Secondary Consolidation

Settlement (Part 2)
Represented by: Albert Aguilor
TOTAL SETTLEMENTS
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 + 𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 + 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒

❑ Primary Consolidation Settlements

I. Normally Consolidated Clays
𝐻 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝐶𝑐 log( )
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃0
Where:
𝐻 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝑒0 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐶𝑐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10)
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
∆𝑃 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
 II. Over Consolidated Clays

✓ 𝑷𝒐 + ∆𝑷 < 𝑷𝒄′ ✓ 𝑷𝒐 + ∆𝑷 > 𝑷𝒄′

𝐻 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃 𝐻 𝑃𝑐 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝐶𝑠 log( ) 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = [𝐶𝑠 log + 𝐶𝑐 log ]
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃0 1 + 𝑒0 𝑃0 𝑃0

Where:
1 1
𝐶𝑠 = 𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 (𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝐶)
5 10 𝑐
𝑃𝑐′ = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑒 𝐿𝐿
1.22 − 𝑒0 − 0.0463 log 𝑃0 ′ 𝑒𝐿 = 𝐺𝑠
𝐿 ;
log 𝑃𝑐′ = 100
0.188
OCR = Over Consolidated Ratio
𝑃𝑐
𝑂𝐶𝑅 = ; (OCR = 1.0 Normally Consolidated)
𝑃0
❑ Secondary Consolidation Settlements
𝐻 𝑡2
𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝐶𝛼 log( )
1 + 𝑒𝑃 𝑡1

Where:
𝑒𝑃 = 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃0 + ∆𝑃
𝑒𝑃 = 𝑒0 − ∆𝑒 ; ∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log( )
𝑃0
𝐶𝛼 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
∆𝑒
𝐶𝛼 = 𝑡
log(𝑡2 )
1
𝑡2 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑡1 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
❑ Immediate Elastic Settlements
1 − 𝜇2
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑞𝐵( )
𝐸𝑠
or

1 − 𝜇2
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 𝐼𝑃 𝑞𝐵( )
𝐸𝑠
Where:
𝐶𝑆 = 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑞 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑃
𝑞=
𝐴
𝐵 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜇 = 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝐸𝑆 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
Example 1:
A soil formation shown in the figure has its ground water table located at 2 m. below the
ground surface. The ground surface is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 40 KPa.

a) Compute the primary consolidation

settlement of the normally consolidated
clay layer.

b) Compute the secondary settlement of clay

layer 5 years after the completion of
primary consolidation settlement. Time for
completion of primary settlement is 1.5
years. Secondary compression index is
𝐶𝛼 = 0.02.
 (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛿𝑤
𝛿𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
(1 + 𝑒)
2.60 + 0.60 9.81
𝛿𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
(1 + 0.60)
𝛿𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.62 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑜 = 17.66 2 + 20.93 3 + 19.62 2.5 − 9.81(3 + 2.5)

Solution: (a) Primary Consolidation Settlement 𝑃𝑜 = 93.205 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝐻 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝐶𝑐 log( ) 1
@ Equation 1
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃0
5 93.205 + 40
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) ; 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(51.25 − 10) 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = (0.371)log( )
𝑤 − 𝑃𝐿 𝐶𝑐 = 0.371 1 + 0.60 93.205
𝐿. 𝐼 =
𝐿𝐿 − 𝑃𝐿
0.40 − 0.20
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0.180 𝑚
0.64 =
𝐿𝐿 − 0.20
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 180 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿 = 0.5125
𝐿𝐿 = 51.25%
 @ Equation 2
Solution: (b) Secondary Consolidation Settlement
𝐻 𝑡2 5 5
𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝐶𝛼 log( ) 2 𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = (0.02)log( )
1 + 𝑒𝑃 𝑡1 1 + 0.542 1.5
𝑃0 + ∆𝑃 𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0.034 𝑚
𝑒𝑃 = 𝑒0 − ∆𝑒 ; ∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log( )
𝑃0
𝑃0 + ∆𝑃 𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 34 𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑝 = 𝑒0 − 𝐶𝑐 log( )
𝑃0
93.205 + 40
𝑒𝑝 = 0.60 − (0.371) log( )
93.205
𝑒𝑝 = 0.542
Example 2:
From soil profile shown, the ground surface is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of
40 KPa. The thickness of the over consolidated clay is 2.5 m. The insitu void ratio of the clay is
𝑒0 = 0.80 with a liquid limit of 45%. Specific gravity of clay is 2.71. The insitu effective burden
1
pressure 𝑃0′ = 120 𝐾𝑃𝑎. Assume swell factor 𝐶𝑆 = 6 𝐶𝑐 .

