Principle of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance with

Module 5: Shear and Torsion Table 422.5.5.1.

Table 422.5.5.1
Detailed Method for Calculating Vc
Shear Reinforcement
Vc
Another type of beam failure is shear failure. To avoid shear 𝑉𝑢 𝑑
Least of (a)
failure, stirrups are provided to prevent concrete from splitting (0.16𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 )𝑏 𝑑
(a), (b), and 𝑀𝑢 𝑤
due to diagonal tension. (c):
(b)
(0.16𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

0.29𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (c)

Mu occurs simultaneously with Vu at the section considered

Table 421.2.1
Strength Reduction Factors, ∅
Action or Structural Element ∅ Exceptions
(a) Moment, axial force, or 0.65 to 0.90 in Near ends of pretensioned
combined moment and axial accordance with members where strands area not
force Section 421.2.2 fully developed, ∅ shall be in
accordance with Section 421.2.3.
(b) Shear 0.75 Additional requirements are given
in Section 421.2.4 for structures
409.4.3 Factored Shear designed to resist earthquake
effects.
409.4.3.1 For beams built integrally with supports, V u at the
(c) Torsion 0.75 -
support shall be permitted to be calculated at the face of (d) Bearing 0.65 -
support. (e) Post-tensioned anchorage 0.85 -
zones
409.4.3.2 Sections between the face of support and a critical
(f) Brackets and corbels 0.75 -
section located d from the face of support for non-prestressed
(g) Struts, ties, nodal zones, and 0.75 -
beams and h/2 from the face of support for prestressed beams bearing areas designed in
accordance with strut-and-tie
shall be permitted to be designed for Vu at the critical section method in Section 423
if (a) through (c) are satisfied: (h) Components of connections of 0.90 -
precast members controlled by
a. Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces yielding of steel elements in
tension
compression into the end region of the beam;
(i) Plain concrete elements 0.60 -
b. Loads are applied at or near to top surface of the beam; (j) Anchors in concrete elements 0.45 to 0.75 in -
accordance with
c. No concentrated load occurs between the face of support Section 417
and critical section.
411.6.7.9 Shear strength Vs shall not be taken greater than
When to use Vu at critical section and Vu at face of support:
0.66√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑.
421.5.3 Transverse Reinforcement
421.5.3.1 Hoops shall be provided in the following regions of
frame members:
1. Over a length equal to twice the member depth measured
from the face of the supporting member toward midspan, at
both ends of the flexural member;
411.6.5 Spacing Limits for Shear Reinforcement
411.6.5.1 Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular
to axis of member shall not exceed d2 in nonprestressed
members of 0.75h in prestressed members, nor 600 mm.
411.6.5.3 Where Vs exceeds 0.33√𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, maximum spacing
given in Sections 411.6.5.1 and 411.6.5.2 shall be reduced by
one half.
411.6.7.2 Where shear reinforcement perpendicular to axis of
member is used,
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅
422.5.5 Vc for Non-Prestressed Members without Axial Force 𝑽𝒔 = (411 − 15)
𝒔
422.5.5.1 For non-prestressed members without axial force, Vc
421. The first hoop shall be located not more than 50 mm from
shall be calculated by:
the face of a supporting member. Maximum spacing of the
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀√𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅 (422.5.5.1) hoops shall not exceed:
1. d/A; 𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑠
2. Eight times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bars; 𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐 305.025 − 115.0298102
𝑉𝑠 = =
3. 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars; and ∅ 0.75
4. 300 mm. 𝑉𝑠 = 253.3269197 𝑘𝑁 < 𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 595.4484294 𝑘𝑁
411.6.7.2 Where shear reinforcement perpendicular to axis of ∴ 𝑜𝑘!
member is used, 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑠 > 𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝 , 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 = (411 − 15) d. Critical span
𝒔
398.4 115.0298102
411.6.6.3 Where hoops are not required, stirrups with seismic = ; 𝑥 = 1705.305625 𝑚𝑚
hooks at both ends shall be spaced at a distance not more than 2400 2400 − 𝑥
d/2 throughout the length of the member. 𝑥 = 2ℎ = 2(650) = 1300 𝑚𝑚
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑥 = 1705.305625 𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛.
Situation 1: A 5.2 m simply supported beam has a clear span e. Spacing within x
of 4.80 m and carries uniformly distributed dead and live loads 𝑑 562.5
𝑠≤ ≤ ≤ 140.625 𝑚𝑚
of 65 kN/m and 55 kN/m, respectively. the dimension of the 4 4
beam section and steel reinforcement are shown. Design the 𝑠 ≤ 8∅𝑏 ≤ 8(28) ≤ 224 𝑚𝑚
necessary spacing of shear reinforcement if f’c = 21 MPa, fy = 𝑠 ≤ 24∅𝑠 ≤ 24(10) ≤ 240 𝑚𝑚
415 mPa, cc = 61.5 mm, and stirrups diameter = 10 mm. 𝑠 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 2 [4 (10) ] (415)(562.5)
𝑠≤ ≤
𝑉𝑠 253.3269197
≤ 144.7468623 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 = 140.625 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑠
= 140 𝑚𝑚 (𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 5 𝑚𝑚)
Solution: 𝑥 − 50 1706 − 50
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑐𝑠 = = ≈ 12 𝑝𝑐𝑠
∅𝑏 32 𝑠 140
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 − = 650 − 61.5 − 10 −
2 2 f. spacing beyond x
𝑑 = 562.5 𝑚𝑚 𝜋
𝐴𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2 [ (10)2 ] (415)
a. Calculate the design shear, Vu 𝑠≤ ≤ 4 ≤ 655.539 𝑚𝑚
0.062√𝑓 𝑐𝑏𝑤′ 0.062√21(350)
398.4 𝑉𝑢
= ; 𝑉 = 305.025 𝜋
2400 2400 − 562.5 𝑢 𝐴𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2 [ (10)2 ] (415)
𝑠≤ ≤ 4 ≤ 532.147327 𝑚𝑚
0.35√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 0.35(350)
𝑑 562.5
𝑠≤ ≤ ≤ 281.25 𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛!
2 2
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 10 𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 1@50 𝑚𝑚, 12@140 𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 @280 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛

Torsion

b. Shear capacity of concrete, Vc

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1.0)(√21)(350)(562.5)
𝑉𝑐 = 153.3730803 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75(153.3730803) = 115.0298102 𝑘𝑁
< 𝑉𝑢 = 305.025
∴ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
c. Calculate the shear capacity of stirrups, Vscap
𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.66√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.66(√21)(350)(562.5) = 595.4484294 𝑘𝑁
In a member subjected to torsion, a torsional moment causes Torsional strength of solid and hollow sections with the
shearing stresses on cross sectional planes and on radial planes same outside dimensions
extending from the axis of the member to the surface.

Beam subjected to torsional moment T

Threshold Torsion
Torsional effects may be neglected when the factored moment
Tu is less than the following: (sec 411.7.1)
Beam subjected to Shear and Torsion For non-prestressed members
∅𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴2𝑐𝑝
12 𝑝𝑐𝑝
For prestressed members
∅𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴2𝑐𝑝 𝑓𝑝𝑐
√1 +
12 𝑝𝑐𝑝 0.33𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
For non-prestressed members subjected to an axial tensile or
compressive force
∅𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴2𝑐𝑝 𝑁𝑢
√1 +
12 𝑝𝑐𝑝 0.33𝐴𝑔 𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐

Torque twist curve for a rectangular beam
Torsion
For a beam cast monolithically with a floor slab, the
overhanging flange width to be included in the calculation of
Acp and pcp is that flange extending the greater of the distances
that the beam web projects above or below the flange, but not
more than four times the slab thickness.

