Introduction to Hydraulics

• Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the

mechanical properties of liquids or fluids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the
liquid version of pneumatics. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical
foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid
properties. In fluid power, hydraulics are used for the generation, control, and
transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids. Hydraulic topics range
through some part of science and most of engineering modules, and cover
concepts such as pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control
circuitry, pumps, turbines, hydropower, computational fluid dynamics, flow
measurement, river channel behavior and erosion.
FLUID DYNAMICS

• This is a branch of hydraulics dealing with the forces

exerted by or upon liquids in motion
 Newton’s Laws of Motion

First Law of Motion

• A body at rest or in motion with a uniform velocity along a straight
line will continue in the same state of rest or motion provided that the
net force acting on the body is zero
Newton’s Laws of Motion

Second Law of Motion

• The rate of change in the momentum of a moving body is proportional
to the force producing that change which occurs during or along the
straight line in which the force acts
 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Third Law of Motion

• For every action there is an equal add opposite reaction

F
Fnet
 Flow Properties

𝑁 𝐾𝑁
1.Pressure (P) in 𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎, 𝑜𝑟 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑚2
𝑚
2.Velocity (𝑣) in 𝑠
𝑚3
3.Discharge (Q) in
𝑠
Flow Rate - amount of flow with time

2 types of flow rate

Mass Flow Rate – Mass flow with respect to time
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
𝑚ሶ = = ( 𝑜𝑟 )
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
Volume Flow Rate – Volume with respect to time
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑚3 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑄= = ( 𝑜𝑟 )
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 𝑠 𝑠

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝑉𝑜𝑙

𝜌= 𝑚ሶ = = = 𝜌𝑄
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
 Definition of Terms
1.Streamlines are imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the direction
of motion in various section of flow of the fluid system.
 Definition of Terms
2. Stream tube represents elementary portion of a flowing fluid
bounded by a group of stream lines which confines the flow.
Classifications of Flow
• REAL FLOW – considers energy losses in the flow
• IDEAL FLOW – neglects the effects of viscosity and friction in fluid flow, thus no energy losses are considered

Ideal Flow Real Flow

Classifications of Flow
• UNIFORM FLOW - flow velocity and cross-sectional area of flow at a given
instant do not change with distance
• NON-UNIFORM FLOW – flow velocity and cross-sectional area of flow
varies with distance
𝑑𝑣
• Uniform Flow =0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
• Non-Uniform Flow ≠0
𝑑𝑡
Different Types of Flow
• STEADY FLOW – flow velocity and area of flow do not
change with time
• UNSTEADY FLOW – flow velocity and area of flow varies
with time

𝑑𝑣
• For Steady Flow, 𝑑𝑡 = 0

𝑑𝑣
• For Unsteady Flow, 𝑑𝑡 ≠0
 Reynold’s Number
• In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number (Re) is a
dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of
inertial forces to viscous forces for given flow conditions.
The Reynolds number is an important parameter that
describes whether flow conditions lead to laminar or turbulent
flow
• The Reynolds number is an experimental number used in fluid
flow to predict the flow velocity at which turbulence will occur.
It is described as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
For flow through a tube it is defined by the relationship:
Reynold’s Number

Where

Re = (ρ u2) / (μ u / L) Re = Reynolds Number (non-dimensional)

=ρuL/μ ρ = density (kg/m3, lbm/ft3 )
=uL/ν u = velocity based on the actual cross section area of the duct or pipe (m/s, ft/s)
μ = dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2, lbm/s ft)
L = characteristic length (m, ft)
ν = kinematic viscosity (m2/s, ft2/s)
Reynolds Number for a Pipe or Duct
Laminar Flow
When Re < 2000
• Laminar flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular
paths, in contrast to turbulent flow.
• In laminar flow, sometimes called streamline flow, the velocity, pressure, and other flow
properties at each point in the fluid remain constant. Laminar flow over a horizontal surface
may be thought of as consisting of thin layers, or laminar, all parallel to each other. The fluid in
contact with the horizontal surface is stationary, but all the other layers slide over each other. A
deck of new cards, as a rough analogy, may be made to “flow” laminarly.
• Laminar flow is common only in cases in which the flow channel is relatively small, the fluid is
moving slowly, and its viscosity is relatively high
Laminar Flow
 Turbulent Flow

