Class: F.Y.B.Sc.

Subject: Mechanics and Properties of

Matter

Chapter 3 : Fluid Mechanics

 Introduction
Fluid mechanics could be defined as the branch of physics which deals with the
behavior of the fluid in both motion and rest situations.
A fluid is any substance that can flow
a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear
stress, or external force.
Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases
Liquid is an incompressible fluid and gas is compressible fluid
Fluids takes the shape of container
A fluid is called as ideal fluid when it has no viscosity which causes friction
 Viscosity
Definition: The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given
rate.
Viscous force is a force which opposes the motion of one portion of a
fluid relative to another. Fluid such as water flow readily, have small
viscosities than fluid, such as honey or engine oil.
Coefficient of Viscosity: Consider a flow of liquid
S 𝒗 + 𝒅𝒗
over a plane AB as shown in Figure it is divided 𝒅𝒙
R 𝒗
into number of layers moving with different
𝒙 𝒗 − 𝒅𝒗
velocities. The layer in contact with the surface
AB is stationary. As the distance of layer from AB
A B
increases, the velocity increases.
• Consider two layers R and S at distances 𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 from the
solid surface AB and moving with velocities 𝑣 and 𝑣 + 𝑑𝑣
respectively.
𝑑𝑣
• Then represents the rate of change of velocity with the
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
distance in the direction of increasing distance. is called
𝑑𝑥
velocity gradient.
• Newton found that, the viscous force F between two adjacent layers depends upon following
factors :
(1) It is directly proportional to the area of contact between the two layers, i.e. 𝐹 ∝ 𝐴
𝑑𝑣
(2) it is directly proportional to the velocity gradient between the layers, ie., 𝐹 ∝
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
Combining above two equations, we get 𝐹 ∝ 𝐴
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑣
∴𝐹=𝜂 𝐴 ( newtons law of Viscosity)
𝑑𝑥

Where 𝜂 is constant depending upon the nature of the liquid and is

called the coefficient of viscosity
𝑑𝑣
• If 𝐴 = 1 and =1, then, numerically 𝜂 = 𝐹.
𝑑𝑥

Hence, the coefficient of viscosity is defined as the tangential viscous force per
unit area required to maintain a unit velocity gradient between the two parallel
layers.
The units of coefficient of viscosity:
In CGS, the unit of 𝜂 is dyne-second/cm and is called poise.
In SI, the unit of 𝜂 is newton second/cm and is called decapoise.
 Steady and Turbulent flow
Consider a liquid flowing through a cylindrical tube
as shown in Fig. (a).
To understand the concept of steady flow, consider a
point A situated in the tube. If the velocity of liquid
flowing through a tube is small, it is observed that
all particles arriving at A have same speed at that
point and moves in the same direction.
But as the particle of the liquid move from one point
to another point, the speed and the direction may
change. If one particle passing through point A has
moved through B, then all particles passing through
A pass through B. Such a flow is called steady flow.
In steady flow, the velocity of the liquid particles at a
given point is always same at all time.
Steady flow is also known as laminar flow or
streamline flow
 Turbulent flow
• If the liquid is pushed in the tube at a rapid rate, the
disciplined nature of the flow is lost and the flow
becomes disordered. Such a disorderly flow of the
liquid is called the turbulent flow.
• In this type of flow, the velocity of the liquid at any
given point does not remain constant, but changes
randomly with time.

• In turbulent flow, the motion of the liquid becomes zig-zag and eddy currents are developed
and path as well as velocities of the particles are continuously changing. [Refer Fig].
• The motion of water in high fall is a turbulent flow. Similarly in a storm, the flow of air is
turbulent.
 Reynold’s Number
• Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity that is used to determine the type of
flow pattern as laminar or turbulent while flowing through a pipe.
• Reynolds number is defined by the ratio of inertial forces to that of viscous forces.
• the Reynolds number is named after the British physicist Osborne Reynolds. He
discovered this while observing different fluid flow characteristics like flow a liquid
through a pipe and motion of an airplane wing through the air. He also observed that
the type of flow can transition from laminar to turbulent quite suddenly.
• If the flow of liquid is such that at a particular point the liquid particles move along the
same path and with same velocity the flow is called streamline or steady flow. The flow is
streamline as long as the velocity of the liquid does not exceed a particular value called
critical velocity (𝑉𝐶 ).
• When velocity of liquid becomes greater than critical velocity (𝑉𝐶 ), the flow of liquid
becomes turbulent. Thus, the velocity at which the streamline flow gets converted
into turbulent flow is called as critical velocity (𝑉𝐶 ).
𝑅𝜂
• Critical velocity is given by:𝑉𝐶 = ---------(1)
𝜌𝑑