where:
Acp = area enclosed by outside parameter of concrete cross
section, mm2
pcp = outside parameter of concrete cross section, mm Tn shall be computed by:
fpc = compressive stress in concrete at centroid of cross 𝟐𝑨𝒐 𝑨𝒕 𝒇𝒚𝒕
𝑻𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 𝑆𝑒𝑐 411.7.3.6
section, MPa 𝒔
λ = modification factor for lightweight concrete where:
At = area of one leg of closed stirrup resisting torsion
Torsional Moments from Slabs Ao = 0.85Aoh
Unless determined by a more exact analysis, it shall be It shall be permitted to take 𝜃 equal to:
permitted to take the torsional loading from a slab as a. 45o for nonprestressed members or members with less
uniformly distributed along the member. prestress than in (b); or
b. 37.5o for prestressed members with an effective prestress
Critical Section for Torsion force not less than 30% of the tensile strength of the
In non-prestressed members, sections located less than a longitudinal reinforcement.
distance d from the face of a support shall be designed for not
less than Tu computed at a distance d. If a concentrated torque
occurs within this distance, the critical section for design shall
be at the face of the support.
In prestressed members, sections located less than a distance
h/2 from the face of a support shall be designed for not less
than Tu computed at a distance h/2. If a concentrated torque
occurs within this distance, the critical section for design shall
be at the face of the support.
Additional Longitudinal Reinforcement (sec 411.7.3.7)
𝐴𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Torsional Moment Strength 𝐴𝑙 = 𝑝ℎ cot 2 𝜃
𝑠 𝑓𝑦
To reduce unsightly cracking and to prevent crushing of the
Minimum Torsion Reinforcement
surface, the size of the section must be limited as follows: (sec
411.7.3) Minimum area of transverse closed stirrups shall be computed
by: Sec. 411.7.5.1
For Solid Sections:
𝑏𝑤 𝑠 0.35𝑏𝑤 𝑠
2 𝐴𝑢 + 2𝐴𝑙 = 0.062√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≥
𝑉 2 𝑇𝑃 𝑉 2 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
√( 𝑢 ) + ( 𝑢 ℎ2 ) ≤ ∅ ( 𝑐 + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3 Minimum area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement is (Sec.
For Hollow Sections: 411.7.5.1)
𝑉𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 𝑉𝑐 2 5√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑡
( )+( ) ≤ ∅( + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐) 𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 𝑝
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴2𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3 12𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ℎ
where:
Aoh = area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed Spacing of Torsion Reinforcement
traverse reinforcement, mm2 1. The spacing of transverse torsion reinforcement shall not
Ph = perimeter of centerline of the outermost closed traverse exceed the smaller of ph/8 or 300 mm sec 411.7.6.1
reinforcement, mm 2. The longitudinal bar or tendon shall be inside the stirrups
with a maximum spacing of 300 mm. There shall be at least
Torsional Moment Strength one longitudinal bar or tendon in each of the stirrup.
Longitudinal bars shall have a diameter at least 1/24 times the
stirrup spacing, but not less than 10 mm. sec 411.7.6.2
3. Torsional reinforcement shall be provided for a distance of
at least (bt + d) beyond the point required by analysis. Sec
411.7.6.3
bt = width of that part of cross section containing the closed
stirrups resisting torsion, mm

Example
Design for Torsion Moment The one way slab system shown supports a total deadload of 8
The required reinforcement for torsion shall be determined kPa and a liveload of 6 kPa. Design beam KL for torsion.
from: Using f’c = 28 MPa, ϕb = 20 mm, and cc = 40 mm. Use
∅𝑻𝒏 ≥ 𝑻𝒖 𝑆𝑒𝑐 411.7.3.5 approximate analysis. Column is 500 mm by 500 mm, beam is
300 mm by 500 mm, slab is 100 mm thick, and unit weight of Check size of section
concrete is 24 kN/m3. 2
𝑉 2 𝑇𝑃 𝑉 2
√( 𝑢 ) + ( 𝑢 ℎ2 ) ≤ ∅ ( 𝑐 + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
Table 6.5.4 – Approximate shears for nonprestressed
continuous beams and one-way slabs
Location Vu
Exterior face of interior support 1.15wuln/2
Face of all other supports wuln/2

Formative Assessment
For beam built integrally with supports, Vu at the support shall
be permitted to be calculated
Answer: At the face of the support
The maximum torsional shear stress in a circular shaft is ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75(160.1896616) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝑵
located at < 𝑉𝑢 = 304.200 𝑘𝑁
Answer: The circumference of the shaft ∴ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
Stress caused by twisting moment in circular shafts is c. Calculate the shear capacity of stirrups, Vscap
Answer: Shear stress 𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.66√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
The minimum torsional shear stress in a circular shaft is
located at 𝑉𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.66(√21)(350)(587.5) = 621.912804 𝑘𝑁
Answer: The center of the shaft 𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑠
The strength reduction factor for structural members in shear 𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐 304.200 − 120.1422462
𝑉𝑠 = =
is equal to ∅ 0.75
Answer: 0.75 𝑽𝒔 = 𝟐𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑵 < 𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 621.912804 𝑘𝑁
To avoid failure in beams, transverse reinforcement is ∴ 𝑜𝑘!
provided in the form of
𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑠 > 𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝 , 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Answer: stirrups
d. Critical span
Calculate the shear capacity of normal concrete using the
388.8 120.1422462
detailed calculation if f’c = 21 MPa, beam width = 300 mm = ; 𝑥 = 1865.678846 𝑚𝑚
and effective depth = 440 mm. 2700 2700 − 𝑥
𝑥 = 2ℎ = 2(650) = 1300 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓. 𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛.
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1.0)(√21)(300)(440) e. Spacing within x
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟖𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝑑 587.5
∅𝑽𝒄 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝑠≤ ≤ ≤ 146.875 𝑚𝑚
4 4
A 6.0 m simply supported beam has a clear span of 5.4 m and 𝑠 ≤ 8∅𝑏 ≤ 8(25) ≤ 200 𝑚𝑚
carries uniformly distributed dead (including self-weight) and 𝑠 ≤ 24∅𝑠 ≤ 24(10) ≤ 240 𝑚𝑚
live loads of 80 kN/m and 30 kN/m, respectively. The 𝑠 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚
dimension of the beam section is 350 mm by 650 mm 𝜋 2
reinforced with 2-25 mm diameter compression reinforcement 𝐴𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 2 [4 (10) ] (415)(587.5)
𝑠≤ ≤
and 5-25 mm diameter tension reinforcement. The 𝑉𝑠 245.4103384
compressive strength of concrete is 21 MPa, fy = 415 Mpa, ≤ 156.0569053 𝑚𝑚
diameter of stirrups = 10 mm, and concrete cover = 40 mm. ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 = 146.875 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦
Which of the following is one of the limiting spacing of 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎 (𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 5 𝑚𝑚)
stirrups? 𝑥 − 50 1866 − 50
Compute the shear force that will be carried by the stirrups. # 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑐𝑠 = = ≈ 𝟏𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔
𝑠 145
Calculate the number of hoops within the critical span of the f. spacing beyond x
beam. 𝜋
𝐴𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2 [ (10)2 ] (415)
Solution: 𝑠≤ ≤ 4 ≤ 655.539 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑏 25 0.062√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 0.062√21(350)
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 − = 650 − 40 − 10 − 𝜋
2 2 𝐴𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2 [ (10)2 ] (415)
𝒅 = 𝟓𝟖𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝑠≤ ≤ 4 ≤ 532.147327 𝑚𝑚
0.35√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 0.35(350)
a. Calculate the design shear, Vu
𝑑 587.5
388.8 𝑉𝑢 𝑠≤ ≤ ≤ 𝟐𝟗𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛!
= ; 𝑽 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 2 2
2700 2700 − 587.5 𝒖
VA = 388.8 kN
∴ 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒖𝒑𝒔 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝟏@𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎, 𝟏𝟑@𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 @𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏

The one way slab system shown supports a total deadload of 7

kPa and a liveload of 6.5kPa. Design beam KL for torsion.
Using f’c = 28 MPa, fs=10mm, fb=20mm, and cc=40mm. Use
RB = 388.8 kN
RA = 388.8 kN VB = 388.8 kN approximate analysis. Column is 500mm by 500mm, beam is
b. Shear capacity of concrete, Vc 300mm by 500mm, slab is 100 mm thick, and unit weight of
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 concrete is 24 kN/m3.

