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(2-9)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Motion at Constant Acceleration
(2-11a) (2-11c)
(2-11b) (2-11d)
In the absence of
air resistance, all
objects fall with
the same
acceleration,
although this may
be hard to tell by
testing in an
environment
where there is air
resistance.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Kinematics for the VERTICAL Direction
All 3 kinematics can be used to analyze one dimensional
motion in either the X direction OR the y direction.
v = 25 m/s
t = 6s
v = vo + at
25 = 12.5 + a(6)
a= 2.08 m/s/s
Kinematics and Calculus
Let’s take the “derivative” of
kinematic #2 assuming the
object started at x = 0.
x = voxt + 1 at 2
2
dx d (v t + 1 at 2 )
v= =
ox 2
dt dt
v = vo + at
dv d (v0 + at)
a= = =a
dt dt
Projectile Motion
Projectile: Any object which is projected by some means
and continues to move due to its own inertia (mass).
A projectile is an object moving in two dimensions under
the influence of Earth’s gravity; its path is a parabola.
x = vox t + 1 at 2
2
x = voxt y = 1 2 gt 2
y = 1 2 gt 2 → −500 = 1 2 (−9.8)t 2
x = vox t = (100)(10.1) = 1010 m
102.04 = t → t = 10.1 seconds
2
Vertically Launched Projectiles
• For the horizontal
motion x-direction
vx = vox
x = voxt
• For the vertical motion
y-direction
vy = voy − gt
1 2
y = voy t − gt
2
Vertically Launched Projectiles
You will still use kinematic #2, but YOU MUST use
COMPONENTS in the equation.
• Hence,
vy = voy − gt becomes
•
0 = vo sin− gt
vo sin
t=
g
• This is the time to reach the maximum height, H.
• The time taken for the projectile to return to the x-axis,
is know as the time of flight T = 2t.
Vertically Launched Projectiles
• To find an expression for the maximum height, H
1
y = vot − gt 2
2
vo sin
2
vo sin 1
H = vo sin − g
g 2 g
vo2 sin 2 vo2 sin 2 vo2 sin 2 1 1
H= − = : 1 − =
g 2g 2g 2 2
vo 2 sin 2
H=
2g
Vertically Launched Projectiles
• To find an expression for the maximum horizontal
distance covered, referred to as the Range, R
x = voxt T = 2t
v o s in v o2 2 s in c o s
R = vo cos 2 =
g g
• Applying Trig. Double angle identity sin 2= 2sincos
• vo 2 sin 2
R=
g
Vertically Launched Projectiles
• The trajectory; the path taken by the projectile motion
can also be derive by using the equation
1
y = v oy t − gt 2
2
• The expression shows how y and x are related
x
2
x 1
y = vo sin − g
vo cos 2 vo cos
g
y = tanx − x2
2vo2 cos 2
• The equation of parabola is given as
y = bx − ax 2
Example
A goalkeeper kicks a football with a velocity of 20.0 m/s and at
an angle of 53 degrees.
(a) How long is the ball in the air?
(b) How far away does it land?
(c) How high does it travel?
vox = vo cos
vox = 20 cos 53 = 12.04 m / s
voy = vo sin
=
voy = 20sin 53 = 15.97 m / s
Example
A goalkeeper kicks a What I know What I want
football with a velocity of to know
20.0 m/s and at an angle vox=12.04 m/s t=?
of 53 degrees. voy=15.97 m/s x=?
(a) How long is the ball in
y=0 ymax=?
the air?
g = - 9.8
m/s/s
y = voy t + 1 gt 2
CUT YOUR TIME IN HALF! 2
y = (15.97)(1.63) − 4.9(1.63) 2
y = 13.01 m
EXAMPLE