where, 𝜂 = Coefficient of viscosity of the liquid

𝜌 = Density of the liquid
𝑑 = Diameter of the tube through which liquid is flowing.
𝑅 = Reynold’s number
From equation of critical velocity we can write 𝑉𝐶 ∝ 𝜂 𝑎 𝜌𝑏 𝑑 𝑐
∴ 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑅 𝜂 𝑎 𝜌𝑏 𝑑𝑐 -------(2)
where a, b, c are dimensional coefficients and R is dimensionless
Dimensions of 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 −1 𝜂 = 𝑀1 𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 𝜌 = 𝑀1 𝐿−3 𝑇 0 𝑑 = 𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 0
0 1 −1 1 −1 −1 𝑎 1 −3 0 𝑏 0 1 0 𝑐
∴ 𝑀 𝐿𝑇 = 𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 𝑀 𝐿𝑇

𝑀0 𝐿1 𝑇 −1 = 𝑀𝑎 𝐿−𝑎 𝑇 −𝑎 𝑀𝑏 𝐿−3𝑏 𝑇 0 𝑀0 𝐿𝑐 𝑇 0
Comparing the indices of M, L and T on both sides we get
𝑎+𝑏 =𝑜 --------(3)
−𝑎 − 3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1 --------(4)
−𝑎 = −1 ---------(5)
Applying value of 𝑎 = 1 in equation (3) we get 𝑏 = −1
Applying value of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 in equation (4) we get 𝑐 = −1
Substituting values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 in equation (2) we get ∴ 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑅 𝜂1 𝜌−1 𝑑 −1

𝑅𝜂 𝑉𝐶 𝜌 𝑑
0r 𝑉𝐶 = ∴𝑅=
𝜌𝑑 𝜂
 Equation of Continuity
• Consider a tube of flow as shown in Fig. Liquid enters at P where cross-sectional area is
𝐴1 and leaves at R where the cross-sectional area is 𝐴2.
• Let at P the velocity of liquid particles be 𝑣1 and at R be 𝑣2 . The volume of liquid entering
the cross-section A1 at P is 𝐴1 𝑣1 per sec., and that leaving at R through A2 is 𝐴2 𝑣2 per sec.
• Let 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 are the densities of liquid at P and R respectively. Thus, the mass of liquid
entering through A at P per second is 𝐴1 𝑣1 𝜌1 and that leaving through at R per second is
𝐴2 𝑣2 𝜌2 .

R
P
• In the tube of flow, the liquid enters the tube only at P and leaves the tube only at R.
Therefore, the amount of mass of liquid entering at P must be equal to amount of mass
leaving at R
∴ 𝐴1 𝑣1 𝜌1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝜌2
• The liquid being incompressible,
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 ----------(6)
i.e. the amount of liquid entering at P through 𝐴1 is equal to that leaving at R through 𝐴2
Equation 6 is called equation of continuity. It states that the velocity of flow through a tube is
inversely proportional to the area of cross-section of the tube.
• Equation 6 represents the law of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics. From equation 6,
rate of flow of liquid is,
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
 Energy of Flowing Liquid
Since a liquid has inertia, when it is in motion, possesses kinetic energy. Due to its position, the
liquid may have potential energy. It is also subject to pressure, so will have pressure energy.
1. Kinetic Energy
The energy of liquid by virtue of its motion is called its kinetic energy.
If a liquid of mass 𝑚 and volume V is flowing with a speed 𝑣, its kinetic energy is

1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Therefore, kinetic energy per unit volume of the liquid is

1𝑚 2
𝐾= 𝑣
2𝑉
1 𝑚
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝜌𝑣 2 ∵ 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌 =
2 𝑉
• 2. Potential Energy:
The energy by virtue of its position is called its potential energy. The
potential energy of mass 𝑚 at a height ℎ from a reference level is
Equal to 𝑚𝑔ℎ, where 𝑔 is acceleration due to gravity.
• If V is volume of the liquid, then potential energy per unit volume is,
𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑈=
𝑉
𝑚
∴ 𝑈 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ ∵𝜌=
𝑉
3. Pressure Energy:
• The energy possessed by a liquid due to pressure acting on it is called pressure energy.
• Consider a tank A provided with a side outlet tube T of cross-sectional area '𝑎' be fitted
with a smoothly movable piston R . Let ℎ be the height of the free surface of the liquid
above the bottom line BC of the outlet tube and 𝜌 be the density of liquid in the tank.
• The hydrostatic pressure at the level BC is given by
𝑃 = ℎ 𝜌𝑔
𝐴