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1.0)(√21)(350)(587.5)
𝑉𝑐 = 160.1896616 𝑘𝑁
 1.15𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 1.15(32.52)(6.5)
𝑉𝐾 = = = 121.5435 𝑘𝑁
2 2
121.5435 121.5435 + 105.69
= ; 𝑥 = 3.476744186 𝑚
𝑥 6.5
𝑉𝑢 121.5435
= ;
3476.744186 − 440 3476.744186
𝑉𝑢 = 106.16154 𝑘𝑁
10
𝑏𝑜ℎ = 300 − 40(2) − (2) = 𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎
2
10
ℎ𝑜ℎ = 500 − 40(2) − (2) = 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎
2
𝐴𝑜ℎ = 210(410) = 86100 𝑚𝑚2
Calculate the area of longitudinal reinforcement to be added
𝑃ℎ = 2(210 + 410) = 1240 𝑚𝑚
due to torsion in beam KL.
𝑙𝑛 = 3 − 0.30 = 2.70 𝑚 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1.0)√28(300)(440)
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2(7) + 1.6(6.5) = 18.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑉𝑐 = 118.7413188 𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 18.8(2.70)2 𝑉 2 𝑇𝑃
2
𝑉 2
𝑀𝐿 = = = 5.7105 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 √( 𝑢 ) + ( 𝑢 ℎ2 ) ≤ ∅ ( 𝑐 + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
24 24 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
𝑙𝑛 = 7 + 0.5 = 7.5
2
5.7105(6.5) 106161.54 2 (16.046505 × 106 )(1240)
𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐿 = = 18.559125 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 √( ) +( )
2 300(440) 1.7(86100)2
TK = 18.559125 kN 118.7413188 2
≤ 0.75 ( + √28)
300(440) 3
1.77190896 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 2.646402115 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∴ 𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆
d. Area of stirrups for torsion
2𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 → =
TL = 18.559125 kN 𝑠 𝑠 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
a. Critical Torque Tu 𝐴𝑡 16.046505 × 106
20 =
𝑑 = 500 − 40 − 10 − = 440 𝑠 2(0.85)(86100)(415)𝑐𝑜𝑡45
2 𝑨𝒕
𝑇𝑢 18.559125 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎
= ; 𝑻𝒖 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝒔
3250 − 440 3250 e. Area of main bars for torsion
b. Threshold Torsion ϕTc
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑥 = ℎ − ℎ𝑓 = 500 − 100 = 400 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑙 = 𝑝ℎ cot 2 𝜃
𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑥 = 4ℎ𝑓 = 4(100) = 400 𝑚𝑚 415
𝐴𝑐𝑝 = 300(500) + 400(100) = 190000 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑙 = 1240(0.2641680475) ( ) cot 2 45
415
𝑃𝑐𝑝 = 500 + 300 + 400 + 400 + 100 + 700 𝐴𝑙 = 327.5683789 𝑚𝑚2
∅𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝐴2𝑐𝑝 0.75(1.0)√28 1900002 5√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑡
∅𝑇𝑐 = = 𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 𝑝
12 𝑃𝑐𝑝 12 2400 12𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ℎ
∅𝑻𝒄 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝑚 < 𝑇𝑢 5√28(190000) 415
𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 0.2641680475 (1240)
∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 12(415) 415
c. Check size of section 𝑨𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔𝟖𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑤𝑢 = [1.2(7) + 1.6(6.5)](1.5) + 1.2(0.3)(0.5)(24)

= 32.52 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 (32.52)(6.5)
𝑉𝐿 = = = 105.69 𝑘𝑁
2 2
 Principle of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete Reinforcement
fy, MPa As, min
Module 6: Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Type
Slabs Deformed
< 420 0.0020𝐴𝑔
bars
One-Way Slab 0.0018 × 420
Reinforced concrete slabs are large flat plates that are Deformed bars 𝐴𝑔
Greater 𝐹𝑦
supported at its sides by beams, walls, or by the ground. If the
or welded wire ≥ 420
of:
slab is supported on two opposite sides only, they are referred reinforcement 0.0014𝐴𝑔
to as one way slab. If the slab is supported in all four sides and
the long is more than twice the short side, the slab is classified
424.4.3.3 The spacing of deformed shrinkage and temperature
as one way slab.
reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of 5h and 450 mm.

Minimum Slab Thickness

Situation 1: Design all one way slab to carry the given loads.
Table 407.3.1.1 Minimum Thickness of Solid Non-Prestressed Use f’c = 21MPa, fy = 415MPa, rebar diameter = 12mm, and
One-Way Slabs concrete cover = 20mm.
Support Condition Minimum h
Simply supported l/20
One end continuous l/24
Both ends continuous l/28
Cantilever l/10
Expression applicable for normal weight concrete and fy =
420 MPa. For other cases, minimum h shall be modified in
accordance with Sections 407.3.1.1.1 through 407.3.1.1.3, as
appropriate.

407.3.1.1.1 For fy other than 420 MPa, the expressions in

Table 407.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by (0.4+fy/700). 𝐿𝐿 = 2.40 𝑘𝑃𝑎
407.3.1.1.2 For non-prestressed slabs made of lightweight 𝐹𝑙𝑟. 𝐹𝑖𝑛 = 1.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎
concrete having wc in the range of 1440 to 1840 kg/m3, the 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 23.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
expressions in Table 407.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by the 𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.70 𝑘𝑃𝑎
greater of (a) and (b): 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 01.10 𝑘𝑃𝑎
a. 1.65 – 0.0003wc 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 300 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 450 𝑚𝑚
b. 1.09 Solution:
A. Slab Thickness
Minimum Reinforcement for One-Way Slab 𝑙 3000
Table 407.6.1.1 As, min for Non-Prestressed One-Way Slabs = = 125 𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 24 24
Reinforcement fy, MPa As, min 𝑙 3000
= = 110 𝑚𝑚
Type 28 28
B. Design Load, Wu
Deformed < 420 0.0020𝐴𝑔
bars 𝑤𝐷𝐿 = [0.70 + 1.0 + 0.1 + 23.6(0.125)](1 𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝)
𝑘𝑁
Deformed bars ≥ 420 Greater 0.0018 × 420 𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 4.75
or welded wire of: 𝐴𝑔 𝑚
𝐹𝑦
reinforcement 𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 2.40(1 𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝)
0.0014𝐴𝑔 𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 2.40
𝑚
407.7.2.3 Maximum spacing s of deformed reinforcement 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2(4.75) + 1.6(2.40)
shall be the lesser of 3h and 450 mm. 𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑢 = 9.54
𝑚
Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement C. Design of Slab
Location Coeff Moment b d ρreq’d As Spacing T&S
Table 424.4.3.2 Minimum Ratios of Deformed Shrinkage and
A 1/24 2.898 1000 99 0.00080 250 375 450
Temperature Reinforcement Area to Gross Concrete Area
AB 1/14 4.968 1000 99 0.00138 250 375 450
 B 1/10 6.955 1000 99 0.00194 250 375 450 408.3 Design Limits
B 1/11 6.322 1000 99 0.00176 250 375 450
408.3.1 Minimum Slab Thickness
BC 1/16 4.347 1000 99 0.00120 250 375 450
C 1/11 6.322 1000 99 0.00176 250 375 450
408.3.1.1 For non-prestressed slabs without interior beams
C 1/10 6.955 1000 99 0.00194 250 375 450
spanning between supports on all sides, having a maximum
CD 1/14 4.968 1000 99 0.00138 250 375 450 ratio of long-to-short span of 2, overall slab thickness h shall
C 1/24 2.898 1000 99 0.00080 250 375 450 not be less than the limits in Table 408.3.1.1, and shall be at
Main Reinforcement least the value in (a) or (b), unless the calculated deflection
limits of Section 408.3.2 area satisfied:
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0020𝐴𝑔 = 0.002(1000)(125)
a. Slabs without drop panels as given in Section 408.2.4 …
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 125 mm.
𝐴𝑏 b. Slabs drop panels as given in Section 408.2.4 … 100 mm.
1000 = 452
𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠
3ℎ = 𝟑𝟕𝟓
Minimum Thickness
450
Temperature & Shrinkage Table 408.3.1.2 Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed Two-
Way Slabs with Beams Spanning between Supports on All
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0020𝐴𝑔 = 0.002(1000)(125)
Slides
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
αfm Minimum h, in.
𝐴𝑏 αfm ≤ 0.2 8.3.1.1 applies (a)
1000 = 452
𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠 𝑙𝑛 (0.8 +
𝑓𝑦
)
5ℎ = 625 Greater 200000 (b)
𝟒𝟓𝟎 0.2 < αfm ≤ 2.0 36 + 5𝛽(𝛼𝑓𝑚 − 0.2)
of:
5.0 (c)
Two-Way Slab 𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 + )
200000 (d)
When a rectangular concrete slab is supported on all four sides αfm > 2.0
Greater
of: 36 + 9𝛽
and the long to short ratio is less than or equal to 2.0. The
3.5 (e)
bending is considered in both directions and the flexural
reinforcements are provided in both directions. αfm is the average value of αf for all beams on edges of a panel
𝐿 and αf shall be calculated in accordance with 8.10.2.7.
≤ 2.0 ln is the clear span in the long direction, measured face-to-
𝑆
Methods face of beams (in.).
1. Direct Design Method β is the ratio of clear spans in long to short directions of slab.
2. Moment Coefficient Method
408.3.1.2.1 At discontinuous edges of slabs conforming to
Situation 2 (Direct Design Method): The floor framing plan Section 408.3.1.2, an edge beam with αf ≥ 0.80 shall be
of a reinforced concrete structure is shown in the figure. All provided, or the minimum thickness required by (b) or (d) of
rectangular beams are 300 mm wide and 500 mm deep, unit Table 408.3.1.2 shall be increased by at least 10 percent in the
weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3, f’c = 28MPa, fy = 345 MPa, panel with a discontinuous edge.
concrete cover = 20 mm, and diameter of bar = 10 mm. 𝑎𝑓 = ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural
Design short direction of slab EFHI using the following design stiffness of a width of slab bounded laterally by centerlines of
loads. FF = 1.25 kPa, Electromech = 0.10 kPa, Ceiling = 0.55 adjacent panels, if any, on each side of the beam
kPa, and LL = 3.80 kPa. 𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
𝑎𝑓 =
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
𝑎𝑓𝑚 = average value of αf for all beams on edges of a panel

