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Design Parameters
 Pad Footing is an isolated foundation to spread a
concentrated load.
ECV 411  Foundation failure may arise as a result of:
1. Settlement as a result of allowable bearing capacity of
Foundation Engineering II the soil being exceeded. This condition allows the plan-
area of the base to be calculated, being equal to the
design load divided by the bearing capacity of the
soil. Base Area is calculated on the basis of
Serviceability Limit States
Pad Footing 2. Bending failure of the base and/or Shear failure of the
base – Strength of the foundation. Strength of the
Design – BS foundation – Ultimate Limit State
8110  Thickness of the base (Bending/shear)
 Areas of bending reinforcement (bending)

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Design Parameters Design Parameters

Base Areas: Since settlement of the structure takes place
during its working life, the design loading to be considered
when calculating the base areas should be those that
apply to serviceability limit state and typical values that can
be taken are:
The calculations to determine the strength of the
foundation, that is the thickness of the base and the areas
of bending reinforcement should be based on loads and
resultant ground pressures corresponding to the ultimate
limit state.

 Dead plus imposed load = 1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.0𝑄𝑘 The typical values that can be taken as:

 Dead plus wind load = 1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.0𝑊𝑘  Dead plus imposed load = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘

 Dead plus imposed plus wind load = 1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.0𝑄𝑘 +  Dead plus wind load = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.4𝑊𝑘
0.8𝑊𝑘
 Dead plus imposed plus wind load = 1.2𝐺𝑘 + 1.2𝑄𝑘 +
1.2𝑊𝑘

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Design Parameters Design Parameters

Table 1: Typical Allowable Bearing Values Table 1: Typical Allowable Bearing Values
Rock or Soil Typical Bearing value
(kN/m2)
Massive igneous bedrock 10,000
Sandstone 2,000 to 4,000
Shales and mudstone 600 to 2,000
Gravel, sand and gravel, 600
compact
Medium dense sand 100 to 300
Loose fine sand Less than 100
Hard clay 300 to 600
Medium clay 100 to 300
Soft clay Less than 75
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Pad Footing Design - Steps Pad Footing Design - Bending

The general procedure to be adopted for the design of
pad footings is as follows:
Step 1: Sizing of the Base Area: Calculate the plan area of
the footing using serviceability loads and the bearing D (a) Elevation
capacity of the soil – assume a suitable footing self
weight.
Step 2: Calculate the effective depth (d) of the footing - Load on shaded area to be
assume a suitable overall depth and a bar diameter. used in the design of bending
L (b) Plan reinforcement.
Step 3: Calculate bearing pressures associated with the
critical loading arrangement for ultimate limit state.
Step 4: Check that the shear stress at the face of the (c) Critical section for bending
B at the face f the column (Clause
column (face shear) is less than 5 N/mm2 or 0.8√fcu, 3.11.2.2 BS8110).
whichever is smaller. Plan area=BxL

Step 5: Determine the area of reinforcement required to

Figure 16: Critical section for bending at the face of the column
9 resist bending
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Pad Footing Design - Procedure Pad Footing Design - Shear

Step 6: Check the thickness for two way punching shear
1.0d
at a distance of 1.5d from the face of the column,
1.5d
assuming a probable value for the ultimate shear stress, face
𝑣𝑐 from the critical shear table (Figure 16 (d) and Table 1.5d shear
4).
Step 7: Check the thickness for one way or wide beam beam shear
shear at its critical sections at a distance of 1.0d from Punching shear
perimeter =column Load on shaded area to be used
the face of the column (Figure 16(e) and Table 4). perimeter+8×1.5d in the design of shear
Step 8: Show the reinforcement details (Figure 12). Load on shaded area to reinforcement.
be used in the design of
shear reinforcement.
(e) Critical sections for one way or
(d) Critical section for two way or beam shear and face shear.
punching shear

Figure 16: Critical section for (d) punching shear at 1.5d and (e) wide
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11 12 beam shear at 1.0d from the face of the column

Pad Footing Design Pad Footing Design

Values of design concrete shear stress, νc (Nmm−2) for fcu=25 Nmm−2
concrete (Table 3.8, BS 8110) The design concrete shear stress is determined using Table 4 (Table 3.8,
BS 8110).
Table 4: Values of design concrete shear stress, νc (Nmm−2) for
fcu=30 Nmm−2 concrete (Table 3.8, BS 8110)

For characteristic strengths other than 25 Nmm−2, the design concrete shear stress, νc, can
be determined by multiplying the values in this table by the factor (fcu/25)1/3.