ℎ
𝐶

𝐵 𝑅
• it is evident that at this pressure if more liquid is to be introduced into the tank from
the side tube 𝑇 by moving piston in force 𝑓 = 𝑃 × 𝑎 must act on the piston, without
imparting any velocity to the liquid
• This force must act in opposite direction. The work done in the process is stored in the
mass of the liquid pushed in and is referred to as its pressure energy, since the liquid is
capable of performing the same amount of work in pushing the piston back when
escaping from the tank.
• Total force on the piston 𝑓 = 𝑃 × 𝑎
• Work done against this force of pressure when the piston is pushed in through a
distance 𝑥 is given by
𝑃𝑎𝑥𝜌
𝑊 =𝑃∙𝑎∙𝑥 = -------(7)
𝜌
 𝑚
Now, 𝜌 = ⟹ 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑣 ∴ 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑎𝑥
𝑣

Applying value of m in equation 7

𝑚𝑃
∴𝑊=
𝜌
where 𝑎 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝜌 = 𝑚 is the mass of liquid forced in. This work becomes the energy of the
mass 𝑎 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝜌 of the liquid in the tank.
• Thus, pressure energy per unit mass of the liquid

𝑃 𝑎 𝑥 𝑃 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
= = =
𝑎𝑥𝜌 𝜌 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑃𝑎𝑥
• The pressure energy per unit volume of the liquid = = 𝑃 Hydrostatic pressure
𝑎𝑥
 Bernoulli’s Principle
• Bernoulli's equation is a fundamental relation in fluid dynamics. It is not new
equation but is derived from Newton's laws.
• This equation connects pressure, velocity and height of a fluid at various places.
• Consider the steady, incompressible, non-viscous and streamline flow of a liquid
through the pipeline or tube
of flow as shown in Fig. a 𝑃2 𝐴2
• The portion of pipe has uniform
cross-sectional area 𝐴1 at the left. ∆𝑙2
It is horizontal there and at a
height ℎ1 from some reference
level. It gradually widens and 𝑃1 𝐴1 ∆𝑚 ℎ2
rises to height ℎ2 from reference ∆𝑙1
level at right, with uniform cross- ℎ1
Fig: a
sectional area 𝐴2
• Let us consider the shaded portion of liquid called element at left [Fig. (a)] of mass
∆𝑚 and length ∆𝑙1
• Let us consider motion of element from left as shown in Fig (b) to right as shown in
At right the length of the element becomes ∆𝑙2 .
• Let 𝑃1 be the pressure applied on
element of cross-sectional area 𝐴1 𝑃2 𝐴2
∆𝑚
at the left
∆𝑙2
• Let 𝑣1 be the velocity of liquid at left.
• The element moves from left to right
𝑃1 𝐴1 ℎ2
and also rises from height ℎ1 to ℎ2
∆𝑙1
• At right the pressure on the element is ℎ1
Fig: b
𝑃2 and velocity of liquid is 𝑣2 .
The work done on the element by the resultant force is,
1. The work done on the element of liquid by pressure 𝑃1 is 𝑃1 𝐴1 ∆𝑙1
2. The work done on the element of liquid by pressure 𝑃2 is −𝑃2 𝐴2 ∆𝑙2 . It is negative because
the force acts opposite to the horizontal displacement.
3. The work done on the element in lifting it against the gravity is −∆𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ), It is
negative because the gravitational force acts in a direction opposite to the vertical
displacement.
• Thus, the net work done W on the element of mass ∆𝑚 due to all these three terms is
W= 𝑃1 𝐴1 ∆𝑙1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 ∆𝑙2 − ∆𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )------------(8)
• 𝐴1 ∆𝑙1 and 𝐴2 ∆𝑙2 is the volume of the shaded element shown in fig a & b respectively
∆𝑚
• If 𝜌 is the density of the liquid then 𝐴1 ∆𝑙1 = 𝐴2 ∆𝑙2 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑎𝑥)
𝜌
• Applying the above value in equation 8 we get,

∆𝑚 ∆𝑚
W= 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 − ∆𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
𝜌 𝜌

∆𝑚
∴ 𝑊 = (𝑃1 −𝑃2 ) − ∆𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
𝜌

• At the left, the velocity is 𝑣1 and at the right, the velocity is 𝑣2 Therefore, the change in
kinetic energy of element is,
1 1
∆𝐾 = ∆𝑚𝑣22 − ∆𝑚𝑣12
2 2
• According to work-energy theorem, the work done by the resultant force acting on an
element is equal to the change in kinetic energy i.e.𝑊 = ∆𝐾, we then have,
𝑊 = ∆𝐾
∆𝑚 1 1
(𝑃1 −𝑃2 ) − ∆𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )= ∆𝑚𝑣22 − ∆𝑚𝑣12
𝜌 2 2