Minimum Thickness
408.4.1.8 For monolithic or fully composite construction
supporting two-way slabs, a beam includes that portion of
slab, on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to
the projection of the beam above or below the slab, whichever
is greater, but not greater than four times the slab thickness.
Solution:
Distribution of Moments
Direct Design Method 408.10.3 Total Factored Static Moment for a Span
408.10.3.1 Total factored static moment, Mo, for a span shall Table 408.10.5.2 Portion of Exterior Negative
be calculated for a strip bounded laterally by the panel l2/l1
centerline on each side of the centerline of supports. αf1l2/l1 βt
0.5 1.0 2.0
408.10.3.2 The absolute sum of positive and average negative 0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Mu in each direction shall be at least: 0
≥ 2.5 0.75 0.75 0.75
𝒒𝒖 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐𝒏 0 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝑴𝒐 = (408.10.3.2) ≥ 1.0
𝟖 ≥ 2.5 0.90 0.75 0.45
408.10.3.2.1 In Eq. 408.10.3.2, ln is the clear span length in
Note: Linear interpolations shall be made between values
the direction that moments are considered, shall extend from
shown. βt is calculated using Eq. 408.10.5.2a where C is
face to face of columns, capitals, brackets, or walls, and shall
calculated using Eq. 408.10.5.2b.
be at least 0.65l1.
𝑬𝒄𝒃 𝑪
408.10.3.2.2 In Eq. 408.10.3.2, if the transverse span of panels 𝜷𝒕 = (408.10.5.2𝑎)
𝟐𝑬𝒄𝒔 𝑰𝒔
on either side of the centerline of supports varies, l2 shall be
taken as the average of adjacent transverse spans. 𝒙 𝒙𝟑 𝒚
𝑪 = ∑ (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 ) (408.10.5.2𝑏)
408.10.3.2.3 In Eq. 408.10.3.2, if the span adjacent and 𝒚 𝟑
parallel to a slab edge is being considered, the distance from
edge to panel centerline shall be substituted for l2. 408.10.5.3 For T- or L-sections, it shall be permitted to
408.10.4 Distribution of Total Factored Static Moment calculate the constant C in Eq. 408.10.5.2b by dividing the
408.10.4.1 In an interior span, Mo shall be distribution as section, as given in Section 408.4.1.8, in the separate
follows: 0.65Mo to negative moment and 0.35Mo to positive rectangular parts and summing the values of C for each part.
moment.
408.10.4.2 In an end span, Mo shall be distributed in 408.10.5.7 Factored Moments in Beams
accordance with Table 408.10.4.2. 408.10.5.7.1 Beams between supports shall resist the portion
Table 408.10.4.2 Distribution Coefficient for End Spans of column strip Mu in accordance with Table 408.10.5.7.1.
Slab with Slab without beams Table 408.10.5.7.1 Portion of Column Strips Mu in Beams
Exterior between interior supports Exterior
beams
edge
unrestrained
between all Without With edge
edge fully
restrained αf1l2/l1 Distribution coefficient
supports edge beam beam
Interior
0 0
0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.65
negative
≥ 1.0 0.85
Positive 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.35
Exterior Noted: Linear interpolation shall be made between values
0 0.16 0.26 0.30 0.65
negative
shown.

408.10.5 Factored Moments in Column Strips 408.4.1.5 A column strip is a design strip with a width on each
408.10.5.1 The column strip shall resist the portion of interior side of a column centerline equal to the lesser of 0.25l2 and
negative Mu in accordance with Table 408.10.5.1. 0.25l1. A column strip shall include beams within the strip, if
Table 408.10.5.1 Portion of Interior present.
Negative Mu in Column Strip 408.4.1.6 A middle strip is a design strip bounded by two
l2/l1 column strips.
αf1l2/l1
0.5 1.0 2.0
0 0.75 0.75 0.75 Summary of Moments
SHORT DIRECTION
≥ 1.0 0.90 0.75 0.45 Location Moment b d ρreq ρmin ρused As Spacing
LS 7.442 1100 120 0.00153 0.00406 0.00406 535.92 160
E MS 4.007 1100 120 0.00082 0.00406 0.00406 535.92 160
Note: Linear interpolations shall be made between values RS 7.442 1100 120 0.00153 0.00406 0.00406 535.92 160
LS 59.523 4500 120 0.00302 0.00406 0.00406 2192.4 160
shown. EF MS 32.051 4500 120 0.00161 0.00406 0.00406 2192.4 160
RS 59.523 4500 120 0.00302 0.00406 0.00406 2192.4 160
LS 7.761 1100 120 0.00160 0.00406 0.00406 535.92 160
F MS 4.179 1100 120 0.00085 0.00406 0.00406 535.92 160
RS 7.761 1100 120 0.00160 0.00406 0.00406 535.92 160
408.10.5.5 The column strip shall resist the portion of positive
Mu in accordance with Table 408.10.5.5.
l2/l1
Moment Coefficient Method
αf1l2/l1 Short Span Long
0.5 1.0 2.0 Values of m Span, all
Moments
0.5 and values of
0 0.60 0.60 0.60 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 m
less
Case 1 – Interior panels
≥ 1.0 0.90 0.75 0.45 Negative moment at
Continuous Edge 0.033 0.04 0.048 0.055 0.063 0.083 0.033
Note: Linear interpolations shall be made between values Discontinuous Edge - - - - - - -
Positive Moment at Mid Span 0.025 0.03 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.062 0.025
shown. Case 2 – One Edge Discont.
Negative moment at
408.10.5.2. The column strip shall resist the portion of exterior Continuous Edge
Discontinuous Edge
0.041
0.021
0.048
0.024
0.055
0.027
0.062
0.031
0.069
0.035
0.085
0.042
0.041
0.021
negative Mu in accordance with Table 408.10.5.2. Positive Moment at Mid Span 0.031 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.052 0.064 0.031
 Case 3 – 2 Edges Discont.
Negative moment at 𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 1.90(1 𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝)
Continuous Edge 0.049 0.057 0.064 0.071 0.078 0.090 0.049
Discontinuous Edge 0.025 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.039 0.045 0.025 𝑘𝑁
Positive Moment at Mid Span 0.037 0.043 0.048 0.054 0.059 0.068 0.037 𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 1.90
Case 4 – 3 Edges Discont. 𝑚
Negative moment at
Continuous Edge 0.058 0.066 0.074 0.082 0.090 0.098 0.058 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2(3.724) + 1.6(1.90)
Discontinuous Edge 0.029 0.033 0.037 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.029
Positive Moment at Mid Span 0.044 0.050 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.074 0.044 𝑘𝑁
Case 5 – All Edges Discont. 𝑤𝑢 = 7.5088
Negative moment at
Continuous Edge - - - - - - -
𝑚
Discontinuous Edge
Positive Moment at Mid Span
0.033
0.050
0.038
0.057
0.043
0.064
0.047
0.072
0.053
0.080
0.055
0.083
0.033
0.05
C. Design of Slab
Location Coeff Moment b d ρreq’d As Spacing T&S
1 1/24 1.584 1000 65 0.00153 180 270 436
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑞𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 (1.0 𝑚) 12 1/14 2.715 1000 65 0.00264 180 270 436
C = Moment Coefficient 2 1/10 4.693 1000 65 0.00464 180 270 436

qu = Pressure Load 2 1/11 4.266 1000 65 0.00407 180 270 436

23 1/16 3.549 1000 65 0.00348 180 270 436
ln = Clear span in the direction being analyzed
3 1/11 4.266 1000 65 0.00407 180 270 436
3 1/10 4.693 1000 65 0.00464 180 270 436
Situation 3 (Moment Coefficient Method): The floor framing 34 1/14 2.715 1000 65 0.00264 180 270 436

plan of a reinforced concrete structure is shown in the figure. 4 1/24 1.584 1000 65 0.00153 180 270 436