The values in the table are in terms of the percentage area of

longitudinal tension reinforcement (100As/bd ) and effective depth of The values in the table are in terms of the percentage area of longitudinal
the section (d). tension reinforcement (100As/bd ) and effective depth of the section (d).
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Pad Footing Design – Example 1 Pad Footing Design – Example 1

Example 1. Design of a pad footing (BS 8110) To check if the local shear stress at the face of the column is as per
A 400 mm square column carries a dead load (Gk) of 1050 kN and requirement.
imposed load (Qk) of 300 kN. The safe bearing capacity of the soil is 170
kNm−2. Design a square pad footing to resist the loads assuming the Maximum shear stress (νmax) at face of the column.
following material strengths:
fcu = 35 Nmm−2 fy = 500 Nmm−2

Axial Load:
Dead = 1050 kN Face shear
Hence
Imposed = 300 kN

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Pad Footing Design – Example 1 Pad Footing Design – Example 1

To determine the reinforcement areas For durability and aesthetics, there is need to control cracking of the
required to resist bending concrete. This is usually achieved by providing minimum areas of
reinforcement in the member. However, too large an area of
reinforcement should also be avoided since it will hinder proper
placing and adequate compaction of the concrete around the
reinforcement.
Critical sections for
moment, punching (two
The area of tension reinforcement, As, should therefore lie within the
way) shear and wide
following limits:
beam (vertical or one −
way) shear 0.24%𝑏ℎ ≤ 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 4%𝑏ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑦 = 250 𝑁𝑚𝑚 2
−
0.13%𝑏ℎ ≤ 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 4%𝑏ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑦 = 500 (𝑜𝑟 460) 𝑁𝑚𝑚 2

If:
𝐴𝑠 ≤ 0.13%𝑏ℎ
Then:
𝐴𝑠 = 0.13%𝑏ℎ

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Pad Footing Design – Example 1 Pad Footing Design – Example 1

If for example the area is given by:
Or:
𝐴𝑠 = 2297.4 mm2
And minimum steel area is:

0.13%𝑏ℎ = 2340 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠

Then,
𝐴𝑠 = 2340 𝑚𝑚2

For detailing purposes this area of steel has to be transposed into

number of bars of a given diameter using steel area table shown
below.

For,
𝐴𝑠 = 2340 𝑚𝑚2

Provide 8T20 bars. As=2510 𝑚𝑚2

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Pad Footing Design – Example 1 Pad Footing Design – Example 1

CRITICAL SHEAR STRESSES
Punching shear is checked at 1.5d from the face
The design shear is the algebraic sum of all design ultimate vertical of the column, while one way shear is checked at
loads acting on one side of or outside the periphery of the critical 1.0d from the face of the column, then both are
section (see clauses 3.5.5 and 3.5.6). checked against probable value 𝑣𝑐 .

Design shear strength near concentrated loads

Design shear strength near concentrated loads is governed by the
more severe of the following two conditions.

a) Shear along a vertical section extending across the full width of a

base. See 3.5.5.2 and 3.5.5.3 (which deal with the design shear
resistance of slabs).

a) Punching shear around the loaded area.

one way/wide
No shear reinforcement is needed when 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑐. Punching Shear beam shear
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Pad Footing Design – Example 1 Pad Footing Design – Example 1

The design concrete shear stress is determined using Table 4 (Table 3.8, BS Generally, where the design shear stress exceeds the design
8110). concrete shear stress, shear reinforcement will be needed. This is
Table 4: Values of design concrete shear stress, νc (Nmm−2) for normally done by providing:
fcu=25 Nmm−2 concrete (Table 3.8, BS 8110)

1. Vertical shear reinforcement commonly referred to as ‘links’

2. A combination of vertical and inclined (or bentup) bars.

If 𝜈𝑐 > 𝜈, punching failure is unlikely and the depth assumed for the
slab will be acceptable. If not, there will be need to increase the
depth or design for shear reinforcement.

The values in the table are in terms of the percentage area of longitudinal
tension reinforcement (100𝐴𝑠/𝑏𝑑 ) and effective depth of the section (𝑑).

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Pad Footing Design – Example 1 Pad Footing Design – Example 1

 With a square base, the reinforcement to resist bending  A typical arrangement of reinforcement in a pad footing is shown in
the Figure below.
should be distributed uniformly across the full width of the
footing.

 For a rectangular base, the reinforcement in the short

direction should be distributed with a closer spacing in the
region near the column.

 Dowels or starter bars should extend from the footing into the Pad footing
column in order to provide continuity to the reinforcement. reinforcement detail

 The shearing force and bending moments are caused by the

ultimate loads from the column and the weight of the base
should not be included in these calculations.

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Pad Footing Design Pad Footing Design – Example 3

Example 2. Design of a pad footing (BS 8110)
The footing is required to resist characteristic axial loads of
1000 𝑘𝑁 dead and 350 𝑘𝑁 imposed from a 400 𝑚𝑚 square
column. The safe bearing pressure on the soil is 200 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 and
the characteristic material strengths are 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 35 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 =
460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2. Design a square pad footing to resist the loads.
A column 400 mm x 400 mm carries a dead load of 800 kN
and an imposed load of 300 kN. The safe bearing pressure
is 200 kN/m2. Design a square base to resist the loads. The
concrete is grade 35 and the reinforcement is grade 460.

Axial Load: Dead = 1000 kN

Imposed = 350 kN

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The End

Any Questions?

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