Name: Nambio, Geraldine M.

Physics I
Student Number: 18B1010 Date: October 23, 2020
Section: BSES III-A

Kinematics
Define the following and write this in a short bond paper.
1. Kinematics
The word “kinematics” comes from a Greek term “kinein” meaning motion and is
related to English word such us “cinema” movies and “kinesiology” (the study of human
motion).
Kinematics, branch of physics and a subdivision of classical mechanics
concerned with the geometrically possible motion of a body or system of bodies without
consideration of the forces involved (i.e., causes and effects of the motions). For a
particle moving on a straight path, a list of positions and corresponding times would
constitute a suitable scheme for describing the motion of the particle. A continuous
description would require a mathematical formula expressing position in terms of time.
2. Motion and its type.
In physics, the motion is the change in position of an object with respect to its
surroundings in a given interval of time. The motion of an object with some mass can be
described in terms of the following: distance, displacement, speed, velocity, time, and
acceleration.
Types of Motion
A. Translational Motion
A type of motion in which all parts of an object move the same distance in
a given time is called translational motion. Examples are vehicles moving on a
road, a child going down a bird flying in the sky. Translational motion can be of
two types, rectilinear and curvilinear. Table shows the differences between
rectilinear and curvilinear motions.

Examples of translational motion: a child going down a slide.

B. Rotational Motion
When an object moves about an axis and different parts of it move by
different distances in a given interval of time, it is said to be in rotational motion.
Examples of objects undergoing rotational motion are blades of a rotating fan,
merry-go-round, blades of a windmill. When an object undergoes rotational
motion, all its parts do not move the same distance in a given interval of time. For
example, the outer portion of the blades of a windmill moves much more than the
portion closer to the center.
A merry-go-around shows rotational motion:

C. Periodic Motion
A type of motion that repeats itself after equal intervals of time is called
periodic motion. Examples of objects undergoing periodic motion are the to and
fro motion of a pendulum, the Earth (rotating on its axis), the hands of a clock,
the blades of a rotating electric fan, and the plucked string of a guitar

Objects undergoing periodic motion

D. Non-periodic Motion
A motion that does not repeat itself at regular intervals or a motion that
does not repeat itself at all is called non-periodic motion. Examples of non-
periodic motion are a car moving on a road, a bird gliding across the sky, and
children playing in a park. In everyday life, we observe more than one type of
motion, like

 Birds gliding across the sky (translational and non periodic).

 Rotation of the Earth on its axis (rotational and periodic).
3. Frame of Reference
Reference frame, also called frame of reference, in dynamics, system of
graduated lines symbolically attached to a body that serve to describe the position of
points relative to the body. The position of a point on the surface of the Earth, for
example, can be described by degrees of latitude, measured north and south from the
Equator, and degrees of longitude, measured east and west from the great circle
passing through Greenwich, England, and the poles.
The reference frames used in dynamics are known as coordinate systems with
axes (lines) emanating from a point known as the origin. The position of a point moving
parallel to a plane (plane motion) can be described by two numbers: (1) either the
distances of the point from two lines at right angles to one another on the plane
(rectangular coordinates), or (2) the length of a line with one end fixed at the origin and
the other end at the moving point and the angle that the line makes with a fixed axis
(polar coordinates). Motion in three dimensions can be described by three rectangular
coordinates or by the length of a line emanating from the origin and two angles
(spherical coordinates); one of these angles is equivalent to degrees of longitude and
the other to degrees of latitude. In all cases a line from the origin to the point is known
as the position vector for the point. As the point moves, the position vector changes in
both magnitude and direction, and the velocity of the point is defined in terms of these
changes.
4. Distance and Displacement
Distance is the total movement of an object without any regard to direction. We
can define distance as to how much ground an object has covered despite its starting or
ending point.

Distance here will be = 4m + 3m + 5m = 12 m

Distance Formula
Δd=d1+d2
 Displacement is defined as the change in position of an object. It is a vector
quantity and has a direction and magnitude. It is represented as an arrow that points
from the starting position to the final position. For example- If an object moves from A
position to B, then the object’s position changes. This change in position of an object is
known as Displacement.

Displacement = Δx=xf−x0
xf = Final Position
x0 = Initial Position
Δx = Displacement
5. Speed and Velocity
Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving." Speed
can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance. A fast-moving object
has a high speed and covers a relatively large distance in a short amount of time.
Contrast this to a slow-moving object that has a low speed; it covers a relatively small
amount of distance in the same amount of time. An object with no movement at all has
a zero speed.
Velocity is a vector quantity that refers to "the rate at which an object changes its
position." Imagine a person moving rapidly - one step forward and one step back -
always returning to the original starting position. While this might result in a frenzy of
activity, it would result in a zero velocity. Because the person always returns to the
original position, the motion would never result in a change in position.
6. Average Speed and Average Velocity
Average Velocity is the ratio of total displacement to total time. Its direction is
the same as the direction of the moving object. Even if the object is slowing down, and
the magnitude of the velocity is decreasing, its direction would be still the same as the
direction in which the object is moving. The magnitude of average velocity is always
less than or equal to the average speed because displacement is always smaller than
or equal to distance.
 It is a vector quantity and has units of m/s
Average velocity = Total Displacement
Total Time
The average velocity of the particle can be positive as well as negative and its
positive and negative value depends on the sign of displacement. If the displacement of
the particle is zero its average velocity is also zero.
Average Speed is the total distance travelled by the body in total time is the average
speed.

Average speed = Total Distance

Total Time
It is a scalar quantity and its units are m/s.