(𝑃1 −𝑃2 ) 1 1
− 𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )= 𝑣22 − 𝑣12
𝜌 2 2
(𝑃1 −𝑃2 ) 1 1
− 𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )= 𝑣22 − 𝑣12 From this equation, Bernoulli's principle can
𝜌 2 2

(𝑃1 −𝑃2 ) 1 1 be stated as “for a steady, incompressible,

= 𝑔ℎ2 − 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝑣22 − 𝑣12
𝜌 2 2
non- viscous and streamline flow of a liquid,
1 1
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = ρ𝑔ℎ2 − ρ𝑔ℎ1 + ρ𝑣22 − ρ𝑣12 the total energy per unit volume remains
2 2
1 1 constant at all points of its path”.
𝑃1 + ρ𝑔ℎ1 + ρ𝑣12 = 𝑃2 + ρ𝑔ℎ2 + ρ𝑣22
2 2
• Equation (10) can be written as,
𝑃1 1 2 𝑃2 1 2
Or + 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝑣 = + 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝑣2 ---(9)
ρ 2 1 ρ 2 𝑃 𝑣2
+ℎ+ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1 ρ𝑔 2𝑔
∴ 𝑃 + ρ𝑔ℎ + 𝜌𝑣 2 =constant-----(10)
2

The above equation is called Bernoulli's

equation for steady, incompressible, non-
viscous and and streamline flow
 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
1. Venturimeter
• it is a device based on Bernoulli's theorem and used to measure the rate of flow of
water in a pipe. It was invented by an American Engineer Horschel in 1887.
• The simplest form of venturimeter consists of two conical tubes A and B of cross-
sectional area a Connected by a short narrow tube C of cross-sectional area 𝑎2 .
• Let 𝑣1 be the velocity of liquid at
cross-sectional area 𝑎1 and 𝑣2 be the H

velocity at 𝑎2 .
C
• If the tube is wide, the velocity is less
𝑎1
or pressure is more.
𝑎2
• If the tube is narrow, the velocity A B

is large or pressure is less.

• Since 𝑎1 is greater than 𝑎2 , the velocity 𝑣1 is less than 𝑣2
• The venturimeter works on the principle that when a liquid flows through a tube of varying
cross-section, the velocity and pressure vary along the tube, the pressure being the least
where the velocity is the greatest and vice versa.
• Applying Bernoulli's theorem, we get, Total energy at 𝑎1 = Total energy at 𝑎2
𝑃1 1 2 𝑃2 1 2
+ 𝑣 + 𝑔ℎ1 = + 𝑣 + 𝑔ℎ2 (from equation 9)
ρ 2 1 ρ 2 2

• where ℎ1 , 𝑣1 and 𝑃1 are the height, velocity and pressure at 𝑎1 and ℎ2 , 𝑣2 and 𝑃2 are
corresponding values at 𝑎2 . 𝜌 being the density of liquid flowing through the pipe and is
constant, as liquid is taken as incompressible.
• When the tube is horizontal, ℎ1 = ℎ2
𝑃1 1 2 𝑃2 1 2
+ 𝑣 = + 𝑣
ρ 2 1 ρ 2 2
 𝑃1 𝑃2 1 2 1 2 flowing through a per unit time is equal
∴ − = 𝑣 − 𝑣
ρ ρ 2 2 2 1 to amount of liquid flowing through 𝑎2 .
Therefore, 𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑎2 𝑣2
(𝑃1 −𝑃2 ) 1 2
= (𝑣2 − 𝑣12 )
ρ 2 𝑣2 𝑎1
=
𝑣1 𝑎2
ρ 2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = (𝑣2 − 𝑣12 ) Using the above value in equation 11
2
Dividing throughout by 𝑣12 ρ𝑣12 𝑎12
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = −1
2 𝑎22
(𝑃1 −𝑃2 ) ρ 𝑣22 𝑣12
= − 2
𝑣12 2 𝑣12 𝑣1 ρ𝑣12 𝑎12 −𝑎22
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 =
2 𝑎22
ρ𝑣12 𝑣22
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = − 1 -------(11)
2 𝑣12 2
2 (𝑃1 −𝑃 )𝑎
2 2
𝑣12 =
• As the flow is steady, non-viscous and 𝜌(𝑎12 − 𝑎22 )
incompressible, the amount of liquid
 2 (𝑃1 −𝑃2 )
𝑣1 = 𝑎2
𝜌(𝑎12 − 𝑎22 )
• The volume of water entering through A per second through 𝑎1 or the rate of flow of
water through the pipe= 𝑎1 𝑣1 . Therefore, volume rate of flow through pipe is,
𝑄 = 𝑎1 𝑣1