• Flow descriptions such as Poiseuille's law are valid only for conditions
of laminar flow. At some critical velocity, the flow will become turbulent
with the formation of eddies and chaotic motion which do not contribute
to the volume flowrate. This turbulence increases the resistance
dramatically so that large increases in pressure will be required to further
increase the volume flowrate.
• In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime
characterized by chaotic property changes. This includes low momentum
diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure
and flow velocity in space and time.
Turbulent Flow
Law of Conservation of Mass
• Mass will always be constant
𝑖𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑸𝒊𝒏 = 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝑖𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝜌 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝝆𝒊𝒏 𝑸𝒊𝒏 = 𝝆𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
Basic Equations Used in Fluid Dynamics
1. Continuity Equation
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
Where:
Q = Discharge
A = Water Area
v = Mean or Average Velocity

𝑽𝒐𝒍 𝑨𝒅
𝑸= = = 𝑨𝒗
𝒕 𝒕
Energy Equation
Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed

𝐸𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑬𝒊𝒏 = 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
 Basic Equations Used in Fluid Dynamics

2.Energy Equation
• The total energy 𝐸𝑇 is the sum of three heads. That is,

𝑣2 𝑃
𝐸𝑇 = + +𝑧
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿
Mechanical Energies min mout

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 "g" is constant

Potential Energy = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 = 𝒉 𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒆 𝒎𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒇 𝒘𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍
𝑤 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚

𝒗𝟐
Kinetic Energy 𝟏
= 𝒎𝒗𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒈
𝑤

Work Energy 𝑷𝑨𝒅 𝑷

=𝑭×𝒅 = =
𝑤 𝜸𝑽 𝜸

𝑤 𝐹
𝛾= 𝑃≈𝑆=
𝑉 𝐴
• From the figure, applying energy equation between points 1 and 2,

𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + ∑ℎ𝐿

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ∑ℎ𝐿
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿
• Applying Bernoulli Energy Equation (Headloss are
Neglected)

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿
𝐸1 = 𝐸2
Flow Measurement
1.Pitot Tube

0 𝑣1
𝑣2 = 0

1 2 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷 𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟏 = 𝜸𝒉𝟏 𝒗𝑨 = 𝑪 (𝒗𝟏 ) Actual
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 + =
𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝑳 𝜸𝑳 𝑷𝟐 = 𝜸𝒉𝟐
 Flow Measurement
2.Venturimeter 1
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 2
0
h

𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝒗𝑨 = 𝒄𝒎 (𝒗𝟐) Actual
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿

𝑃1 + 𝛾𝑤 ℎ + 𝑧 − 𝛾𝐻𝑔 𝑧 − 𝛾𝑤 ℎ = 𝑃2 𝑣1 = (𝐴2 𝑣2 )/𝐴1

𝑣12 𝑣22 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ((𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 )/𝑨𝟏 )𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏

+0= + +0 +𝟎= + +𝟎
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝑳

𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
 3.Orificemeter
Flow Measurement
𝑆𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

1 2

𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐶
𝐶𝑐 = =
𝐴 𝑇 𝐴𝑂 𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿
𝑣𝐴 𝑣𝑗 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝐶𝑣 = =
𝑣𝑇 𝑣𝑜
𝑣12 𝑣22 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
𝑄𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝐴𝐴 +0= + +0 ((𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 )/𝑨𝟏 )𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏
𝐶𝑑 = = = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 +𝟎= + +𝟎
𝑄𝑇 𝑉𝑇 𝐴 𝑇 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝑳
 Example no. 01
• A fluid is flowing in a pipe 8 in. in diameter with a mean velocity of 10
ft. per sec. The pressure at the center of the pipe is 5 lb. per sq. in.,
and the elevation of the pipe above the assumed datum is 15 ft.
Compute the total head in feet if the fluid is (a) water, and (b) oil (sp.
gr 0.80).
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑑 = 8 𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 10 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 𝑣2 𝑃
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ℎ + +
2𝑔 𝛾
𝑃 = 5 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛2
12𝑖𝑛 2
2
ℎ = 15 𝑓𝑡 10 5×( )
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 15 + + 1𝑓𝑡
2(32.2) 62.4