Average speed is found by the first finding the total distance covered by the
object and dividing it by the total time taken in travelling the distance. If the motion of an
object is along a straight line and in the same direction, the magnitude of displacement
is equal to the total path length. In that case, the magnitude of the average velocity is
equal to the average speed. In case the average speed is not equal to the magnitude of
the average velocity, this is because the motion involves a change in direction and so
path length is greater than the magnitude of displacement. So the average speed is
greater than the magnitude of the velocity.
7. Constant Speed and Constant Velocity
Constant speed means that there is no acceleration. For example a car moving
at 50 mph is going at a constant speed, but a car that is standing still on the road and
speeds up to 50 mph is in a constant state of acceleration. Once the car reaches 50
mph there is zero acceleration and you are moving at a constant speed. When the
speed of an object remains the same - it does not increase or decrease - we say it is
moving at a constant speed.
Constant Velocity is the motion that does not change in speed nor direction. An
object moving with constant velocity must have a constant speed in a constant direction.
Motion with constant velocity is one of the simplest forms of motion. To have a constant
velocity, an object must have a constant speed in a constant direction.
8. Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous Speed
We know that the average speed for a given time interval is the total distance
traveled divided by the total time taken. As this time interval approaches zero, the
distance traveled also approaches zero. But the limit of the ratio of distance and time is
non-zero and is called the instantaneous speed. To understand it in simple words we
can also say that instantaneous speed at any given time is the magnitude of
instantaneous velocity at that time.
Instantaneous Velocity
In simple words, the velocity of an object at that instant of time. Instantaneous
velocity definition is given as “The velocity of an object under motion at a specific point
of time.” If the object possesses uniform velocity then the instantaneous velocity may be
the same as its standard velocity.
Instantaneous velocity is defined as the rate of change of position for a time
interval which is very small (almost zero). Measured using SI unit m/s. Instantaneous
speed is the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity. It has the same value as that of
instantaneous velocity but does not have any direction.
9. Acceleration
Acceleration is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object
changes its velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity.
In physics or physical science, acceleration (symbol: a) is defined as the rate of
change (or derivative with respect to time) of velocity. It is thus a vector quantity with
dimension length/time².In SI units, acceleration is measured in meters/second² using an
accelerometer. To accelerate an object is to change its velocity, which is accomplished
by altering either its speed or direction (like in case of uniform circular motion) in relation
to time. In this strict mathematical sense, acceleration can have positive and negative
vals (deceleration). Any time that the sign (+ or -) of the acceleration is the same as the
sign of the velocity, the object will speed up. If the signs are opposite, the object will
slow down.
Acceleration is a vector defined by properties of magnitude (size or
measurability) and direction. When either velocity or direction are changed, there is
acceleration (or deceleration)
10. Big Acceleration
A large or big acceleration tells you that the velocity is changing quickly.
11. Small Acceleration
A small acceleration tells you that the velocity is changing slowly
12. Zero Acceleration
Zero acceleration means that the velocity is constant or is not changing. This is
because no net force is acting on the body or object that has zero acceleration, as the
acceleration is proportional to the force and the mass according to Newton’s second
law.
Examples of this include, uniform rectilinear motion, although difficult to find in
real life, as well as the terminal velocity of an object falling in a viscous fluid. Objects at
rest also have zero acceleration, as the net force acting on them is also zero.
13. Constant Acceleration
Constant acceleration is a proposed aspect of most future forms of space travel.
It entails that the propulsion system of whatever kind operate continuously with a steady
acceleration, rather than the brief impulsive thrusts used by chemical rockets — for the
first half of the journey it constantly pushes the spacecraft towards its destination, and
for the last half of the journey it constantly uses back thrust, so that the spaceship
arrives at the destination at a standstill.
14. Positive and Negative Acceleration
Positive acceleration: If the velocity of an object increases with time, its
acceleration is positive.
Negative acceleration: If the velocity of an object decreases with time, its
acceleration is negative. Negative acceleration is called retardation deceleration.
15. Free Fall
In Newtonian physics, free fall is any motion of a body where gravity is the only
force acting upon it. In the context of general relativity, where gravitation is reduced to a
space-time curvature, a body in free fall has no force acting on it.
The term "free fall" is often used more loosely than in the strict sense defined
above. Thus, falling through an atmosphere without a deployed parachute, or lifting
device, is also often referred to as free fall. The aerodynamic drag forces in such
situations prevent them from producing full weightlessness, and thus a skydiver's "free
fall" after reaching terminal velocity produces the sensation of the body's weight being
supported on a cushion of air.
References:
BYJUS Learning App. (N.D). Distance And Displacement. Retrieved from
https://byjus.com/physics/distance-and-displacement/
BYJUS Learning App. (N.D). Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity.
Retrieved from https://byjus.com/physics/instantaneous-speed-and-instantaneous-
velocity/
Perez V. (2020). What is zero acceleration? Retrieved from
https://www.quora.com/What-is-zero-acceleration
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2017). Kinematics. Encyclopædia Britannica.
Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/kinematics
The Physics Classroom (N.d.) Introduction to the Language of Kinematics. Retrieved
from https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-1/Introduction
The Physics Classroom (N.d.).Speed and Velocity. Retrieved from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-1/Speed-and-Velocity
Toppr (N.D). Average Velocity and Average Speed. Retrieved from
https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/motion-in-a-straight-line/average-velocity-and-
average-speed/
Veerendra (2019). What is Motion and Types of Motion. Aplus Topper. Retrieved from
https://www.aplustopper.com/motion-and-types-of-motion/