2 (𝑃1 −𝑃2 )
𝑄 = 𝑎1 𝑎2
𝜌(𝑎12 −𝑎22 )

• If H is height difference in liquid heights into vertical tube, then 𝑃1 −𝑃2 = H𝜌g-------(12)

2Hg
∴ Q = 𝑎1 𝑎2
(𝑎12 −𝑎22 )

Thus, knowing 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 and H, the rate of flow of water through the pipe can be calculated
 2. Pitot tube
• Pitot tube is an instrument used for the measurement of the velocity of liquids or gases
through pipes at any depth and is based Bernoulli's principle. The Pitot tube is shown
in Fig a and b
• It consists of two vertical tubes having small aperture at the lower end shown
by A and B in Fig,
• The plane of the aperture at A is parallel to
the direction of flow of liquid while the plane h
of aperture at B is perpendicular to the
direction of flow.
A
• Let the velocity of the flow in the pipe be 𝑣 B
and pressure head (or static pressure) be 𝑃𝐴
Fig a: pitot tube for liquid
• The velocity and the pressure of the liquid at point A remain the same as they are
elsewhere in the pipe. Thus, at point 'A' the pressure of the liquid is 𝑃𝐴 and velocity of
the liquid is 𝑣.
• Since the flow is obstructed at lower end of the second tube i.e. at point B, the
velocity at B falls rapidly to zero. So at that place (around point B), the kinetic energy
of the liquid becomes zero and obviously, the
B
pressure is gained by the same amount. Due
to this, the height of the second liquid A

column will be more than height of the first

h
liquid column. Let 𝑃𝐵 be the pressure at
point B.
Fig b: pitot tube for gas
 𝑃1 1 2 𝑃2 1 2
• we know that + 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝑣 = + 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝑣2 (Bernoulli's theorem from eq’n 9)
ρ 2 1 ρ 2

• Applying Bernoulli's theorem for horizontal flow to points A & B we have,

𝑃𝐴 𝑣2 𝑃𝐵
+ = +0 (∵ ℎ1 = ℎ2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 0)
ρ 2 ρ

𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵 𝑣2
− = −
ρ ρ 2

𝑣2 −𝑃𝐴 +𝑃𝐵
=
2 ρ

2(𝑃𝐵 −𝑃𝐴 )
𝑣2 =
ρ

2ℎ𝜌𝑔
𝑣2 = [∵ 𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 = ℎ𝜌𝑔 (from equation 12)]
ρ

𝑣= 2𝑔ℎ by measuring h, the speed of the flow of liquid can be determined

 Applications of Viscous Fluids
• There are many applications of viscosity and viscous fluids. People Working in
mechanical engineering, chemical and physical sciences, medical, pharmaceutical
sciences need to know the viscosity of a substance to suit for particular applications.
Few applications are listed below.
1. Oil is used as a lubricant in bearings, engines, pumps, gears to protect against wear
and to reduce friction. The fluid film formed between solids to keep them from being
in direct contact with each other depends upon viscosity of lubricant. The correct and
regular viscosity of oil gives ability to protect a moving part against a wear and to
reduce friction.
2. The low viscous liquids are used as coolant while machining at lathe shops.
3. The low viscosity liquid such as a petrol (as a cleaner) is used in mobile shops.
4. The viscosity of paints, varnishes are monitored so that paints and varnishes can be
applied smoothly and evenly with a brush roller.
In furniture polishing, the viscosity has been increased to a particular value such that
an almost gel like texture will be produced so that the liquid can be easily applied
and stick well to the surface of furniture.
5. Drug companies manufacture a cough syrup that has a high viscosity in order to
coat the throat and still drinkable.
6. The viscosity of blood helps physician in the diagnosis of a number of diseases. For
example, the plasma viscosity of blood is higher in patient undergoing a
cardiovascular events such as stoke or sudden cardiac death.
7. The viscosity of ointment must have proper value so that after application of
ointment, it should stay in affected area and not flow off.
8. Viscous fluids can be used to transfer mechanical energy with actual mechanical
contact parts
9. The use of viscosity is done in organic chemistry in measuring molecular weight of a
compound.
10. Break fluid is a fluid with low viscosity. This fluid transmits force through the
breaking system and it would operate properly, if viscosity of the fluid has proper
value.