0 elev 𝐸= 𝑓𝑡
 𝑂𝑖𝑙
𝑑 = 8 𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 10 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 𝑣2 𝑃
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ℎ + +
2𝑔 𝛾
𝑃 = 5 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛2
12𝑖𝑛 2
ℎ = 15 𝑓𝑡 102 5 ×( )
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 15 + + 1𝑓𝑡
2(32.2) 62.4(0.8)

0 elev 𝐸= 𝑓𝑡
 Example no. 02
• A liquid (sp. gr 2.0) is flowing in a 2-in.pipe. The total energy at a
given point is found to be 24.5 ft-lb per lb. The elevation of the pipe
above the datum is 10 ft., and the pressure in the pipe is 9.5 lb. per
sq. in. Compute the velocity of flow.
𝑣2 𝑃
𝑑 = 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ℎ + +
2𝑔 𝛾
E= 24.5 𝑓𝑡 12𝑖𝑛 2
𝑣2 9.5 × ( )
ℎ = 10 𝑓𝑡 24.5 = 10 + + 1𝑓𝑡
2(32.2) 62.4(2)
P = 9.5 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛2

𝑣= 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
0 elev
Example no. 03
• The fluid in the figure is water, with the surface 150 ft above the
datum. The pipe is 2 in. in diameter and the total loss of head
between point A in the water surface and point B in the jet is 10 ft.
Determine the velocity in the pipe and the discharge Q
𝐸𝐴 − ℎ𝑓 = 𝐸𝐵 Real flow with headloss

𝑣𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐵 2 𝑃𝐵
ℎ𝐴 + + − ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝐵 + +
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

02 0 𝑣𝐵 2 0
150 + + − 10 = 0 + +
2(32.2) 62.4 2(32.2) 62.4
𝑣𝐵 = 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝜋 2
Q= 𝐴𝑉 = 4 (12)2 𝑉 = 𝑓𝑡3/𝑠
 Sample Problem
1.Water flows through a venture meter as shown at a rate of
2.12 cfs.

1.Determine the change in pressure head between 1 and 2

2.Determine the velocity at the throat
3.Determine the discharge coefficient
 𝐶𝑆𝑃
(4/12)2 𝑣2 2
( ) 𝑣2 2
9 9 (12/12)2 𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑃1 + 𝛾𝑤 ℎ + − 𝛾𝐻𝑔 − 𝛾𝑤 ℎ = 𝑃2
2(32.2)
+ 62.4 +0= +
2(32.2) 62.4
+0
12 12

𝒍𝒃 (4/12)2 𝑣2 2
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖𝟗. 𝟔𝟖 𝟐 ( )
𝒇𝒕 (12/12)2 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑣2 2
+ − +0= +0
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 2(32.2) 62.4 62.4 2(32.2)
𝑙𝑏
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 589.68
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2 𝑓𝑡 2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟏 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑄𝐴 2.12
𝑐𝑑 = = 𝜋 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟗
𝑄𝑇 ( )(4/12)2 (24.823)
𝜋 𝜋 4
( 4 )(12/12)2 𝑣1 =( 4 )(4/12)2 𝑣2

(4/12)2 𝑣2
𝑣1 =
(12/12)2
Sample Problem

2. A mercury-kerosene manometer is connected to a Pitot

tube as shown in the figure. The deflection on the
manometer is 7 in. Assume specific gravity of kerosene is
0.81.
• What is the difference in pressures between point 1
and point 2?
• What is the kerosene velocity in the pipe?
• What is the flow rate in the pipe if its diameter is 6”?
 𝐶𝑆𝑃
3 7 7
𝑃1 + 𝛾𝐾 + 𝑥 + 𝛾𝐻𝑔 − 𝛾𝐾 + 𝑥 = 𝑃2
12 12 12

𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟒𝟕𝟖. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟐 0

𝐸1 = 𝐸2

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿

𝑣12 3 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
+ =0+ +0 𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶 = 1
2𝑔 12 𝛾𝐾
𝜋
𝑄 = ( )(6/12)2 (24.355)1 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟖𝟐 𝒇𝒕𝟑 /𝒔
𝑣12 3 478.192 4
+ =0+ +0
2(32.2) 12 0.81(62.4)

𝒗𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝟓𝟓 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

