Steady uniform flow–conditions do not change with position or time.

The 8𝑔
velocity and cross-sectional area of the stream tube of fluid are the same at Darcy-Weisbach 𝜒=√𝜆
each cross-section. Kutter 𝜒=
100
𝑚
Steady non-uniform flow–conditions change from point to point but not with 1+
√𝑅
time. The velocity and cross-sectional area of the stream tube of fluid may vary Bazin 𝜒=
87
𝑝
from cross-section to cross-section, but, for each cross-section, they will not 1+
√𝑅
vary with time. 1
1 1

Unsteady uniform flow–at a given instant of time the velocity at every point Gauckler-Strickler 𝜒 = 𝑘𝑠 𝑅 = 𝑛 𝑅 6
6 𝐾𝑠 ↑= 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 ↓
is the same, but this velocity will change in time. 𝑄 1.85
Hazen-Williams Δ𝐻 = 10.67 𝐶 1.85 𝐷4.87 𝐿
Unsteady non-uniform flow–cross-sectional area and velocity vary from
point to point and change with time. Δ𝐻 = 𝐽𝐿 J: Hydraulic Gradient
𝑝 𝑣2 𝑣2 Δ𝐻 = 𝑅𝑄 𝑛
H=𝑧+ + =ℎ+ 𝜆𝐿
𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝑅 = 0.8106 𝑔𝐷5 𝑛=2 Darcy-Weisbach
Bernoulli’ theorem to a finite flow is based on the hypothesis that the flow is 𝐿
𝑅 = 10.67 𝐶 1.85 𝐷4.87 𝑛 = 1.85 Hazen-Williams
1
linear. = ∞
𝑟
Corioli’s coefficient a is a correction factor passing from the application of 𝑉2
Concentrated hydraulic head Δ𝐻 = 𝑘 2𝑔
the Bernoulli’s theorem from a streamtube to a finite flow.
𝑣2 1 ∫𝐴 𝜌𝑣 3 𝑑𝐴 ∫𝐴 𝑣 3 𝑑𝐴 Head loss: squared edge entrance k=0.5 additional inner tube k=1.16
𝑃𝑐𝑖𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝑃𝑐𝑖𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝑄𝑚 = ∫ 𝜌𝑣 3 𝑑𝐴 𝛼= ≅ 𝑚
2 2 𝜌𝑚 𝑉 3𝐴 𝑉 3𝐴 Exit pipe k=1.0 convergent 𝑘 ≈ 0 Divergent Δ𝐻 = 2𝑔 (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )2
𝑉2
𝑃𝑐𝑖𝑛 = 𝛾𝛼 𝑄 𝛼 ≈ 1(1.06 − 1.08) turbulent 𝛼 = 2 laminar Pumps: work is done on the fluid. Turbines: work is done by the fluid
2𝑔
𝑝 𝑣 2 System curve general equation Δ𝐻 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1 + 𝐾𝑄 2
𝐻=𝑧+ +𝛼 Pump: is a device which a mechanical energy is transferred to the water as
𝛾 2𝑔
pressure head.
𝑠
𝑉𝑖2
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝐻0 − ∫ 𝐽(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 − ∑ 𝐾𝑖 Centrifugal pumps: consist in an impeller rotating within a spiral casing.
2𝑔
0 𝑖 Fluid enters axially and discharged radially.
𝐻1 −𝐻2
𝜏0 = 𝛾𝑅𝐽 𝐽= Impeller consists of a supporting disk and blades attached to it.
𝐿
𝑅𝑒 (2300,4000) <laminar >< Transitional > Turbulent Horizontal axis pumps and vertical axis pumps.
Laminar flow Electric borehole pumps give great depths of installation and extremely high
𝜇𝑉 𝜇 𝑉 heads. If the motor is submersible the engine has no cooling problems.
𝜏0 = 𝑘 𝐷 = 𝛾𝑅𝐽 𝐽 = 4𝑘 𝛾 𝐷2
Multistage pumps are pumps that have many impellers.
𝜇 𝑉 𝜇𝑉
Navier-Stokes (laminar) 𝐽 = 32 𝜏0 = 8 Hydraulic head added to water is Pump head.