a) Compute the primary consolidation

settlement of the clay layer.

b) Compute the secondary consolidation

settlements 6 years after the completion of
primary consolidation settlement. Time for
completion of primary settlement is 1.8 years.
Secondary compression index 𝐶𝛼 = 0.03.
 𝑒
1.22 − 𝑒0 − 0.0463 log 𝑃0 ′
𝐿
log 𝑃𝑐′ =
0.188
𝐿𝐿
𝑒𝐿 = 𝐺𝑠
100
45
𝑒𝐿 = 2.71
100
Solution: (a) Primary Consolidation Settlement
𝑒𝐿 = 1.220
Check: 0.80
1.22 − 1.220 − 0.0463 log 120
𝑃0 + ∆𝑃 𝑉𝑠. 𝑃𝑐′ log 𝑃𝑐′ =
0.188
2.5 2.5
𝑃𝑜 = 15 1.5 + 18 1.5 + 18.38 − 9.81(1.5 + ) 𝑃𝑐′ = 308.561 𝐾𝑃𝑎
2 2
𝑃𝑜 = 45.5 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑃0 + ∆𝑃_ 𝑃𝑐 ′
45.5 + 40 _ 308.561
85.5 < 308.561
∴ 𝑃0 +∆𝑃 < 𝑃𝑐 ′
 @ Equation 1

2.5 45.5 + 40
Solution: (a) Primary Consolidation Settlement 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0.0525 log( )
1 + 0.80 45.5
Since, 𝑷𝒐 + ∆ < 𝑷𝒄′
𝐻 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝐶𝑠 log( ) 1 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0.020 𝑚
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃0
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 20 𝑚m
1 1
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐶𝑐 ; 𝐶𝑠 = (0.315)
6 6
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) 𝐶𝑠 = 0.0525
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(45 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.315
 @ Equation 2
Solution: (b) Secondary Consolidation Settlement
𝐻 𝑡2 2.5 6
𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝐶𝛼 log( ) 2 𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = (0.03)log( )
1 + 𝑒𝑃 𝑡1 1 + 0.714 1.8
𝑃0 + ∆𝑃 𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0.023 𝑚
𝑒𝑃 = 𝑒0 − ∆𝑒 ; ∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log( )
𝑃0
𝑃0 + ∆𝑃 𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 23 𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑝 = 𝑒0 − 𝐶𝑐 log( )
𝑃0
45.5 + 40
𝑒𝑝 = 0.80 − (0.315) log( )
45.5
𝑒𝑝 = 0.714
Example 3:
Estimate the immediate settlement of a column footing 1.5 m in diameter that is
constructed on an unsaturated clay layer. Given that the total load carried by the column footing
150 KN, Es = 7000 KPa and 𝜇𝑠 = 0.25. Assume the footing to be rigid. Use Ip = 0.79 for circular
rigid foundation.
Solution:
1 − 𝜇2 𝑃
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 𝐼𝑃 𝑞𝐵( ) ; 𝑞=
𝐸𝑠 𝐴
150 1 − 0.252
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 0.79(𝜋 )(1.5)( )
1.5 2 7000
4

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 0.0135 m

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 13.5 mm
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