Example no. 05
A pitot tube having a coefficient of 0.98 is used to
measure the velocity of water at the center of a pipe,
as shown below. What is the velocity?
𝑣𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐵 2 𝑃𝐵
ℎ𝐴 + + = ℎ𝐵 + +
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣𝐴 2 𝛾(15.5) 02 𝛾(18.6)
0+ + = 0+ +
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

𝑉𝐴(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 𝐶𝑣 × 𝑉𝐴(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)
𝑉𝐴(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 𝑚/𝑠
Example no. 06
Oil flows through a pipe as shown in the figure below. The coefficient of
discharge for the orifice in the pipe is 0.63. what is the discharge of oil
in the pipe?
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
ℎ1 + + = ℎ2 + +
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑃1 + 0.91 9.81 𝑦 + 0.35 − 13.6 9.81 (0.35)
−0.91 9.81 𝑦 = 𝑃2

𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = −0.91 9.81 𝑦 + 0.35 + 13.6 9.81 (0.35)

+0.91 9.81 𝑦
 𝑚
𝑉2 = (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)
𝑠
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑𝐴2 𝑉2
𝜋 100 2
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝑣2 2 𝑄 = 0.63 ( ) 𝑉2
0+ + =0 + 4 1000
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝜋 250 2 𝜋 100 2 𝑄= 𝑚3/𝑠

𝑄= ( ) 𝑉1 = ( ) 𝑉2
4 1000 4 1000
100 2
(1000)
𝑉1 = 𝑉2
250 2
(1000)
 Sample Problem
3. A 2-in circular orifice ( not standard ) at the end of the 3-in-diameter
pipe shown in the figure discharges into the atmosphere a measured
flow of 0.60 cfs of water when the pressure in the pipe is 10 psi. The jet
velocity is determined by a pitot tube to be 39.2 fps.
• Find the coefficient of velocity, Cv .
• Find the coefficient of contraction, Cc.
• Find the coefficient of contraction, Cc.
 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 1 2

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿
0
𝑙𝑏 12𝑖𝑛 2 𝒍𝒃
𝑃1 = 10 2 × ( ) = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝟐
𝑖𝑛 1𝑓𝑡 𝒇𝒕

𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝜋 𝜋 𝑄𝐴 0.6
( 4 )(3/12)2 𝑣1 =( 4 )(2/12)2 𝑣2 𝐴𝑐 𝑣𝑗
𝐶𝑐 = = 𝜋 2 = 39.2 2 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟔
(2/12)2 𝑣2 𝐴𝑜 𝑑 𝜋 2
𝑣1 = 4 𝑜 ( )
4 12
(3/12)2

(2/12)2 𝑣2 2
( ) 𝑣2 2 𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 = 0.7016 0.911 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟗
(3/12)2 1440
+ +0= +0 + 0
2(32.2) 62.4 2(32.2)
𝑣2 = 43.0345 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝑣𝑗 39.2
𝐶𝑣 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟏
𝑣𝑜 43.0345
Time to Discharge
Time to Discharge Problem (Orifice)
𝑄𝑖𝑛 is usually zero
𝑽 𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝑸=
𝒕
𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙 1
𝑡= =
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝑡=
−𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 𝑣𝑜
𝐸1 = 𝐸2

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2 2
+ +ℎ = + + 𝑧2 0
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ 𝐴𝑠 ℎ−1/2 𝑑ℎ
𝑡= =
−𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔ℎ −𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
 ℎ2
1
𝑡= න 𝐴𝑠 ℎ−1/2 𝑑ℎ ∴ 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
−𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 ℎ1

ℎ2
𝐴𝑠
𝑡= න ℎ−1/2 𝑑ℎ 𝒊𝒇 𝑨𝒔 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
−𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 ℎ1

𝐴𝑠
𝑡= ( ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
−𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔

𝑨𝒔
𝒕= 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ∴ 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝒄𝒅 𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈
 Sample Problem

• A cylindrical tank 1.0 m diameter and 4m high has 80% of its volume filled with water . An orifice
10mm diameter is located on the vertical side of the tank 50cm from the bottom. Assuming
C=0.60 and Cv = 0.98.
A. At an instant the orifice is opened, determine the discharge through the orifice.
B. Time to discharge one-fifth (1/5) of the content