𝛾 𝐷2 𝐷
𝑉2
Relationship between pump head and pump discharge is called pump
𝜏0 = 𝜆1 𝜌𝑉 2 = 𝛾𝑅𝐽 𝐽 = 4𝜆1 characteristic curve.
𝑔𝐷
𝜆 𝑉2 Wire-to-water efficiency 𝜂 = 𝜂𝑚 𝜂𝑝 Motor Efficiency*Pump efficiency
Darcy-Weisbach (turbulent) 𝐽 = 𝐷 2𝑔
Input power: power that is delivered to the motor (Usually electric)
1 2.51 1 𝜀
Colebrook-White’s law = −2 log( + 3.71 𝐷) Brake power: power that is delivered from the motor to the pump.
√𝜆 𝑅𝑒 √𝜆
𝑉2 Water power: power that is delivered from the pump to the water.
𝐽 = χ2 𝑅 turbulent flow only 𝑃𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = =
𝜂𝑚 𝜂𝑝 𝜂𝑚
The pump operating point is determined by the intersection of the system NODES represent features at specific locations within the system points
curve and the pump curve. elements.
A centrifugal pump’s characteristic curve is fixed for a given motor speed LINKS define relationship between nodes linear elements. looped networks
and impeller diameter. preferably adopted compared to tree networks (branched networks) because
Curves for any speed and any diameter can be determined by applying they can provide greater reliability.
relationships called affinity laws. Junctions allow to represent the hydraulic connection between links.
2 Cross – crossover and crossover w/bypass line. Types of crosses on maps.
𝑄𝑝2 𝑛𝑝2 𝐻𝑝2 𝑛𝑝2 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
=𝑛 = (𝑛 ) 𝑛 = 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑄𝑝1 𝑝1 𝐻𝑝1 𝑝1 Reservoir: infinite source of water without change in head.
𝐻𝑝2 = 𝑛2 𝐻0 − 𝑐𝑛2−𝑚 𝑄𝑝2 𝑚 Tank: finite source of water. Changes head. Volume curve can be assigned.
Pump cavitation is the phenomenon that in a moving liquid the local pressure Pipe: conveys flow from one junction node to another junction node.
becomes lower than the vapor pressure of the liquid. Skeletonization: is the process of selecting for inclusion in the model only
According to Bernoulli’s Law, a pressure reduction occurs where the velocity the parts of the water distribution network that have a significant impact on
increases This will create vapor bubbles that forcefully implode when they the hydraulic behaviors of the system.
enter an area where the pressure is higher. Skeletonization should not be confused with the omission of data.
Net Positive Suction Head NPSH available is a measure of the absolute Level of skeletonization depends on the intended use of the model.
hydraulic head available at the pump inlet section above the vapor pressure Automated skeletonization: includes Branch trimming (removing dead end
(above cavitation inception). It must be compared with NPSHreq branches that do not contain tanks), Pipe merging (removing pipes in series,
Isolation valves: most common, primary purpose is to allow turning off a has a negligible effect in most cases).
portion of the system. For replacing broken pipe or leaky joints. Types are Water demand is the driving force behind the hydraulic dynamics.
many, mainly gate valves and butterfly valves.
Control valves:
Pressure reducing valves, pressure sustaining valves, flow control valves,
check valves.
Check valves: Ensure the water flows in one direction only. If the pump
doesn’t have one it is a must.
Foot valves: used for pumping fluids in order to filter particles.
Flow control valves FCVs: automatically throttle to limit the rate of flow
through the valve to a user-specified value.
Pressure reducing valves PRVs: (PRVs) throttle automatically to prevent
the downstream hydraulic pressure from exceeding a set value and are used
where high downstream pressures could cause damage.
Pressure sustaining valve (PSV) throttles the flow automatically to prevent
the upstream hydraulic grade from dropping below a set value. This type of 𝐿
WATER CONSUMPTION (𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎∙𝑑𝑎𝑦) (Daily user consumption) is the
valve can be used in situations in which unregulated flow would result in
inadequate pressures for the upstream portion of the system. total water delivered to the users per the number of inhabitants. Domestic,
System maps are the most useful documents to give an overall understanding commercial, institutional, industrial.
