Class: F.Y.B.Sc.

Subject: Mechanics and Properties of

Matter

Chapter 1 : Motion
 Introduction to Motion
• What is Motion?
• We can define motion as the change of position of an object with respect to
time. A book falling off a table, water flowing from the tap, rattling windows,
etc. all exhibit motion. Even the air that we breathe exhibits motion!
Everything in the universe moves. We live in a universe that is in continual
motion. The fundamental particle of a matter that is the atom is in constant
motion too. Every physical process in the universe is composed of motion of
some sort. The motion can either be swift or slow, but motion exists. It is
important that we give due attention to the study of motion because of its
importance in the physical world. Motion is mainly described in terms of the
following terms:
• Distance
• Displacement
• Speed
• Time
Examples Of Motion
Now let us understand motion clearly with the help of a few examples.
•Our daily activities, like walking, running, closing the door, etc. involve motion. There is
a change of position of the object involved in these activities.
•The flow of air in and out of our lungs is also an example of motion.
•The automobiles that carry passengers from the place of pick up to the destination
possess motion. In this case, the position of passengers is changed from one place to
another.
•Types Of Motion
We might have noticed that different objects move differently. Some objects
move in a curved path, some in a straight path and a few others in a
different way. According to the nature of the movement, motion is
classified into three types as follows:
•Linear Motion
•Rotatory Motion
•Oscillatory Motion
 Linear Motion
• In linear motion, the particles move from one point to another in either a
straight line or a curved path. The linear motion depending on the path of
motion is further divided as follows
• Rectilinear Motion – The path of the motion is a straight line.
• Curvilinear Motion – The path of the motion is curved.
• A few examples of linear motion are the motion of the train, football, the
motion of a car on the road, etc.

Rectilinear Motion

Curvilinear Motion
 Rotatory Motion
Rotatory motion is the motion that occurs when a body rotates on its own axis. A
few examples of the rotatory motion are as follows:
•The motion of the earth about its own axis around the sun is an example of rotary
motion.
•While driving a car, the motion of wheels and the steering wheel about its own axis
is an example of rotatory motion.
 Oscillatory/Periodic Motion
Oscillatory motion is the motion of a body about its mean position.
A few examples of oscillatory motion are:
•When a child on a swing is pushed, the swing moves to and fro about its mean position.
•The pendulum of a clock exhibits oscillatory motion as it moves to and fro about its
mean position.
•The string of the guitar when strummed moves to and fro by its mean position
resulting in an oscillatory motion.
 Uniform Motion and Non Uniform Motion

Uniform Motion:
Definition: This type of motion is defined as the motion of an object in which the object
travels in a straight line and its velocity remains constant along that line as it covers equal
distances in equal intervals of time, irrespective of the duration of the time.
Example of Uniform Motion:
1.If the speed of a car is 10 m/s, it means that the car covers 10 meters in one second. The
speed is constant in every second.
2.Movement of blades of a ceiling fan.
Non Uniform Motion:
Definition: This type of motion is defined as the motion of an object in which the object
travels with varied speed and it does not cover same distance in equal time intervals,
irrespective of the time interval duration.
Example of Non Uniform Motion:
1.If a car covers 10 meters in first two seconds, and 15 meters in next two seconds.
2.The motion of a train.
 Comparison Uniform Motion Non Uniform Motion
Parameters
Average Speed The motion is similar to The motion is different
the actual speed of the from the actual speed of
object. the object.

Rectilinear Motion It has zero acceleration. It has non-zero

acceleration.
Graph Distance-time graph Distance-time graph
shows a straight line shows a curved line
Distance Covers equal distances in Covers unequal distances
equal time interval. in equal time interval.
 Distance and Displacement
Distance is the total movement of an object without any regard to direction. We
can define distance as to how much ground an object has covered despite its
starting or ending point.
Displacement is the direct length between any two points when measured
along the minimum path between them
 Distance vs Displacement
Distance Displacement

Displacement is the direct length

The complete length of the path
between any two points when
between any two points is called
measured along the minimum path
distance
between them

Distance is a scalar quantity as it only Displacement is a vector quantity as it

depends upon the magnitude and not depends upon both magnitude and
the direction direction

Displacement can be positive, negative

Distance can only have positive values
and even zero
 Motion in one Dimension
The motion of a body is said to be in one dimension or one–dimensional motion if it
moves along a straight line in any direction. This type of motion is also called rectilinear
or linear motion. Only one position co-ordinate is required to describe the position of
the particle in this motion.
Examples
(i) Motion of a vehicle on a straight line
(ii) Motion of an object dropped from a certain height from the ground.
(iii) A man working on a straight path etc.
 Motion in two Dimension
The motion of a body is said to be in two dimensions or two dimensional motion if it
moves, two position coordinates are required to describe the motion of the particle.
Examples:
(i) Motion of an insect on a floor
(ii) Motion of a boat in a river
(iii) Motion of earth around the sun
(iv) Motion of a shell fired from a gun
(v) Motion of a billiard ball on the billiard tale etc.
 Motion in three Dimension

The motion of a body is said to be in three dimensions or three dimensional

motion if it moves in space. In this type of motion three position co-
ordinates are required to describe the position of the particle.
Examples:
(i) Motion of a kite
(ii) Motion of an aeroplane
(iii) Motion of a flying bird
 Speed and Velocity
• Speed is defined as The rate of change of position of an object in any direction.
• It is measured as the ratio of distance to the time in which the distance was covered.
Speed is a Scalar quantity as it has only direction and no magnitude.
𝑑
Speed Formula: 𝑠 =
𝑡 Unit: CGS system cm.s-1
Where, d is the distance traveled (m)
t is the time taken (s) Unit: SI system ms-1