All rectangular beams are 300 mm wide and 500 mm deep, unit 276
weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3, f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 345 MPa, 𝑀 = 0.9𝜌(1000)(65)2 (276) (1 − 0.59𝜌 )
21
concrete cover = 20mm, and diameter of bar = 10mm. Design Main Reinforcement
slab EFHI using the following design loads. FF = 1.25 kPa,
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0020𝐴𝑔 = 0.002(1000)(90)
Electromech = 0.10 kPa, Ceiling = 0.55 kPa, and LL = 3.80 kPa.
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑏
Summary of Moments 1000 = 436
SHORT DIRECTION
𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠
Location
H
Coeff
0.06102
Moment
16.509 1000
b
110
d ρreq
0.00454
ρmin
0.00406
ρused
0.00454
As
499.4
Spacing
155
3ℎ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎
HE 0.04616 12.489 1000 110 0.00341 0.00406 0.00406 446.6 155 450
E 0.06102 16.509 1000 110 0.00454 0.00406 0.00454 499.4 155
LONG DIRECTION
Temperature & Shrinkage
Location
E
Coeff
0.041
Moment
22.542 1000
b
110
d ρreq
0.00629
ρmin
0.00406
ρused
0.00629
As
691.9
Spacing
110
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0020𝐴𝑔 = 0.002(1000)(125)
EF
F
0.031
0.021
17.044
11.546
1000
1000
110
110
0.00470
0.00315
0.00406
0.00406
0.00470
0.00406
517.0
446.6
110
110
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑏
1000 = 𝟒𝟑𝟔
Supplementary 𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠
The one-way slab AB12 of the floor plan shown has the 5ℎ = 450
450
following properties: compressive strength=21 MPa, fy=276
MPa, main rebar= 10mm, and concrete cover is 20mm.
The floor system shown support the given pressure loads. For
slab S, the compressive strength=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, rebar
diameter= 10mm, and concrete cover is 20mm.

A. Slab thickness:
𝐿 𝑓𝑦 2500 276
ℎ= (0.4 + )= (0.4 + )
24 700 24 700
ℎ = 82.73809524 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 𝑓𝑦 2500 276
ℎ= (0.4 + )= (0.4 + )
28 700 28 700
ℎ = 85.10204082 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ = 90 𝑚𝑚
B. Design Load, Wu
𝑤𝐷𝐿 = [0.50 + 1.0 + 0.1 + 23.6(0.09)](1 𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝)
𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 3.724 Preliminary Slab Thickness
𝑚
ℎ = 90 𝑚𝑚
 𝑓𝑦 𝜶𝒇𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟏
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 + ) (5000 − 300) (0.8 + 415 )
200000 1400 For 𝛼𝑓3
ℎ= =
36 + 9𝛽 5000 − 300
36 + 9 ( ) 395 105
3500 − 300 (300)(395) ( ) + 1090(105) (395 + )
ӯ= 2 2
ℎ = 104.7002268
300(395) + 1090(105)
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ = 105 𝑚𝑚
ӯ = 320.3267869 𝑚𝑚
For 𝛼𝑓1
695 300(395)3 1090(105)3 395 2
𝐼𝑏 = + + 300(395) (ӯ − )
12 12 2
x 105 105 2
+ 1090(105) (500 − ӯ − )
2
500 𝐼𝑏 = 5.284641373 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
(1750 + 2000)(105)3
𝐼𝑠 = ; 𝐼𝑠 = 361.7578125 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
300 12
𝐼𝑏 5.284641373 × 109
𝑥 = 500 − 105 = 395 𝑚𝑚 𝛼𝑓3 = =
𝐼𝑠 361.7578125 × 106
𝑥 = 4(105) = 420 𝑚𝑚 𝜶𝒇𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟐
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥 = 395 𝑚𝑚 For 𝛼𝑓4
395 105
(300)(395) ( ) + 695(105) (395 + ) 395 105
ӯ= 2 2 (300)(395) ( ) + 695(105) (395 + )
ӯ= 2 2
300(395) + 695(105)
300(395) + 695(105)
ӯ = 292.7800627 𝑚𝑚
ӯ = 292.7800627 𝑚𝑚
300(395)3 695(105)3 395 2
𝐼𝑏 = + + 300(395) (ӯ − ) 300(395)3 695(105)3 395 2
12 12 2 𝐼𝑏 = + + 300(395) (ӯ − )
2 12 12 2
105
+ 695(105) (500 − ӯ − ) 105 2
2 + 695(105) (500 − ӯ − )
2
𝐼𝑏 = 4.43046451 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑏 = 4.43046451 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
1900(105)3
𝐼𝑠 = ; 𝐼𝑠 = 183.290625 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 (2500 + 150)(105)3
12 𝐼𝑠 = ; 𝐼𝑠 = 255.6421875 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐼𝑏 4.43046451 × 109
𝛼𝑓1 = = 𝐼𝑏 4.43046451 × 109
𝐼𝑠 183.290625 × 106 𝛼𝑓4 = =
𝐼𝑠 255.6421875 × 106
𝜶𝒇𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗
𝜶𝒇𝟒 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟑
For 𝛼𝑓2
For mean 𝛼
1090
24.17180099 + 9.960156901 +
105
𝛼𝑓𝑚 = 14.60823012 + 17.33072523
4
𝜶𝒇𝒎 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟏
395
For 𝑞𝑢
𝑞𝑢 = 1.2[1.20 + 0.10 + 2.0 + 24(0.105)] + 1.6(4.8)
300
𝑞𝑢 = 14.664 𝑘𝑃𝑎
395 105
(300)(395) ( ) + 1090(105) (395 + )
ӯ= 2 2 Moment Coefficient Method
300(395) + 1090(105)
Slab Thickness
ӯ = 320.3267869 𝑚𝑚
2(5 + 3.5)
300(395)3 1090(105)3 395 2 ℎ= ; ℎ = 94.44444444 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑏 = + + 300(395) (ӯ − ) 180
12 12 2 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ = 95 𝑚𝑚
2
105 𝑞𝑢 = 1.2[1.20 + 0.10 + 2.0 + 24(0.095)] + 1.6(4.8)
+ 1090(105) (500 − ӯ − )
2
𝑞𝑢 = 14.376 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑏 = 5.284641373 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
At support 1,
(2500 + 3000)(105)3
𝐼𝑠 = ; 𝐼𝑠 = 530.578125 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 3.5
12 𝑚= = 0.7
5
𝐼𝑏 5.284641373 × 109
𝛼𝑓2 = = 𝑀1 = 𝐶𝑞𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 (1.0 𝑚) = 0.036(14.376)(3.2)2 (1.0)
𝐼𝑠 530.578125 × 106
𝑴𝟏 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
At Support 2 (Negative),
𝑀2 = 𝐶𝑞𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 (1.0 𝑚) = 0.071(14.376)(3.2)2 (1.0)
𝑴𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
At Support 12 (Positive)
𝑀3 = 𝐶𝑞𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 (1.0 𝑚) = 0.054(14.376)(3.2)2 (1.0)
𝑴𝟑 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