𝐿
of a water distribution system. Like pipe alignment, connectivity, diameter, Water Demand (𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎∙𝑑𝑎𝑦) (Daily input volume by user) is the total volume
location of system components, elevations. in the water distribution systems to supply the users by the number of
Information maps and records like CAD and GIS.
inhabitants. Domestic, commercial, institutional, industrial, operational, water BD: base demand DM: demand multiplier P: Pattern multiplier
loss. Real losses (Leakage) Classification:
𝑉 1000 Background leakage: Un-reported and un-detectable.
𝑑0 = 𝑁0 365 water consumption per capita day
𝑉 1000 Un-reported leakage: Does not surface but detectable.
𝑑=𝑁 365
water demand per capita day Reported leakage: Surfaces and reported by the public or utility workers.
Base demand is the average daily discharge for water consumption Large enough leaks are called bursts.
BD for existing
𝑉01 + 𝑉02 + 𝑉03 1000 𝐿 𝑞𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑗 = 𝑐𝑑,𝑗 ∙ 𝐴𝑗 √2 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ (𝐻𝑗 − 𝑧𝑗 )
𝐵𝐷𝑖 = ( )
365 86400 𝑠 𝐴𝑗 = 𝑓𝑗 (𝐻𝑗 − 𝑧𝑗 )
BD for non-existing 𝑝𝑗 𝑛𝑗
𝑛𝑗
𝑑01 𝑁1 + 𝑑02 𝑁2 + 𝑑03 𝑁3 𝑞𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑗 = 𝛼𝑗 (𝐻𝑗 − 𝑧𝑗 )
= 𝛼𝑗 ( )
𝐵𝐷𝑖 = 𝛾
86400 Emitters are devices associated with junctions that model the flow through a
Scales for water consumptions (Demand multipliers):
nozzle or orifice that discharges to the atmosphere.
Daily. Weakly. Seasonal. Long-term.
𝑎𝑣𝑙 𝑝𝑖,𝑡 𝑛
Demand multipliers can run steady-state simulation for – average day 𝑞𝑖 , 𝑡 = ∑ 𝑞𝑖,𝑗,𝑡 = ∑(𝐵𝐷𝑖,𝑗 𝐷𝑀𝑖,𝑗 𝑃𝑖,𝑗,𝑡 )𝛼𝑖,𝑗,𝑡 + 𝛼𝑖 ( )
𝛾
demand – maximum day demand/peak hour demand – change baseline 𝑗 𝑗
demand – worst case situations (fire,burst). Water saving: up to 15% can be saved in the peak hour consumption with ≥ 3
1
𝐻𝑖𝑎𝑣𝑙 −𝐻𝑗min 𝑛
star rating.
𝑎𝑣𝑙
𝑞𝑖,𝑡 = ∑𝑗 𝑞𝑖,𝑗,𝑡 = ∑𝑗(𝐵𝐷𝑖,𝑗 𝐷𝑀𝑖,𝑗 𝑃𝑖,𝑗,𝑡 )𝛼𝑖,𝑗,𝑡 𝛼𝑖,𝑗 = (
𝐻𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 −𝐻𝑗𝑚𝑖𝑛
) Simulation the process of using a mathematical representation of the real
system.
Smart meter: Automatic meter reading network AMR system collects
Steady state simulations are generally used to analyze specific limit conditions
synchronous data directly from water meters and delivers them to the central
such as a peak demand times, fire protection usage and system component
unit. For temporal variation of water consumption.
failures in which the effects of time are not particularly significant.
Stepwise demand pattern demand multipliers are assumed to remain constant
Assumptions:
over the duration of the pattern time step.
• All pipes are working under pressure.
Continuous pattern refers to a pattern that is defined independently of the
pattern time step Interpolation methods are used to compute multiplier values • Water consumption is concentrated in the node.
at intermediate time steps, the result is a more precise curve fit that is • Kinetic head << pressure head. Thus 𝐻 ≈ ℎ
𝑁
independent of the time step specified. ∑𝑖=1 𝑄𝑖𝑗 − 𝑞𝑗 = 0 Continuity equation for nodes.