•Velocity of an object can be defined as the rate of change of the object’s position with
respect to a frame of reference and time. It might sound complicated but velocity is
basically speeding in a specific direction.
•It is a vector quantity, which means we need both magnitude (speed) and direction to
define velocity.
•The SI unit of it is meter per second (ms -1)
•if there is a change in magnitude or the direction in the velocity of a body the body is
said to be accelerating.
 Difference between Speed and Velocity
Velocity Speed
•Velocity can be defined as the rate at which an •The rate at which an object covers a certain distance is
Definition
object changes position in a certain direction. known as speed.
Type of quantity •Vector quantity •Scalar quantity
Magnitude •Velocity can be zero, negative, or positive. •Speed can never be negative or zero.
•The velocity of the object changes with the
Change of •The average speed will continue to count even if the
change in direction, therefore the object must
direction object changes direction.
follow one direction.
•An object may possess different velocities but the
Interrelation •Speed may or may not be equal to velocity.
same speed.
Unit (SI) •Velocity is measured in m/s •Speed is measured in m/s

•= ∆x/∆t; where is the average velocity, ‘∆t’ is the •v = d/t; where ‘v’ is the average speed, ‘t’ is time taken
Equation
time of arrival and ‘∆x’ is the displacement. to travel the distance and ‘d’ is the distance travelled.

•A train going towards the south direction with an
average speed of 50 km/h will have a velocity of
Example
50 km/h, north. An object going straight in a
particular direction is considered to have velocity.
•A sports bike travelling at 50 m/s would go from 0
m/s to 30 m/s, before reaching 50 m/s and could even
reach 70 m/s. However, the average speed will be the
speed of the bike.
 Average Speed & Average Velocity
Average Speed:
• The average speed of a body in a certain time interval is the distance covered by the body
in that time interval divided by time.
• So if a particle covers a certain distance s in a time t1 to t2, then the average speed of the
s total Distance travelled
body is: Vavg = ∴ Average speed = Total time taken
t2 −t1

Average Velocity:
The average velocity of a body in a certain time interval is given as the displacement of the
body in that time interval divided by time. So if a particle covers a certain displacement AB
𝐴𝐵
in a time t1 to t2, then the average velocity of the particle is: 𝑉𝑎𝑣 =
t2 −t1

Total Displacement
In general, the formula is: Average Velocity = total Time
 Instantaneous Velocity
• In simple words, the velocity of an object
at that instant of time. Instantaneous
velocity definition is given as “The velocity
of an object under motion at a specific
point of time.”
• If the object possesses uniform velocity
then the instantaneous velocity may be the
same as its standard velocity.

Instantaneous Velocity Formula:

Where, ∆𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

 Acceleration
• Acceleration is defined as The rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
• Acceleration is a Vector Quantity as it has both magnitude and direction. It is also
the second derivative of position with respect to time or it is the first derivative
of velocity with respect to time.
Acceleration formula is given as: Acceleration =

Acceleration=
Where,
a = acceleration in m.s-2
vf =final velocity in m.s-1
vi =initial velocity in m.s-1
t =time interval in s
Δv =small change in the velocity in m.s -1
Unit: metre per sec square
 Average Acceleration & Instantaneous Acceleration
• Average acceleration: The average acceleration over a period of time is defined as the
total change in velocity in the given interval divided by the total time taken for the
change. For a given interval of time, it is denoted as ā.
v2 −v1 ∆v
Mathematically, 𝑎ത = =
t2 −t1 ∆t
Where v2 and v1 are the instantaneous velocities at time t2 and t1 and ā is the average
acceleration.

Instantaneous acceleration : when an object is moving with variable acceleration , then

the acceleration of the object at any instant of time is called Instantaneous acceleration
It can also be defined as limiting value of average acceleration, over an interval of time,
which approaches to zero
∆𝐯
Formula: a = lim
∆t→0 ∆t
 Newtons first law of motion
• The first law of motion implies that things cannot start, stop, or change direction
all by themselves. It requires some force from the outside to cause such a
change. This property of massive bodies to resist changes in their state of
motion is called inertia. Newton’s first law is also known as the law of inertia.
• Newton’s 1st law states that “a body at rest or uniform motion will continue to
be at rest or uniform motion until and unless a net external force acts on it.”
 Newtons second law of motion
• The second law of motion describes what happens to the massive body when acted
upon by an external force. The 2nd law of motion states that the force acting on the
body is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration.
• Newton’s 2nd law states that “the acceleration of an object as produced by a net
force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction
as the net force”

• Newton’s second law describes

precisely how much an object will
accelerate for a given net force.
• Mathematically, we express the
second law of motion as follows:
Formula: 𝐅 = 𝐦𝐚
𝐅∝𝐚
 Newtons Third law of motion
• The third law of motion describes what happens to the body when it exerts a force on
another body.
• The Newton’s 3rd law states that “for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
• When two bodies interact, they apply force on each other that are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction.
• To understand Newton’s third law with the help of an example, let us consider a book
resting on a table. The book applies a downward force equal to its weight on the table.
According to the third law of motion, the table applies an equal and opposite force on the
book. This force occurs because the book slightly deforms the table; as a result, the table
pushes back on the book like a coiled spring. Newton’s third law of motion implies
the conservation of momentum
 Various types of Forces in Nature
Following are the four fundamental forces in nature:
• Gravitational force.
• Electromagnetic force.
• Strong nuclear force.
• Weak nuclear force.
 Frames Of Reference
• Inertial Frames:
The frame in which acceleration of a body or object is zero, is called Inertial
Frame of Reference where Newtons laws are valid
• Non-Inertial Frames:
The frame in which acceleration of a body or object is observed is called non
Inertial Frame of Reference where Newtons laws are not valid
According to the observer the ball thrown
by the plane is in projectile motion
(i.e. non-inertial for the observer)