𝐴 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
1 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 𝑣𝑜
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
4m + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑣 𝐴𝑜 𝑣𝑜
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿
3.2m 10mm
𝑣22 𝜋
0 + 0 + 3.2 = + 0 + 0.5 𝑄𝐴 = 0.6( )0.012
50cm 2 4
0 2(9.81)
𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑜 =
 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑨𝒔
𝒕= ( 𝒉 𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 )
𝒄𝒅 𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈 4m 3.2m 10mm

50cm

𝜋
( 2
)1 𝟒
4
𝒕= 𝜋 ( (𝟑. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟓) − 𝟑. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟓 )
(𝟎. 𝟔)(4)0.012 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟓

𝒕=
 Sample Problem
• A vertical storage tank has a hemispherical bottom and a cylindrical
shell of 4m inside diameter and 4m height. It is filled with water.
Compute the time it will take to empty the tank through a sharp-
edged orifice 15cm in diameter. Located at the lowest point. Assume
C=0.6
4m
𝑇 = 𝑡1 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 + 𝑡2 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐)

4m Prismatic

Non-Prismatic
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

4m

2m

𝜋 2
𝑨𝒔 4
𝒕= ( 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉 𝟐 ) 4
𝒕𝟏 = 𝜋
( 𝟔 − 𝟐)
𝒄𝒅 𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈 𝟎. 𝟔 0.152 𝟐 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏
4

𝒕𝟏 =
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

R
R-h
a

𝑎= 𝑅2 − (𝑅 − ℎ)2

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋𝑎2
R
h

ℎ2
1
𝑡= න 𝐴𝑠 ℎ−1/2 𝑑ℎ ∴ 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
−𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 ℎ1

ℎ2
1
𝑡= න 𝜋(𝑅2 − (𝑅 − ℎ)2 )ℎ−1/2 𝑑ℎ
−𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 ℎ1
 ℎ2
1
𝑡= 𝜋න 𝑅2 ℎ−1/2 − 𝑅2 ℎ−1/2 + 2𝑅ℎℎ−1/2 − ℎ2 ℎ−1/2 𝑑ℎ
−𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 ℎ1

ℎ2
1
𝑡= 𝜋න 2𝑅ℎ1/2 − ℎ3/2 𝑑ℎ 5
−𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 ℎ1 2

3 3 5 5
1
𝑡= 𝜋 [2𝑅(ℎ22 −ℎ12 ) − (ℎ22 − ℎ12 )]
−𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 5
3
2 3 2
2 3 5 5
𝝅 4
𝑡= 𝜋
2
[2(2)(02 2 2
−2 ) − (0 − 2 )] 2
𝟎. 𝟔 0.15 𝟐 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏
4 3 5
2 2
𝒕𝟐 =
Coordinate Method of Solving Velocity of the
Jet issuing from an Orifice
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝒀 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑿 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕

1
−𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡
2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑗 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝒗𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝒋

1 2
−𝑦 = − 𝑔𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑗 𝑡
2
𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

2𝑦 𝑥 𝒈𝒙𝟐
𝑡= = 𝒗𝒋 =
𝑔 𝑣𝑗 𝟐𝒚

𝐶𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

 Sample Problem

• A cylindrical vessel with axis vertical contains water. A 5cm diameter

standard circular orifice is located on the side 60cm from the bottom
and 150cm directly above this orifice is another standard circular
orifice 8cm in diameter if the head on the upper orifice is 150cm,
Determine
A. Point of intersection of centers of the jets
B. Combined discharged from orfices assume Cv= 0.98 , C= 0.6
 𝑦2 = 0.15 + 𝑦1 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 𝑥

𝒈𝒙𝟐
𝒗𝒋 =
𝟐𝒚
150cm
2
8cm
𝒈𝒙𝟐
𝒗𝒋𝟏 =
𝟐𝒚𝟏
150cm
Y2
5cm
1
60cm
Y1 𝒈𝒙𝟐
𝒗𝒋𝟐 =
𝟐𝒚𝟐

𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 𝑥
 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑗1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑗2 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸1 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸2

𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣12 𝑃1
+ + ℎ𝐴 = + + ℎ1
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿
2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐴, 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 0