𝐻𝑖 − 𝑓(𝑄𝑖𝑗 ) = 𝐻𝑗 Energy equation for links
𝑛−1
𝑓(𝑄𝑖𝑗 ) = 𝑅𝑖𝑗 𝑄𝑖𝑗 |𝑄𝑖𝑗 | For pipes
𝑚−1
𝑓(𝑄𝑖𝑗 ) = − (𝑛2 𝐻0 − 𝑐𝑛2−𝑚 𝑄𝑖𝑗 |𝑄𝑖𝑗 | ) For pumps
𝑘𝑖𝑗
𝑓(𝑄𝑖𝑗 ) = 𝑄𝑖𝑗 |𝑄𝑖𝑗 | For valves
2𝑔𝐴2𝑖𝑗
GGA: The equations to solve the steady state analysis of a network (without
pumps and valves and without considering minor losses) of np pipes with
unknown flows, nn nodes with unknown heads and n0 nodes with known
heads (tank/reservoir levels) can be formulated as the solution of the following
non-linear matrix equation:
 𝐴 𝐴12 𝑄 −𝐴 𝐻 Chlorination is the most widely used method of disinfecting water supplies.
[ 11 ] [ ] = [ 10 0 ]
𝐴21 0 𝐻 𝑞 Method of choice depends on:
Global Gradient Algorithm (GGA): • The efficacy against waterborne pathogens (viruses, protozoa, and
𝐴 𝐴12 𝑄 −𝐴 𝐻 𝐷 𝐴12 𝑄 (𝑘+1) − 𝑄 (𝑘) helminths).
[ 11 ] [ ] − [ 10 0 ] + [ ][ ] = [0]
𝐴21 0 𝐻 𝑞 𝐴21 0 𝐻 (𝑘+1) − 𝐻 (𝑘) • The accuracy with which the process can be monitored and controlled
𝜕 𝑛−1 • The ability to produce a residual that provides an added measure of
𝐷(𝑖, 𝑖) = (𝐴11 (𝑖, 𝑖)) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐷(𝑖, 𝑖) = 𝑅𝑖,𝑖 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ |𝑄𝑖,𝑖 |
𝜕𝑄𝑖,𝑖 protection against possible Post-treatment contamination resulting
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑄 − 𝑄 (𝑘+1)
(𝑘)
𝑑𝐻 = 𝐻 (𝑘) − 𝐻 (𝑘+1) from faults in the distribution system.
𝑑𝐸 = 𝐴11 𝑄 (𝑘) + 𝐴12 𝐻 (𝑘) + 𝐴10 𝐻0 𝑑𝑞 = 𝐴21 𝑄(𝑘) + 𝑞 • The aesthetic quality of the treated water.
• The availability of the technology for the adoption of the method on the
EXTENDED PERIOD SIMULATION EPS is used to evaluate system scale that is required for public water supplies
performance over time determines the quasi dynamic behavior of a system • Economic factors will also play a part in the final decision.
over a period of time, computing the state of the system as a series of steady Problems that cause water quality issues:
state simulations. Models tanks filling and draining, regulating valves opening • Intermittent supplies. Loss of pressure increase backflow and ingress
and closing, pressures and flow rates. through.
𝑞𝑠 (𝑡𝑖−1 ) • Deterioration of pipe wall helps the development of micro bacteria.
ℎ𝑠 (𝑡𝑖 ) = ℎ𝑠 (𝑡𝑖−1 ) + Δ𝑡
𝐴𝑠 Water quality model is a direct extension of hydraulic network model and it
Calibration is the process of comparing the model results to field can be used to perform many useful analyses.
observations, and, if necessary, adjusting the data describing the system until EPANET’s water quality simulator uses a Lagrangian time based approach
model predicted performance reasonably agrees with measured system to track the fate of discrete parcels of water as they move along pipes and mix
performance over a wide range of operating conditions. together at junctions between fixed length time steps. Those time steps are
Location of data collection Errors in roughness coefficients and demand much shorter than the hydraulic time step.
affect the slope of hydraulic grade line. Data should not be collected near the Lagrangian Time Driven Method (TDM) Lagrangian models track changes
boundary nodes. in a series of discrete parcels of water as they travel through the pipe network
Sources of error: Time driven simulation updates the state of the network at fixed time intervals.
