Chapter 2

Motion in One Dimension

Name
SAMARTH EDUCATION
Institute Name
SAMARTH EDUCATION
Key Concepts

● Distance & Displacement

● Speed & Velocity
● Acceleration
● Equation of Motion
● Graphs for Rectilinear Motion
○ Distance - Time
○ Velocity - Time
○ Acceleration - Time
● Motion Under Gravity
● Variable Motion
● Relative Velocity
Mechanics
The branch of physics dealing with the study of motion of material objects is called Mechanics.

● Kinematics is description of motion, without referring to cause of motion.

● Statics : It is a branch of mechanics which deals with the study of material objects at rest.
● Dynamics : It is the study of motion considering the cause of motion.
● Motion in one dimension is also called motion along a straight line or rectilinear motion.

One dimensional Two dimensional Three dimensional

Motion of a body is in a straight line. Motion of a body is in a plane. Motion of a body is in a space.
Only one coordinate of the position of a body Two coordinates of the position of a body Three coordinates of the position of a body
changes with time. changes with time. changes with time.
Ex : Motion of car on a straight road. Ex : Motion of car on a circular turn. Ex : Motion of flying insect.

● Particle: A particle ideally means a point mass. But in practice, a particle need not be a tiny object.
● Frame of reference: To describe motion, an observer must define a frame of reference relative to which the motion is analysed. A set of
coordinate axes (and a clock) attached to the object(s) at rest relative to the observer is called a reference frame. Generally, the frame of
reference is the earth unless otherwise mentioned.
● Inertial and non-inertial frames of reference: A reference frame at rest or moving with a constant velocity (with respect to another inertial frame )
is called an inertial frame of reference. A frame of reference which is accelerating is called a non-inertial frame of reference.
Distance & Displacement
Distance Displacement

It is a magnitude that measures the length that is traveled by an object It is a magnitude that measures the variation of the position of a body
from one point to another. between two points, considering a starting point and an endpoint.

It is considered a scalar magnitude. It is considered a vector magnitude.

It depends on the path that the object follows. It does not depend on the path that the object follows.

It is expressed by a number and a unit of magnitude frequently in In physics, it is expressed by a module (value), unity, direction, and
meters. meaning.

Distance travelled cannot be zero (once the motion starts) or negative i.e., Displacement of a particle can be zero, positive or negative.
distance travelled is always positive.

S.I. Unit - meter S.I. Unit - meter

Dimension [M0L1T0] Dimension [M0L1T0]

If we consider a particle moving on X-axis, its displacement is given by If we consider a particle moving on X-axis, its displacement is given by
calculating total distance from x1 = initial position to x2 = final position. s = x2 - x1 where x1 = initial position and x2 = final position.

If a particle moves along a straight line in a given direction, then the distance travelled and the magnitude of displacement are equal .In all other cases,
distance travelled is more than the magnitude of displacement.
Speed & Velocity
Speed Velocity

It refers to the magnitude of the change in the position of an object. It refers to the magnitude of the change in the position of an object, but in a
specific direction.
It is a scalar quantity because it only includes magnitude. It is a vector quantity because it includes both magnitude and direction.

Speed is a narrower concept. Velocity is a broader concept.

It indicated how rapid an object is moving. It indicated how rapid an object is moving along with its position.

Speed cannot be negative. Velocity can be negative or zero.

S.I. Unit - meter/second S.I. Unit - meter/second

Dimension [M0L1T-1] Dimension [M0L1T-1]

Uniform: A particle moving with uniform speed covers equal distances in Uniform: A particle is said to be moving with uniform velocity if magnitudes as
equal intervals of time (no matter how small the intervals are). well as direction of velocity remains same. This is possible only when the
Non-Uniform: A particle moving with non-uniform speed covers unequal particles moves in same straight line without reversing its direction.
distances in equal intervals of time. Non-uniform: A particle is said to be moving with non-uniform velocity if either
Average Speed & Average Velocity
Average speed Average Velocity

S.I. Unit - meter/second S.I. Unit - meter/second

Dimension [M0L1T-1] Dimension [M0L1T-1]

It depends on the time interval over which it is defined. It depends on the time interval over which it is defined.

