝑦1 = 500 − 100/2

𝑦1 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧/2 𝑦2 = 500 − 100 − 6.28/2

𝑦2 = 396.86 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 )

𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(21)(120,000 𝑥 450)
+1,759 𝑥 396.86
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 976.36 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(976.36)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 878.72 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Since 𝑀𝑢 = 1,080 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 > 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the compression reinforcement must

be provided.
=1200mm
d’=70
a
d=500mm
d-d’
mm
500
430
d’=7
0
=820mm
𝑎 =𝑡+𝑧 𝑎 = 100 + 6.28

𝑎 = 106.28 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 𝑐 = 106.28/0.85
𝑐 = 125.04
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 125.04 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 125.04
𝑓′𝑠 = 264.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 976.36 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇1 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
𝐴𝑠1 (415) = 0.85(21)(120,000 + 1,759)
𝐴𝑠1 = 5,237 𝑚𝑚2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑛 − 𝑀𝑛1 𝑀𝑛2 = − 𝑀𝑛1
𝜑
1080
𝑀𝑛2 = − 976.36
0.90
𝑀𝑛2 = 223.64 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑇2 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

223.64 𝑥 106 = 𝐴𝑠2 (415)(500 − 70)
𝐴𝑠2 = 1,253 𝑚𝑚2
Tension steel area, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝟔, 𝟒𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Compression steel area:

𝐶′𝑠 = 𝑇2 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦
𝐴′ 𝑠 (264.1) = 1,253(415)
𝐴′𝑠 = 1,969 𝑚𝑚2
b)
Dead load=weight of concrete:

Area=1.2(0.1)+0.28(0.47)=0.2516 𝑚3
𝑤𝑐 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑤𝑐 = 23.5(0.2516)
𝑤𝑐 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎 → 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
c) Uniform live load

7.6 7.6
5-32 m
3-32 5-32
5-32 m
3-32 5-32
mm A L=9
mm mmBmm L=9
mm Cmm
m m
145 kN-m 145 kN-m

202 kN-
m

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Maximum positive moment (at midspan)
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 𝑤𝑢 (9)2
𝑤𝑢 = 1,080 =
24 24
𝑤𝑢 = 320 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑢 = 1.4𝑤𝐷 + 1.7𝑤𝐿 320 = 1.4(5.9126) + 1.7𝑤𝐿
𝑤𝐿 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎 → 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
INVESTIGATION (ANALYSIS) PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 3.20
The beam shown in Figure 3.11 is subjected to a maximum service dead
load moment of 230 kN-m. Determine the service live load that the beam
can carry. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
350 mm 60 mm
2-28 mm
540 mm
600 mm
4-36 mm
Figure 3.11
SOLUTION
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (36)2 𝑥 4 = 4,072 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴′𝑠 = (28)2 𝑥2 = 1,232 𝑚𝑚2
4
b
d’
ca
= d – a/2+ d – d’

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Assume all steel yield:
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 1,232 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 2,840 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(20.7)𝑎(350) = 2,840(345)
𝑎 = 159.1 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝑐= = 187.18 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1
𝑑−𝑐 600 − 187.18

𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 187.18
𝑓𝑠 = 1.323 > 𝑓𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 187.18 − 60
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 187.18
𝑓𝑠 = 407.7 > 𝑓𝑦 compression steel yields
Assumption is correct, all steel yield.
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇1 (𝑑 − ) + 𝑇2 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
159.1
𝑀𝑛 = 2,840(345) (600 − ) + 1,232(345)(600 − 60)
2
𝑀𝑛 = 739.4 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(739.4) = 665.43 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4𝑀𝐷 + 1.7𝑀𝐿 665.43 = 1.4(230) + 1.7 𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 3.21
A rectangular beam has the following properties:
Width, b=400 mm 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Effective depth, d=620 mm 𝑓′𝑐 = 22 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Tension bars, 3 pcs 25-mm-diameter
d’=70 mm
Determine the design strength of the beam and the safe service live load
if the service dead load is 320 kN-m.
SOLUTION
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥 (28)2 = 6,158 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴′𝑠 = 3 𝑥 (25)2 = 1,473 𝑚𝑚2
4
Assume all steel yields:

𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 1,473 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 4,685 𝑚𝑚2
b
d’
ca
= d – a/2+ d – d’
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 0.85(22)𝑎(400) = 4,685(415)

𝑎 = 260 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 305.8 𝑚𝑚
1

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 616.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑐
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 = 463 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑐
All steel yields. Assumption is correct
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇1 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2) + 𝑇2 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2) + 𝐴𝑠2 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑀𝑛 = 4,685(415)(620 − 260⁄2) + 1,473(415)(620 − 70)
𝑀𝑛 = 1288.9 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(1288.9) = 1,160 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7𝑀𝐿 1160 = 1.4(320) + 1.7𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟒𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.22
A 12-m long rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported at
its ends. The beam is provided with an addition support at the mid span.
Width of beam is 300 mm and the overall depth is 450 mm. The beam is
reinforced with 25-mm-diameter bars, four bars at the tension side and 2
bars at the compression side .Concrete protective coverings is 70 mm
form the centroid of the bars. Concrete strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and steel
yield 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use 0.75 𝜌𝑏 = 0.023.
a) Determine the depth of the compression block.
b) Determine the nominal moment capacity of the beam.
c) Determine the factored uniform load, including its own weight, the
beam can carry.
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑓′𝑐 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
300 mm
𝜋 70 mm
𝐴𝑠 = 4 𝑥 (25)2
4 2-25 mm
𝐴𝑠 = 1963 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴′𝑠 = 2 𝑥 (25)2
310 mm
4
380 mm
450 mm
𝐴′𝑠 = 982 𝑚𝑚2
Assuming all steel yields:

𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 982 𝑚𝑚2
4-25 mm
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 982 𝑚𝑚2
70 mm
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(30)𝑎(30) = 982(415)
𝑎 = 53.26 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 62.66 𝑚𝑚 < 70 𝑚𝑚 compression steel does not yield

1
Assuming tension steel yields and compression steel does not.
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶′𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠

1963(415) = 0.85(30(0.85𝑐)(300)
𝑐−70
+982 𝑥 600
𝑐
𝑐 = 98.87 𝑚𝑚
98.86 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 = 175.17 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
98.86
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1,706 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑐
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2) + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑀𝑛 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑎𝑠𝑛𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑏
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90𝑀𝑛
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 243.53 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
c) Maximum factored uniform load:
Factored load,
A B C
By there-moment equation:
6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑎̅2

𝑀𝐴 𝐿1 + 2𝑀𝐵 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀𝑐 𝐿2 + + =0
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐶 = 0
6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 𝑤𝑢 𝐿1 3
=
𝐿1 4
6𝐴2 𝑎̅2 𝑤𝑢 𝐿1 3
=
𝐿2 4
𝑤𝑢 (6)3 𝑤𝑢 (6)3
0 + 2𝑀𝐵 (+6 +) + 0 + + =0
4 4
𝑤𝑢 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477

A 6 meter long simply supported reinforced concrete beam has a width of
350mm and an overall depth of 470 mm. The beam is reinforced with 2-
28 mm compression bars on top and 4-28 tension bars at the bottom,
each located 70 mm from the extreme concrete fiber. Concrete strength
𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and steel yield strength 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.Determine the
following:
a) Depth of compression blocks assuming both tension and
compression steel yields.
b) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in kN-m?
c) Determine the additional concentrated live load that can be applied
at midspan if the dead load including the weight of the beam is 20
kN/m.
SOLUTION
Given : 𝐿 = 6𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏 = 350 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 400𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑏 = 28 𝑚𝑚
𝑑′ = 70 𝑚𝑚
𝜋
Tension steel area 𝐴𝑠 = 4 (28)2 𝑥 4 = 2463 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
Compression steel area, 𝐴′𝑠 = (28)2 𝑥 2 = 132 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝜑 = 0.90
Assuming tension & compression steel yields:

𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 1232 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 1232 𝑚𝑚2
𝑐𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(20.7)𝑎(350) = 1232(415)
𝑎 = 𝟖𝟑 𝒎𝒎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑎
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 𝑐 = 83/0.85
𝑐 = 97.64 𝑚𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 97.64 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 97.64
𝑓′𝑠 = 170 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
Thus, compression steel does not yield.
𝑐−𝑑′
Since compression steel does not yield, 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐
Assuming tension steel yields:
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝑐 − 70
0.85(20.7)(0.85𝑐)(350) + 1232 𝑥 600 = 2463(415)
𝑐
𝑐 = 130.08 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 110.6 𝑚𝑚
𝑑−𝑐 400 − 130.08

𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 130.08
𝑓𝑠 = 1245 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 130.08 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 130.08
𝑓′𝑠 = 277.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑐𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶 ′ 𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(20.7)(110.6)(350)(400 − 110.6⁄2) + 1232(277.11)(400 − 70)
𝑀𝑛 = 347.33 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Ultimate moment capacity= 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(347.33)

Ultimate moment capacity= 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 312.6 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑏
3 3
m m
L=6
m
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 312.6 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐷 𝐿2 𝑃𝐿 𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 + 1.7
8 4
20(6)2 𝑃𝐿 (6)2
312.6 = 1.4 8 + 1.7 4
𝑃𝐿 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵
PROBLEM 3.24
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.12. The beam will be subjected to
a maximum service dead load of 215 kN-m. What is the safe service
live load moment for this beam? Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
360 mm 30 mm
5-
650 mm
25mm
25 mm
Figure
3.12 8 - 25mm
30 mm
lOMoARcPSD|17975477
SOLUTION 360 mm
𝛽1 = 0.85 d’ 30 mm
𝜋
Tension steel, 𝐴𝑠 = 8 𝑥 (25)2
4 5- 25mm
𝐴𝑠 = 3,927 𝑚𝑚2
650 mm
𝜋
Compression steel, 𝐴′𝑠 = 5 𝑥 (25)2
4 d
𝐴′𝑠 = 2,454 𝑚𝑚2
25 mm
1
𝑑′ = 30 +
2(25)
= 42.5 𝑚𝑚 8 - 25mm
Effective depth to extreme tension bar:

1
𝑑𝑡 = 650 − 30 − = 607.5 𝑚𝑚 30 mm
2(25)
Effective depth (to centroid of tension bar)

𝑑 = 650 − 30 − 25 − 1/2(25)
𝑑 = 582.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝐷 − 215 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 2,454 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 1,473 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)𝑎(360) = 1.473(415)
𝑎 = 95.1 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 𝑐 = 95.1/0.85
𝑐 = 111.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑐−𝑑′ 111.9−42.5
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 111.9

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑓′𝑠 = 372 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
Compression steel does not yield.
360 mm
d’
5-5-25mm a
c
25mm
d d-d’
25 mm
d-a/2
8 - 825mm
-
25mm T
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑤𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑟
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑.
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶′𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠

𝑐−𝑑′
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝛽1 𝑐)𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑥 600
𝑐
3,927(415) = 0.85(21)(0.85𝑐)(360)
𝑐−42.5
+2,454 𝑥 600
𝑐
𝑐 = 122.38 𝑚𝑚
𝑐−𝑑′ 122.38−42.5
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 122.38
𝑓𝑠 = 391.64 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(122.38)
𝑎 = 104.03 𝑚𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶 ′ 𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
104.03
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)(104.03)(360)(582.5 − )
2
+2,454(391.64)(582.5 − 42.5)
𝑀𝑛 = 873.68 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(873.68)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 786.31 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿
786.31 = 1.4(215) + 1.7(𝑀𝐿 )
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.25
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.13. The beam will be subjected to a
maximum service dead load of 360 kN-m. What is the safe service live load
moment for this beam? Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
𝛽1 = 0.85
Tension steel, 𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥
𝜋
(28) 2 30 mm
4
𝐴𝑠 = 6,158 𝑚𝑚2 2- 25mm
𝜋
Compression steel, 𝐴′𝑠 = 2 𝑥
4
(25)2
28 mm
𝐴′𝑠 = 982 𝑚𝑚2 650 mm