Nominal and actual pipe diameter. Internal pipe roughness value. This method tracks the concentration and size of a series of nonoverlapping
Allocation of water demands (assumption that water is withdrawn at the segments of water that fill each link of the network As time progresses, the
junction node only) System maps. size of the most upstream segment in a link increases as water enters the link
Temporal boundary condition changes. Model skeletonization. while an equal loss in size of the most downstream segment occurs as water
Geometric abnormalities. Pump or valve characteristic curve. leaves the link The size of the segments in between these remains unchanged
Calibration: For each water quality time step, the contents of each segment are subjected
Rough-tuning or macro-calibration, after that fine-tuning or micro-calibration. to reaction, a cumulative account is kept of the total mass and flow volume
Identifying the intended use of the model is important to establish the level of entering each node, and the positions of the segments are updated New nodal
detail needed. concentrations are then calculated and new segments are spawned at the start
Water quality issues: divides: Ordinary management of water quality n of links with flow leaving each node.
distributed systems and risk connected to events of water contamination. Governing equations are conservation of mass with reaction kinetics.
The goal of disinfection of public water supplies is the elimination of the Advective transport in pipes A dissolved substance will travel down the
pathogens that are responsible for waterborne diseases Disinfection can be length of a pipe with the same average velocity as the fluid while at the same
the unique phase or the last step inside the treatment plant. time reacting (either growing or decaying) at some given rate.
 𝜕𝐶𝑖 𝜕𝐶𝑖 qualities of the water. and can contribute to disinfectant residual maintenance
= −𝑢𝑖 + 𝑟(𝐶𝑖 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 problems.
𝜕(𝑚) 𝜕(𝐶 𝑢) Water age analysis: water chemistry and the physical characteristics of the
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = = 𝐶𝑄 − 𝑚2 = 𝐶 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 − 𝐶 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 distribution system itself can affect water quality. The chief advantage of a
𝜕𝐶𝑖 𝜕𝐶𝑖 water age analysis when compared to a constituent analysis is that once the
= −𝑢𝑖
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 hydraulic model has been calibrated; no additional water quality calibration
Mixing at junctions: mixing is instantaneous in junctions. procedures are required.
Σ𝑗𝜀𝐼𝑘 𝑄𝑗 𝐶𝑗|𝑥=𝐿𝑗 + 𝑄𝑘,𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝐶𝑘,𝑒𝑥𝑡 Water Distribution Systems are designed and managed to connect water
𝐶𝑖|𝑥=0 =
Σ𝑗𝜀𝐼𝑘 𝑄𝑗 + 𝑄𝑘,𝑒𝑥𝑡 resources to water demand, providing a suitable quantity of high quality water
Mixing in storage facilities: It is convenient to assume that the contents of at a strictly sufficient pressure.
storage facilities (tanks and reservoirs) are completely mixed This is a RESILIENCE: the capacity of infrastructure systems, composed of
reasonable assumption for many tanks operating under fill and draw conditions interacting parts that operate together to achieve a target and to be prepared
providing that sufficient momentum flux is imparted to the inflow. for, and able to respond to, long term changes of the socio economic and
𝜕(𝑉𝑠 𝐶𝑠 ) environmental contexts.
= Σ𝑗𝜀𝐼𝑘 𝑄𝑗 𝐶𝑗|𝑥=𝐿𝑗 − 𝑄𝑘,𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝐶𝑘,𝑒𝑥𝑡 + 𝑟(𝐶𝑠 ) Objectives of DESIGN OF THE NETWORK of a water distribution system:
𝜕𝑡
From a water quality modelling perspective, two significant physical phases Cost Water quality Water savings
exist within a water distribution system a mobile bulk water phase and a Energy savings Reliability Resilience
fixed pipe surface phase. topological redundancy so that water could reach a given node from
Mobile Bulk phase species are chemical or biological components that exist alternative routes.