Minimum Thickness
Table 408.3.1.2 Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed Two-
Way Slabs with Beams Spanning between Supports on All
Slides
αfm Minimum h, mm
αfm ≤ 0.2 8.3.1.1 applies (a)
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 + )
Greater 1400 (b)
0.2 < αfm ≤ 2.0 36 + 5𝛽(𝛼𝑓𝑚 − 0.2)
of:
125 (c)
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 + )
Greater 1400 (d)
αfm > 2.0 36 + 9𝛽
of:
90 (e)
 SA2 Reviewer C. Shear Capacity of Steel Reinforcement, ∅𝑽𝒔
from Engr. Trinidad’s Lecture 𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐 246.24 − 0.75(98.95109903)
𝑉𝑠 = =
∅ 0.75
Design of Members for Shear Reinforcement 𝑉𝑠 = 229.368901 𝑘𝑁
Situation 1: Design the shear for diameter 10 mm stirrups for 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 250 × 440
𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.66√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 0.66(√28) ( )
the beam shown below, for which wD = 40 kN/m and wL = 6 1000 1000
kN/m, f’c = 28 MPa, normal weight, and fyt = 415 MPa. 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 384.1630904 𝑘𝑁
cc = 40 mm, bw = 250 mm h = 500 mm, dbs = 10 mm, 𝑉𝑠 < 𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒
db = 20 mm, L = 4.3 m, column = 350 x 350 mm, λ = 1.0. If 𝑉𝑠 ≥ 𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the section is inadequate. Therefore, resize the
beam.
D. Spacing of Stirrups
250 × 440
𝑉𝑧 = 0.33√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.33√28 ( )
1000
𝑉𝑧 = 192.0815452 𝑘𝑁
1
𝑉𝑠 > 𝑉𝑧 ∴ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦
2
4.3 m 𝑑 440
𝑠= = ; 𝑠 = 110 𝑚𝑚
4 4
Vu1 Vu2 𝑠 = 300 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 = 110 𝑚𝑚
Seismic provision for the stirrups
𝑑 440
𝑠= = ; 𝑠 = 110 𝑚𝑚
4 4
𝑠 = 8∅𝑏 = 8(20); 𝑠 = 160 𝑚𝑚
𝑠 = 24∅𝑠 = 24(10); 𝑠 = 240 𝑚𝑚
Factored Loads, 𝑠 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 2
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2(40) + 1.6(60) = 144 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 2 [4 (10) ] (415)(440)
𝑠= = ;
144 × (4.3 + 0.35) 𝑉𝑠 229.368901 × 103
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐵 = = 334.8 𝑘𝑁
2 𝑠 = 125.0506969 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢1 = 334.8 𝑘𝑁 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 = 110 𝑚𝑚
334.8 𝑉𝑢2 Determining the number of stirrups based on Vs
= ; 𝑉 = 309.6 𝑘𝑁
0.5(4.3 + 0.35) 0.5(4.3) 𝑢2 Spacing of stirrups within the length x
Effective depth, 246.24 74.21332427
20 = ; 𝑥 = 1.502019789 𝑚
𝑑 = 500 − 40 − 10 − = 440 𝑚𝑚 4.3 4.3
−𝑥
2 2 2
𝑥 = 2ℎ = 2(0.500) = 1𝑚
A. Design Shear, Vu ∴ 𝑥 = 1.502019789 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠
- Vu at the face of the left support: Number of pieces
𝐿 4.3 𝑥(103 ) − 50 (1.502019789 × 103 ) − 50
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 = (144); 𝑉𝑢 = 309.6 𝑘𝑁 𝑛= =
2 2 𝑠 110
- Vu at a distance d from the face of support 𝑛 ≈ 14 𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠
𝑉𝑢 309.6 Spacing of stirrups beyond x
= ; 𝑉𝑢 = 246.24 𝑘𝑁
4.3 440 4.3 𝜋
− 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2 [ (10)2 ] (415)
2 1000 2
𝑠= = 4
0.062√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 0.062√28(250)
B. Shear Concrete Capacity, ∅𝑽𝒄 𝑠 = 794.7989046 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 250 × 440 𝜋
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 0.17(1.0)(√28) ( ) 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2 [ (10)2 ] (415)
1000 1000 𝑠= = 4
𝑉𝑐 = 98.95109903 𝑘𝑁 0.35𝑏𝑤 0.35(250)
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75(98.95109903); 𝑠 = 745.0062579 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑉𝑐 = 74.21332427 𝑘𝑁 use 10-mm ∅ stirrups spaced 1@50mm,14@110mm, rest
@2250mm to CL (Midspan)
Compute the value of Vc at a distance of 1000 mm from the
face of the left support of the beam. Using the detailed method
for calculating Vc.
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (10)2 = 1256.637061 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠 1256.637061
𝜌𝑤 = = ; 𝜌𝑤 = 0.01142397329
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 250(440)
From the shear and moment diagram (center-to-center)
Vu at center of the support (left side)
1. Is Torsion Reinforcing Needed?
𝐿 4.3 + 0.35
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 ( ) = 144 ( ) ; 𝑉𝑢 = 334.8 𝑘𝑁 𝐴𝑐𝑝 = 𝑏ℎ = 350(650); 𝐴𝑐𝑝 = 227500 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 0 𝑃𝑐𝑝 = 2(𝑏 + ℎ) = 2(350 + 650); 𝑃𝑐𝑝 = 2000 𝑚𝑚
Vu at 1000 mm from the face of the support ∅√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴2𝑐𝑝
∅𝑇𝑐 = = 8.558385393 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐿 4.3 12 𝑃𝑐𝑝
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 ( ) − 𝑤𝑢 𝑥 = 144 ( ) − 144(1)
2 2 𝑇𝑢 > ∅𝑇𝑐 ∴ 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 165.6 𝑘𝑁 2. Compute Sectional Properties
𝑤𝑢 𝐿𝑥 𝑤𝑢 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑀𝑢 = − 𝐴𝑜ℎ =
2 2 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠
0.35 ∅𝑠 12
144(4.3 + 0.35) (1 + )
= 2 𝑥 = 𝑏 − 2 (𝑐𝑐 + ) = 350 − 2 (40 + )
2 2 2
0.35 2 𝑥 = 258 𝑚𝑚
144 (1 + )
− 2 ∅𝑠 12
2 𝑦 = ℎ − 2 (𝑐𝑐 + ) = 650 − 2 (40 + )
2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 293.985 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑦 = 558 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢 𝑑
≤ 1.0 𝑃ℎ = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 2(258 + 558)
𝑀𝑢
𝑃ℎ = 1632 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢 𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = (0.16𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 )( ) 𝐴𝑜ℎ = 𝑥𝑦 = 258(558); 𝐴𝑜ℎ = 143964 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑢 1000
𝐴𝑜 = 0.85𝐴𝑜ℎ = 0.85(143964)
𝑉𝑐
𝐴𝑜 = 122369.4 𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ
= [0.16(1)√28 ∅𝑏 25
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 − = 650 − 40 − 12 −
165.6(440) 250(440) 2 2
+ 17(0.01142397329) 3
][ ] 𝑑 = 585.5 𝑚𝑚
293.985 × 10 1000
3. Is the concrete section sufficiently large to support the
𝑉𝑐 = 98.42521033 𝑘𝑁 torsion?
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 350 × 585.5
𝑉𝑐 = (0.16𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 ) ( ) 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 0.17(1.0)(√28) ( )
1000 1000 1000
250(440) 𝑉𝑐 = 184.3413997 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = [0.16(1.0)√28 + 17(0.01142397329)] [ ]
1000
2
𝑉𝑐 = 114.4932762 𝑘𝑁 𝑉 2 𝑇𝑃 𝑉 2
√( 𝑢 ) + ( 𝑢 ℎ2 ) ≤ ∅ ( 𝑐 + √𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 250(440) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
𝑉𝑐 = 0.29𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ( ) = 0.29(1)(√28) [ ]
1000 1000 2 2
190 × 103 (30 × 103 )(1632)
𝑉𝑐 = 168.7989336 𝑘𝑁 √( ) +( )
350(585.5) 1.7(143964)2
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑐 = 98.42521033 𝑘𝑁 184.3413997 2
≤ 0.75 ( + √28)
350(585.5) 3
Design of Members for Torsion Reinforcement 0.9271695176 ≤ 4.42722386
Situation 2: Design the torsional reinforcing for the beam ∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
shown below.
4. Determine the transverse torsional reinforcing required
f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 420 MPa, Vu = 190 kN, Tu = 30 kN-m,
𝑇𝑢 30
As = 2050 mm2 for Mu, dbs = 12 mm, cc = 40 mm, 𝑇𝑛 = = ; 𝑇 = 40 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
∅ 0.75 𝑛
b = 350 mm, h = 650 mm, db = 25 mm, 𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛 1 40000 1
λ = 1.0 normal weight concrete = =
𝑠 2𝐴𝑜 𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2(122369.4)(420) 𝑡𝑎𝑛45
 𝐴𝑡 𝑚𝑚2 𝜋
= 0.3891417921 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝐴𝑏 = (25)2 = 490.8738521 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠 𝑚 4