𝑑′ = 30 + 1⁄2(25) = 42.5 𝑚𝑚
10 - 28mm
Effective depth (to centroid of tension bars)
𝑑 = 650 − 30 − 28 − 1/2(28)
𝑑 = 578 𝑚𝑚 30 mm
𝑀𝐷 = 360 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Figure 3.13

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
320 mm 30 mm
d’
2 - 25mm
650 mm
28 mm
10 - 28mm
30 mm

𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 982 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 5,176 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)𝑎(320) = 5,176(415)
𝑎 = 376.04 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 𝑐 = 376.04/0.85
𝑐 = 442.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 442.4 − 42.5
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 442.4
𝑓𝑠 = 222 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦

Tension steel does not yield.

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
320 mm
d’
5- 25mm
5-
c a
25mm
d
d-d’
d-a/2
28 mm
10 - 28mm
8-
25mm
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒

𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑦 .
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑.
𝑑1 = 650 − 30 − 14 = 606 𝑚𝑚
𝑑2 = 650 − 30 − 28 − 28 − 14 = 550 𝑚𝑚
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = 5 𝑥 (28)2 = 3,079 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶′𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 𝑓𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 𝑓𝑠2 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝑑1 − 𝑐 𝑑2 − 𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 600 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 600 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 𝑐
606 − 𝑐 550 − 𝑐
3,079 𝑥 600 + 3,079 𝑥 600
𝑐 𝑐
= 0.85(21)(0.85𝑐)(320) + 982(415)
𝑐 = 363.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 309.29 𝑚𝑚

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
𝑑1 − 𝑐 606 − 363.9
𝑓𝑠1 = 600 𝑓𝑠1 = 600
𝑐 363.9
𝑓𝑠1 = 399.25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦

𝑑2 − 𝑐 550 − 363.9
𝑓𝑠2 = 600 𝑓𝑠2 = 600
𝑐 363.9
𝑓𝑠2 = 306.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 363.9 − 42.5
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 363.9
𝑓′𝑠 = 530 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(345.4)
𝑎 = 301.2 𝑚𝑚
Solve for d:
𝑇1 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 𝑓𝑠1 𝑇1 = 3,079(399.25)

𝑇1 = 1,229.2 𝑘𝑁
𝑇2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠2 𝑇2 = 3,079 (306.9)
𝑇2 = 944.9 𝑘𝑁
𝑇 𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑇1 𝑥 𝑑1 + 𝑇2 𝑥 𝑑2
2,174.1 𝑑 = 1,229.2(606) + 944.9(550)
𝑑 = 581.66𝑚
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑐𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶 ′ 𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)(309.29)(320)(578 − 309.29⁄2) + 982(415)(581.66 − 42.5)
𝑀𝑛 = 974.07 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(947.07) = 876.65 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿

876.65 = 1.4(360) + 1.7(𝑀𝐿 )
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
PROBLEM 3.26
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure
3.14. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 27 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 350𝑀𝑃𝑎.
=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
3-23mm
Figure 3.14 10mm

stirrup
=390mm
10-25mm
25mm
20mm
=300mm
.
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥 (25)2 = 4,909 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴′𝑠 = 3 𝑥 (22)2 = 1,140 𝑚𝑚2
4
Flange area, 𝐴𝑓 = 600(110) = 66,000 𝑚𝑚2

𝑑 = 110 + 390 − 20 − 10 − 25 − 1⁄2(25) = 432.5𝑚𝑚
𝑑′ = 25 + 10 + 1⁄2 (22) = 46𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 1,140 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 3,768 𝑚𝑚2

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Area of compression concrete:
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(27)𝐴𝑐 = 3,768(350)
𝐴𝑐 = 57,468 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑡
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 57,469 = 𝑎(600)
𝑎 = 95.8 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽1 𝑐 = 95.8/0.85
𝑐 = 112.7 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 112.7 − 46
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 112.7
𝑓′𝑠 = 355 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
=600mm
t=110mm
25mm
3-22mm
3-
d-a/2
d-d’
d 23mm
=390mm
10mm
10-25mm stirrup
10-
25mm 25mm 20mm
=300mm
𝑑−𝑐 432.5 − 112.7

𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 112.7
𝑓𝑠 = 1,703 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)

lOMoARcPSD|17975477
Verify if the upper layer of tension steel yields
𝑑2 = 𝑑 − 1⁄2(25) − 1⁄29(25) = 407.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑑2 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠2 = 600 = 1,567 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑐
All steel yields, assumption is correct:

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶 ′ 𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(27)(95.8)(600)432.5 − 46)
+ 1,140(350)(432.5 − 46)
𝑀𝑛 = 661.5 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(661.5)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟓𝟗𝟓. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.27
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure
3.15. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
2-22mm
Figure 3.15 10mm

stirrup =390mm
10-28mm
25mm
20mm
=315mm
lOMoARcPSD|17975477
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥 (28)2 = 6,158 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴′𝑠 = 2 𝑥 (22)2 = 760 𝑚𝑚2
4
Flange area, 𝐴𝑓 = 600(100) = 60,000 𝑚𝑚2

𝑑 = 100 + 390 − −20 − 10 − 28 − 1⁄2(25) = 419.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑑′ = 25 + 10 + 1⁄2(22) = 46 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 760 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 5,397 𝑚𝑚2
Area of compression concrete:
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(25)𝐴𝑐 = 5,397(345)
𝐴𝑐 = 87,626 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 𝑡
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑓 + 𝐴𝑤 87,626 = 60,00 + 𝐴𝑤
𝐴𝑤 = 27,626 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑤 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 27,626 = 315 𝑧
𝑧 = 87.7 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 100 + 𝑧 = 187.7 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽1 = 220.83 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 220.83 − 46
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 220.83
𝑓′𝑠 = 475 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)

Analysis and Design of Beams

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lOMoARcPSD|17975477

analysis and design of beams

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (University of Mindanao)

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS PROBLEMS

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(27.6)0.85(600)

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𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 27.6(0.371)[1 − 0.59(0.37)]

𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8.001(300)(490)2

a) 𝑀𝑢 = 20𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑)

b) 𝑀𝑢 = 140𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (singly reinforced)

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𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝜌 = 0.00822 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛

c) 𝑀𝑢 = 485 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (singly reinforced)

d) 𝑀𝑢 = 600 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

The beam will be doubly reinforced. See Chapter 3.

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PROBLEM 2.3 (CE MAY 2012)

Given: b=300m 𝑓′𝑐 = 300 𝑀𝑃𝑎

a) Maximum factored moment on the beam.

Maximum factored moment:

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Solve for 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 to determine whether compression steel is needed

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(28)(0.85)(600)

𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 0.59 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 7.274

Required 𝑀𝑢 = 280 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚<𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (singly reinforced)

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PROBLEM 2.4 (CE MAY 1993)

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𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜑𝑓′𝑐 𝜔 𝑏 𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

Since𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the beam may be designed as singly reinforced.

𝑅𝑛 = 6.687 𝑀𝑃𝑎 650 x 106 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (300)(600)2

PROBLEM 2.5 (CE November 2000)

A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective

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reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80 mm from the

𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.03199)

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02399(300)(550)

b) Required tension steel area:

Solve for 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥

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𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜑𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑢 = 0.39 𝑅𝑛 (300)(550)2

PROBLEM 2.6 (CE MAY 2009)

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a) Balanced steel ratio:

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(28)(0.85)600

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Note: Slabs are practically singly reinforced because of its small

Effective depth, d= 120 -20-1/2(12) = 94 mm

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0.75 𝑥 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600

Spacing of bars (for walls and slabs using unit width):

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Maximum and minimum requirements:

𝑁 = 22.5 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟐𝟑 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

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𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝑏 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4(60) + 1.7(48)

(Note: this already includes the weight of beam)

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)

Try 𝜌 = 60% 𝜌𝑏 Note: this is the author’s suggestion

𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 = 20.7(0.2968)[1 − 0.59(0.2968)]

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