𝑣12
ℎ𝐴 = + ℎ1
1 2𝑔
0 𝑚
𝑣12 𝑣1 = (𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)
3.6 = + 0.6 𝑠
2(9.81) 𝒎
𝒗𝒋𝟏 = 𝒗𝟏 (𝑪𝒗) (𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍)
𝒔
 𝒎
𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸2 𝒗𝒋𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐 (𝑪𝒗) (𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍)
𝒔
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐸2

𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣22 𝑃2 𝒈𝒙𝟐 𝒈𝒙𝟐

+ + ℎ𝐴 = + + ℎ2 𝒗𝒋𝟏 = 𝒗𝒋𝟐 =
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 𝟐𝒚𝟏 𝟐𝒚𝟐

𝑣22
ℎ𝐴 = + ℎ2
2𝑔 𝟐𝒚𝟏 𝒗𝒋𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒗𝒋𝟐 𝟐
𝒙= =
𝑣22 𝒈 𝒈
3.6 = + 2.1
2(9.81)
𝑦2 = 0.15 + 𝑦1
𝑚
𝑣2 = (𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)
𝑠
𝟐𝒚𝟏 𝒗𝒋𝟏 𝟐 𝟐(𝒚𝟏 +𝟎. 𝟏𝟓)𝒗𝒋𝟐 𝟐
=
𝒈 𝒈
𝑄𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑄1 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴𝑜1 𝑉𝑜1
𝑦2 = 𝑚
𝑄2 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴𝑜2 𝑉𝑜2
𝑥= 𝑚

𝑚3
𝑄𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (actual)
𝑠
Orifice on a side with a backward inclination
Sample Problem

• A jet issues from the side of the tank under a head of 3m.
The side of the tank has a backward inclination of 45deg
with the horizontal. The total depth of water in the tank is
7m. If Cv= 1.00
A. Calculate the maximum height in which the jet rises
B. The distance from the orifice the jet strikes a point on a ground
1m below the tank bottom.
 𝑣𝑓 = 0
A. Calculate the maximum height in
which the jet rises
Vy
𝑣𝑦 = 𝐶𝑣𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛45°
hmax
𝑣𝑥 = 𝐶𝑣𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠45°
3m
45 deg
Vx

7m

45 deg
45 deg

1m
 A. Calculate the maximum height in
which the jet rises

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝒀 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑿 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑣𝑦 = (𝐶𝑣)𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛45°

1 𝑣𝑥 = (𝐶𝑣)𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠45°
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡
2
𝑣𝑓𝑦 2 − 𝑣𝑖𝑦 2
= −𝑔𝑦
2
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄 𝒗𝒐
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 max 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣 = 0

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥

0 − 𝑣𝑖𝑦 2
= −𝑔𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑜 =?
𝑚
1 𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑜 = (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)
𝑠
𝑚
𝑣𝐴 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑣 = (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)
3m 𝑠

2 𝐸1 = 𝐸2
7m

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + ℎ1 = + + ℎ2
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿
𝑣22
0 + 0 + ℎ1 = + 0 + ℎ2
2𝑔
𝑣22
0+0+7= +0+4
2(9.81)
 𝑣𝑦 = (𝐶𝑣)𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛45°
𝑣𝑥 = (𝐶𝑣)𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠45°

0 − 𝑣𝑖𝑦 2
= −𝑔𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
0 − ((𝐶𝑣)𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛45°) 2
= −(9.81)𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚 from orifice

ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 4 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

 Vy

3m
45 deg
Vx

7m

45 deg
45 deg 4+1

1m 𝒙
B. The distance from the orifice the jet
strikes a point on a ground 1m below the
tank bottom.
𝒀 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑿 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕
1 2 𝑥 = (𝐶𝑣)𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠45°𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
𝑦 = −5 𝑥= m
1
−5 = (𝐶𝑣)𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛45°𝑡 − (9.81)𝑡 2
2
𝑡= 𝑠
C. Determine the velocity as the jet strikes a point on
a ground 1m below the tank bottom. (Additional)
𝒀 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑿 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑣𝑓𝑦 2 − 𝑣𝑖𝑦 2
= −𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣𝑓𝑥 − 𝑣𝑖𝑦
2
𝑎=0
2 2
𝑣𝑓𝑦 − ((𝐶𝑣)𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛45°)
= −9.81(−5) 𝑣𝑓𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 = (𝐶𝑣)𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠45°)
2
𝑣𝑓𝑥 = m/s
𝑣𝑓𝑦 = m/s

𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒇𝒚 𝟐 + 𝒗𝒇𝒙 𝟐 = 𝒎/𝒔

 Two Prismatic tanks communicating by an opening
(orifice)
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑨𝒔
𝒕= 𝒉 𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
𝒄𝒅 𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝑨𝟏 (𝑨𝟐 )
𝑨𝒔 = =
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐

𝒉𝟏 = ∆𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟐 = ∆𝒉𝟐

𝑨𝟏 (𝑨𝟐 )
𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐
𝒕= ∆𝒉𝟏 − ∆𝒉𝟐
𝒄𝒅 𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈
Identify the direction of flow
Flow will start at a point with highest energy
𝑣1 2 𝑃1
𝐸1 = ℎ1 + + = ℎ1 + 0 + 0
2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣3 2 𝑃3
𝐸3 = ℎ3 + + = ℎ3 + 0 + 0
2𝑔 𝛾

𝐸1 > 𝐸3
𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒(𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠)
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 2

𝐸1 = 𝐸2

𝑣2 2 𝛾ℎ3 𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
ℎ1 + 0 + 0 = 0 + + ℎ1 + + = ℎ2 + +
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
 Sample Problem

• Two Prismatic tanks are

communicating by means of an
orifice of diameter 2cm. The orifice
is located 1m above the bottom as
shown below. The water in the left
tank A stands 5m while in the right
tank B 2m. If the coefficient of
discharge of the orifice is 0.60.
calculate the time in minutes that
will take so that the surfaces in the
tanks will be 1m apart. Tank A 5𝑚 2𝑚
diameter is 2.5m while B has 4m 1𝑚

A=2.5m B=4m
 𝑨𝟏 (𝑨𝟐 )
𝑨 𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐
∆𝒉𝟐
∆𝒉𝟏 𝒕= ∆𝒉𝟏 − ∆𝒉𝟐
𝒄𝒅 𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈

5𝑚 2𝑚
1𝑚

A=2.5m B=4m

𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐
𝟐. 𝟓 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟒
𝒕= 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 − 𝟏 = 𝒔
𝝅
𝟎. 𝟔( 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 ) 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝟒
 𝐼𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐
𝟐. 𝟓 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
𝒕= 𝝅 𝟑 − 𝟎 = 𝒔
∆𝒉𝟏
𝟎. 𝟔( 𝟒 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 ) 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)

5𝑚 2𝑚
1𝑚

A=2.5m B=4m
 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐼𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑃1
𝑃1 𝐸1 = ℎ1 + + = ℎ1 + 0 +
𝛾 𝑃1 𝑃3 2𝑔 𝛾 𝛾
𝑣3 2 𝑃3 𝑃3
∆𝒉𝟏 𝑃3 𝐸3 = ℎ3 + + = ℎ3 + 0 +
2𝑔 𝛾 𝛾
𝛾
𝐸1 > 𝐸3

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝐼𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒

5𝑚 2𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1𝑚
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐. 𝟓𝟐 𝟒𝟐
A=2.5m B=4m 𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐. 𝟓𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
𝑃1 𝑃3 𝒕= 𝝅 ∆𝒉𝟏 − ∆𝒉𝟐
∆𝒉𝟏 = 𝟑 + − 𝟎. 𝟔( 𝟒 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 ) 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝛾 𝛾
 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐
𝟐. 𝟓 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
𝑃1 𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
𝛾 ∆𝒉𝟐
𝑃3
𝒕= 𝝅 ∆𝒉𝟏 − ∆𝒉𝟐
𝟎. 𝟔( 𝟒 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 ) 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝛾

5𝑚 2𝑚
1𝑚

A=2.5m B=4m

𝑃1 𝑃3
∆𝒉𝟐 = −
𝛾 𝛾
 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐸1 = 𝐸2

𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
𝑃1 ℎ1 + 0 + = 0 + +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝛾 𝑃1 𝑃3

∆𝒉𝟏 𝑃3
𝛾

5𝑚 2𝑚
1𝑚

A=2.5m B=4m