within the bulk water phase and are transported through the system with the Resilience Index:
average water velocity. 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝛾 ∑𝑘1 𝑄𝑘 𝐻𝑘 ∗
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 − 𝛾 ∑𝑛𝑛1 𝑄𝑒,𝑖 𝐻𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛
Fixed surface phase species are components that are attached or incorporated ∗
∗
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗
−𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 − 𝛾 ∑𝑛𝑛
1 𝑄𝑒,𝑖 𝐻𝑖 𝐼𝑟 = ∗
into the pipe wall and are thus rendered immobile. 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
Bulk flow reaction: 𝑟 = 𝐾𝐶 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑛
1 𝑄𝑒,𝑖 (𝐻𝑖 − 𝐻𝑖,min )
𝐼𝑟 =
When limiting the concentration ∑1 𝑄𝑘 𝐻𝑘 − ∑𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
1 𝑄𝑒,𝑖 𝐻𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑟 = 𝐾𝑏 (𝐶𝐿 − 𝐶)𝐶 𝑛−1 𝑟 = 𝐾𝑏 (𝐶 − 𝐶𝐿 )𝐶 𝑛−1 Sectorization concept and focus:
Simple first order decay (CL=0,Kb<0,n=1) 𝑟 = 𝐾𝑏 𝐶 • Divide into sectors or District meter areas so that the night flow can be
Pipe wall reaction: rate of pipe wall reaction monitored, enabling the presence of unreported bursts and leakage to
2𝑘𝑤 𝑘𝑓 𝐶 be identified.
𝑟=
𝑅(𝑘𝑤 + 𝑘𝑓 ) • To manage the pressure in each district, so that the network is operated
Mixing model types: at the optimum level of pressure.
Complete mixing. Two-compartment mixing. FIFO plug flow. District metered areas (DMA): are distribution network subsystems that are
LIFO plug flow. isolated controlled zones with a defined number of boundary pipes and
SOURCE TRACE ANALYSIS For the sake of reliability, or to simply similar hydraulic characteristics, such as pressure and water demand.
provide sufficient quantities of water to customers, a utility often uses more Sectorization is used worldwide to enhance the efficiency of water distribution
than one water supply source. Using a source trace analysis, the areas within networks. District metered areas is preformed by the closure of boundary
the distribution system influenced by a particular source can be determined, valves. Benefits:
and, more important, areas where mixing of water from different sources has • Better pressure control.
occurred can be identified. Sometimes, mixing can reduce the aesthetic • Easier identification and reduction of water loses.
 • More efficient containment of the spread of dangerous contaminants. Remote pressure control of PRV.
If not properly designed, it can reduce resilience.
Minimum night flow analysis: by subtracting an assessed amount of
legitimate night consumption for each of the customers connected to the mains.
Step test: one of the most effective ways of identifying a high leakage area.
When it is possible to preform, it is performed at night. Pressure reduction by means microturbine.
Benefits of leak detection and repair:
Water savings Energy savings. Reduced complaints.
Reduced property damage and risk of contamination.
Improved efficiency Lowered operational costs
Extended life of facilities Active leakage control: Non acoustic techniques to detect leaks:
Actions for real losses reduction: Infra-red technology. Ground penetrating radar. Gas injection.
Pressure management. Active leakage control. Active leakage control:
Pipeline and assets management Speed and quality of repairs. Leak location by acoustic techniques. Sounding detection
Active leakage control: Pre-localization of leaks (Noise logger)
Leak location by noise techniques is the most common. First noise produced Localization of leaks (Leak noise correlator)
by shockwave when water is forced through the opening. The second noise Optimal design of WDN (Classical): choice of a diameter for each pipe,
generated is typically between 20 to 250 Hz and is produced by the impact of while other design properties are considered to be fixed (e g the topology and
the water stream on the material surrounding the pipe and the water circulating pipe lengths). Because of the presence of discrete variables and non-linearity
through the cavity caused by the leak. of energy conservation, WDN belongs to the class of non-deterministic
The use of noise loggers as leak detection techniques has been a significant polynomial time hard problems (NP-hard problems), no algorithm can solve it
innovation. Noise logger consists of a microphone with incorporate a logger, in polynomial time.
magnetized to ensure the contact between the sensor and the metal. Topological redundancy: adding closing loops so the water can reach a given
The technique can be used as: node from alternative routes.
• a routine monitoring of a zone.
• Reduction of location time of leaks.
• Identification of difficult leaks.
• Scarce influence of the exact knowledge of the pipes layout.
• Possibility of reapiting the search of leaks with low increment of cost.
Leak noise correlator identifies this noise of loss (signal) by means of two
sensors that are in contact with the conduct on one side and the other of the
leak point. The sensors, also called captors, can be positioned on the gate
valves, on the fire fighting columns or on other accessible network elements.
Pressure management:
Control of pressure with constant setting of PRV.