For a given interval, it can have many values depending on the path For a given interval, it is single valued.
followed.

If after motion, the body comes back to its initial position, then the average If after motion, the body comes back to its initial position, then the
speed is and finite. This is because average velocity
is zero.

For a moving body, average speed can never be negative. For a moving body, average velocity can be zero, positive, or negative.
Instantaneous Speed & Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous Speed Instantaneous Velocity

It is the speed of a particle at particular instant and is defined as the It is defined as the rate of change of position vector of particles with time at a
average speed for infinitesimally small time interval. certain instant of time.

S.I. Unit - meter/second S.I. Unit - meter/second

Dimension [M0L1T-1] Dimension [M0L1T-1]

Not Always tangential to the path Always tangential to the path followed by the particle.

● If a particle is moving with constant velocity, then its average velocity and instantaneous velocity are always equal.
● The magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to the instantaneous speed.
● If displacement is given as a function of time, then time derivative of displacement will give velocity
Acceleration
● It is defined as the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time.
● It’s direction is same as that of change in velocity (Not of the velocity)
● S.I. Unit - meter/second2
● Dimension [M0L1T-2]
● There are three possible ways by which change in velocity may occur
○ When only direction of velocity changes - Acceleration perpendicular to velocity.
○ When only magnitude of velocity changes - Acceleration parallel or anti-parallel to velocity
○ When both the magnitude and direction of velocity changes - Acceleration has two components one is perpendicular to velocity and
another parallel or anti-parallel to velocity.
● Acceleration can be positive, zero or negative. Positive acceleration means velocity increasing with time, zero acceleration means velocity is
uniform constant while negative acceleration (retardation) means velocity is decreasing with time.
● For motion of a body under gravity, acceleration will be equal to “g”, where g is the acceleration due to gravity. Its normal value is 32 feet / s2, 9.8
m/s2 or 980 cm/s2.
Acceleration
Displacement - Time Graphs
Displacement - Time Graphs
Displacement - Time Graphs
Shape of Graph Description of motion
Velocity - Time Graphs
Velocity - Time Graphs
Acceleration - Time Graphs
Motion Under Gravity
In the absence of air resistance, it is found that all bodies (irrespective of the size, weight or composition) fall with the same acceleration near the
surface of the earth, due to the force of gravitation of the earth. This acceleration is called acceleration due to gravity and its motion is called free fall.

Formulas
Here, u = initial velocity, final velocity, t = time taken, acceleration due to gravity, at a given place, s = displacement and displacement in second.
● For a freely falling body (with zero initial velocity), the equations of motion are ,

● For a body projected vertically upwards (with initial velocity, u), the equations of motion are, Velocity after a time t is

Maximum height attained is Time of ascent = Time of descent

● For a body is projected vertically upwards with an initial velocity u from the top of a tower of height h and time taken by the body to reach
ground is t, or body dropped from a raising balloon, when its speed is u and when it is at a height h from the ground, then
Variable Motion
A body is said to have variable acceleration if the acceleration of body continuously changes with time. This type of motion is also called ‘jerk’.

Motion with Variable Acceleration

● If acceleration is a function of time:

a = f (t) then

● If acceleration is a function of distance:

a = f (x) then,

● If acceleration is a function of velocity:

a = f (v), then,
Relative Velocity
Relative velocity is defined as the time rate of change of relative position of one object with respect to another.

Consider two objects A and B moving uniformly with average velocities vA and vB in one dimension, say along x-axis. If xA (0) and xB (0) are positions of
objects A and B, respectively at time t = 0, their positions xA (t) and xB (t) at time t are given by :

Then, the displacement from object A to object B is given by

Equation tells us that as seen from object A, object B has a velocity vB – vA because the displacement from A to B changes steadily by the amount vB – vA in
each unit of time.

We say that the velocity of object B relative to object A is : vAB = vB- vA

Similarly, velocity of object A relative to object B is : vAB = vA- vB

Relative Velocity of Rain