5. Calculate the area of shear reinforcing required. 𝐴𝑠
= 4.176225707 𝑠𝑎𝑦 5 𝑝𝑐𝑠
1 𝐴𝑏
𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 if with torsion
2
∴ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑙 635.0794047
= = 211.6931349 𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐 190 − 0.75(184.3413997) 3 3
𝑉𝑠 = = 𝐴𝑙
∅ 0.75 + 𝐴𝑠 = 2261.693135 𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑠 = 68.99193363 𝑘𝑁 3
𝐴𝑙
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 68.99193363 𝑚𝑚2 + 𝐴𝑠
= = = 0.2805576578 𝑛= 3 ≈ 5 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 420(585.5) 𝑚 𝐴𝑏
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 top reinforcing due to torsion
6. Select stirrups, 12 mm 𝐴𝑙 635.0794047
= = 211.6931349 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠 3 3
𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑙
211.6931349
𝑤𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 2 ( ) +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑛= 3 = = 0.431
𝐴𝑏 490.8738521
𝑤𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 2(0.3891417921) + 0.2805576578
𝑎𝑦 2 𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝑜𝑓 25 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑚𝑚2 middle reinforcing due to torsion
𝑤𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 1.058841242 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠
𝑚 𝜋
Using 12 mm diameter stirrups 𝐴𝑏 = (12)2 = 113.0973355 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜋 𝐴𝑙 635.0794047
2 [ (12)2 ] = = 211.6931349 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠= 4 = 213.6247268 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 213 𝑚𝑚 3 3
𝑤𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓
𝐴𝑙
Maximum allowable spacing of stirrups 211.6931349
𝑛= 3 = = 1.86626247
𝑃ℎ 1632 𝐴𝑏 113.0973355
𝑠= = ; 𝑠 = 204 𝑚𝑚
8 8 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2 𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝑜𝑓 12 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑠 = 300 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑠 = 204 𝑚𝑚 Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Minimum area of stirrups Av (One-Way Slab)
𝑏𝑠 𝑏𝑠 Situation 3: A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with
𝐴𝑣 + 2𝐴𝑡 = 0.062√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≥ 0.35
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 its supports and consists of two equal spans, each with a clear
𝜋 span of 4.5 m. The service live load is 4.8 kN/m2 and 28 MPa
𝐴𝑣 + 2𝐴𝑡 = 2 [ (12)2 ] = 226.1946711 𝑚𝑚2 concrete is specified for use with steel and fy = 420 MPa.
4
350(204) 350(204) Design the slab.
0.062√28 ≥ 0.35
420 420 𝐿 = 4.5 𝑚, 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑜𝑘! ∴ 12 𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 24 3 , 𝑐𝑐 = 20 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑏 = 12 𝑚𝑚
7. Selection of longitudinal torsion reinforcing 𝑚
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 Grade 33 – Fy = 225 MPa
𝐴𝑙 = 𝑝ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
𝑠 𝑓𝑦 Grade 40 – Fy = 276 MPa
420 Grade 60 – Fy = 420 MPa
𝐴𝑙 = 1632(0.3891417921) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑡45)2
420 Solution:
𝐴𝑙 = 635.0794047 𝑚𝑚2 1. Estimate the thickness of the slab based on the minimum
5√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 thickness from the table:
𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 𝑝 𝐿 4.5
12𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ℎ ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = ;ℎ = 187.5 𝑚𝑚
24 24 𝑚𝑖𝑛
5√28(227500) 420 𝑠𝑎𝑦 ℎ = 190 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 0.3891417921 ( ) (1632)
12(420) 420 ℎ 190 𝑘𝑁
Slab: 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 24 ( ) = 4.56
𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 559.1833399 𝑚𝑚2 1090 1000 𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑙 ≥ 𝐴𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑘! Dead Load: 𝑤𝑑𝑙 = 4.56(1) = 4.56
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
use Al to distribute the reinforcing equally throughout the Live Load: 𝑤𝑙𝑙 = 4.8(1) = 4.8
𝑚
stirrups section
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑤𝑑𝑙 + 1.6𝑤𝑙𝑙 = 1.2(4.56) + 1.6(4.8)
𝐴𝑠 = 2050 𝑚𝑚2
 𝑘𝑁 𝑠 1000 𝑠 1000
𝑤𝑢 = 13.152 = ; =
𝑚 𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑠 113.0973355 342
At the exterior support: 𝑠 = 330.6939635 𝑚𝑚
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 13.152(4.5)2 𝑠 = 3ℎ = 3(190); 𝑠 = 570 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑒𝑥𝑡 = =
24 24 𝑠 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 11.097 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 = 330 𝑚𝑚
At the midspan support:
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 13.152(4.5)2 Midspan Support
𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑 = =
24 14 Main Reinforcement:
𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 19.02342857 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 19.02342857 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
At the interior support: 𝑓𝑦
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 13.152(4.5)2 19.02342857 × 106 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 )
𝑓 ′𝑐
𝑀𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑡 = =
24 9 19.02342857 × 106
𝑀𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 29.592 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
= 0.9𝜌(1000)(164)2 (420) (1
∅𝑏 12
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − = 190 − 20 − 420
2 2 − 0.59𝜌 )
𝑑 = 164𝑚𝑚 28
𝜌 = 0.0.001903209509
∅ = 0.9 𝑏 = 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 𝜌(1000)(164); 𝐴𝑠 = 312.1263595 𝑚𝑚2
Get the gross area:
Exterior Support
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑏ℎ = 1000(190) = 190000 𝑚𝑚2
Main Reinforcement:
𝐴𝑔
𝑀𝑢𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 11.097 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 × 420 × = 342 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑦
11.097 × 106 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 ) 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0014𝐴𝑔 = 266 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓 ′𝑐
420 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = 342 𝑚𝑚2
11.097 × 106 = 0.9𝜌(1000)(164)2 (420) (1 − 0.59𝜌 ) Spacing:
28
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝜌 = 0.001102258423 𝐴𝑏 = ∅ = (12)2 ; 𝐴𝑏 = 113.0973355 𝑚𝑚2
4 𝑏 4
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 𝜌(1000)(164); 𝐴𝑠 = 180.7703814 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠 1000 𝑠 1000
Get the gross area: = ; =
𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑠 113.0973355 342
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑏ℎ = 1000(190) = 190000 𝑚𝑚2 𝑠 = 330.6939635 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑔 𝑠 = 3ℎ = 3(190); 𝑠 = 570 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 × 420 × = 342 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑠 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0014𝐴𝑔 = 266 𝑚𝑚2 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 = 330 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = 342 𝑚𝑚2 Temperature and Shrinkage:
Spacing: 𝐴𝑔
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 × 420 × = 342 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑏 = ∅ = (12)2 ; 𝐴𝑏 = 113.0973355 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑦
4 𝑏 4 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0014𝐴𝑔 = 266 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠 1000 𝑠 1000
= ; = ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = 342 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑠 113.0973355 342
𝑠 = 330.6939635 𝑚𝑚 Spacing:
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑠 = 3ℎ = 3(190); 𝑠 = 570 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑏 = ∅ = (12)2 ; 𝐴𝑏 = 113.0973355 𝑚𝑚2
4 𝑏 4
𝑠 = 450 𝑚𝑚 𝑠 1000 𝑠 1000
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 = 330 𝑚𝑚 = ; =
𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑠 113.0973355 342
Temperature and Shrinkage: 𝑠 = 330.6939635 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑔 𝑠 = 3ℎ = 3(190); 𝑠 = 570 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 × 420 × = 342 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑠 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0014𝐴𝑔 = 266 𝑚𝑚2 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 = 330 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = 342 𝑚𝑚2
Spacing: Interior Support
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑏 = ∅2𝑏 = (12)2 ; 𝐴𝑏 = 113.0973355 𝑚𝑚2 Main Reinforcement:
4 4
 𝑀𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 29.592 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 Situation 4: Design the slab BCFG using Direct Design
𝑓𝑦 Method.
29.592 × 106 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 )
𝑓 ′𝑐
420
29.592 × 106 = 0.9𝜌(1000)(158)2 (420) (1 − 0.59𝜌 )
28
𝜌 = 0.002989791255
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 𝜌(1000)(164); 𝐴𝑠 = 490.3257658 𝑚𝑚2
Get the gross area:
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑏ℎ = 1000(190) = 190000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑔
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 × 420 × = 342 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝐿 = 6000 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠 = 5000 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑏 = 12 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0014𝐴𝑔 = 266 𝑚𝑚2 𝑐𝑐 = 20 𝑚𝑚, 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = 490.3257658 𝑚𝑚2 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒: 𝑏 = 300 𝑚𝑚, ℎ = 550 𝑚𝑚
Spacing: Loads:
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑏 = ∅2𝑏 = (12)2 ; 𝐴𝑏 = 113.0973355 𝑚𝑚2 FF = 1 kPa
4 4
Ceiling = 1 kPa
𝑠 1000 𝑠 1000
= ; = Electromechanical = 0.10 kPa
𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑠 113.0973355 490.3257658
𝑠 = 230.6575411 𝑚𝑚 γconc = 24 kN/m3
𝑠 = 3ℎ = 3(190); 𝑠 = 570 𝑚𝑚 LL = 2.4 kPa
𝑠 = 450 𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝑐𝑏 = 4700√21 = 21538.10577 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 = 230 𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝑐𝑠 = 4700√21 = 21538.10577 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Temperature and Shrinkage: Solution:
𝐴𝑔 𝐿 6000
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 × 420 × = 342 𝑚𝑚2 = = 1.2 < 2.0 ∴ 𝑡𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑓𝑦 𝑠 5000
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0014𝐴𝑔 = 266 𝑚𝑚2 A. Preliminary Thickness, h
𝑏 𝑏
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = 342 𝑚𝑚2 𝐿𝑛 = 𝐿 − − = 6000 − 300
2 2
Spacing:
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝐿𝑛 = 5700 𝑚𝑚 → 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝐴𝑏 = ∅ = (12)2 ; 𝐴𝑏 = 113.0973355 𝑚𝑚2 𝑏 𝑏
4 𝑏 4 𝑠𝑛 = 𝑠 − − = 5000 − 300
𝑠 1000 𝑠 1000 2 2
= ; = 𝑠𝑛 = 4700 𝑚𝑚 → 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑠 113.0973355 490.3257658
𝑠 = 230.6575411 𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑛 5700
𝛽= = ; 𝛽 = 1.212765957
𝑠 = 3ℎ = 3(190); 𝑠 = 570 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑛 4700
𝑠 = 450 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 415
𝐿𝑛 (0.8 + ) 5700 (0.8 + )
1400 1400
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 = 230 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑓 = =
36 + 9𝛽 36 + 9(1.212765957)
Shear Actual based on Approximate Method:
ℎ𝑓 = 133.2123421
1.15𝑤𝑢 𝐿 1.15(13.152)(4.5)
𝑉𝑢 𝑖𝑛𝑡 = = ; 𝑉𝑢 𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 34.0308 𝑘𝑁 ℎ𝑓 = 90 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑤𝑢 𝐿 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑓 = 135 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑒𝑥𝑡 = = 29.592 𝑘𝑁
2 B. Calculate α values
Shear Capacity of Concrete: For 𝛼𝑓1
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 64
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 0.17(1.0)(√28) ( ) 𝑥 = ℎ − ℎ𝑓 = 550 − 135 = 415 𝑚𝑚
1000 1000
but not greater than
𝑉𝑐 = 147.5270931 𝑘𝑁
𝑥 = 4ℎ𝑓 = 4(135) = 540 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑢
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥 = 415 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑜𝑘! 𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
5000 300
𝐿1 = + = 2650 𝑚𝑚
2 2
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs
𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ = 300(550); 𝐴1 = 165000 𝑚𝑚2
(Two-Way Slab)
𝐴2 = 𝑥ℎ𝑓 = 415(135); 𝐴2 = 56025 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 221025 𝑚𝑚2
 ℎ ℎ𝑓 6000 5000
𝐴1 ( ) + 𝐴2 (ℎ − ) 𝐿4 = + = 5500 𝑚𝑚
2 2 2 2
ӯ=
𝐴𝑡 𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ = 300(550); 𝐴1 = 165000 𝑚𝑚2
550 135
165000 ( ) + 56025 (550 − ) 𝐴2 = 2𝑥ℎ𝑓 = 415(135); 𝐴2 = 112050 𝑚𝑚2
= 2 2
221025 𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 277050 𝑚𝑚2
ӯ = 327.5967085 𝑚𝑚 ℎ ℎ𝑓
𝐴1 ( ) + 𝐴2 (ℎ − )
2 2 2
𝑏ℎ3 𝑥ℎ𝑓3 ℎ 2 ℎ𝑓 ӯ=
𝐼𝑏 = + + 𝑏ℎ (ӯ − ) + 𝑥ℎ𝑓 (ℎ − ӯ − ) 𝐴𝑡
12 12 2 2 550 135
165000 ( ) + 112050 (550 − )
𝐼𝑏 = 6.045242777 × 109 𝑚𝑚4 = 2 2
𝐿1 ℎ𝑓3 2650 × 1353 277050
𝐼𝑠 = = ; 𝐼𝑠 = 543.3328125 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 ӯ = 358.9212236 𝑚𝑚
12 12 2
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏 𝑏ℎ3 2𝑥ℎ𝑓3 ℎ 2 ℎ𝑓
𝛼𝑓1 = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟕 𝐼𝑏 = + + 𝑏ℎ (ӯ − ) + 2𝑥ℎ𝑓 (ℎ − ӯ − )
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 12 12 2 2
For 𝛼𝑓2 𝐼𝑏 = 7.202803831 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
6000 5000 𝐿2 ℎ𝑓3 5500 × 1353
𝐿2 = + = 5500 𝑚𝑚 𝐼𝑠 = = ; 𝐼𝑠 = 1.127671875 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
2 2 12 12
𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ = 300(550); 𝐴1 = 165000 𝑚𝑚2 𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
𝛼𝑓4 = = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟒
𝐴2 = 2𝑥ℎ𝑓 = 415(135); 𝐴2 = 112050 𝑚𝑚2 𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 277050 𝑚𝑚2 For 𝛼𝑓𝑚
ℎ ℎ𝑓 11.12622437 + 6.387322404 +
𝐴1 ( ) + 𝐴2 (ℎ − )
2 2
ӯ= 𝛼𝑓𝑚 = 8.782568305 + 6.387322404
𝐴𝑡 4
550 135 𝜶𝒇𝒎 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟏
165000 ( ) + 112050 (550 − )
= 2 2
277050
ӯ = 358.9212236 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑏ℎ3 2𝑥ℎ𝑓3 ℎ 2 ℎ𝑓
𝐼𝑏 = + + 𝑏ℎ (ӯ − ) + 2𝑥ℎ𝑓 (ℎ − ӯ − )
12 12 2 2
𝐼𝑏 = 7.202803831 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝐿2 ℎ𝑓3 5500 × 1353
𝐼𝑠 = = ; 𝐼𝑠 = 1.127671875 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
𝛼𝑓2 = = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟒
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
For 𝛼𝑓3
5000 3000
𝐿3 = + = 4000 𝑚𝑚
2 2
ℎ ℎ𝑓
𝐴1 ( ) + 𝐴2 (ℎ − )
2 2
ӯ=
𝐴𝑡
550 135
165000 ( ) + 112050 (550 − )
= 2 2
277050
ӯ = 358.9212236 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑏ℎ3 2𝑥ℎ𝑓3 ℎ 2 ℎ𝑓
𝐼𝑏 = + + 𝑏ℎ (ӯ − ) + 2𝑥ℎ𝑓 (ℎ − ӯ − )
12 12 2 2
𝐼𝑏 = 7.202803831 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝐿3 ℎ𝑓3 4000 × 1353
𝐼𝑠 = = ; 𝐼𝑠 = 820.125 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
𝛼𝑓3 = = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟓
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
For 𝛼𝑓4