Forces and Motion

Chapter 9
What is Scalar?
 The scalar quantities have only magnitude.
 They do not have direction.
 For example length, mass, speed, time etc are some of the examples of scalar.

What is a Vector?
 The vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
 For example, velocity, momentum, force, weight, acceleration etc are some of the examples of
vector.
What is motion?
 Motion is movement, or changing position. Everything in the universe is in motion.
 Motion can be measured in different ways.
 The motion of an object with some mass can be described in terms of the
following:
 Distance and Displacement
 Speed
 Velocity
 Time
 Acceleration
 Momentum
 Distance and Displacement
What Is Distance?

• Distance is the total movement of an object

without any regard to direction.
• Distance traveled is always a non-negative number.
A scalar quantity with units of distance.
• SI unit is meters (m).

Distance = Total length of the Path covered from one point to another / Total Time Taken

Distance here will be = 4m + 3m + 5m = 12 m

 What Is Displacement?

 Displacement is defined as the change in position of

an object.
 It is a vector quantity and has a direction and
magnitude.
 It is represented as an arrow that points from the
starting position to the final position.
 For example- If an object moves from A position to
B, then the object’s position changes. This change in
the position of an object is known as Displacement.
 If the starting point and the end point are the same,
the total displacement is zero.
 Distance vs Displacement

Distance Displacement

 Displacement is the direct length

 The complete length of the path
between any two points when
between any two points is called
measured along the minimum path
distance.
between them.

 Distance is a scalar quantity as it only  Displacement is a vector quantity as it

depends upon the magnitude and not depends upon both magnitude and
the direction. direction.

 Displacement can be positive, negative

 Distance can only have positive values.
and even zero.
 Speed
 Speed is the distance an object travels in a certain amount of time. (Speed is defined as the rate of
change of distance travelled).
 Speed is a scalar quantity. It has only magnitude.
 For example, if you walk two miles in one hour, your speed is 2 miles per hour. If you walk 6
kilometers (km) in 3 hours, your speed is still 2 kilometers per hour.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑠𝑠 70 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣 = = 0.7 m/s
𝑡𝑡 100 𝑠𝑠

 In SI units, distance is measured in METERS (m), time is measured in SECONDS (s), and speed is
therefore measured in METERS PER SECOND (m/s).
 Velocity
 Velocity is speed in a specific direction. (Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement.)
 If a train travels 120 km per hour, that’s its speed. But if a train travels 120 km in a westerly
direction in one hour, you can also state its velocity: 120 km/hr west.
 So a change in velocity means either a change in DIRECTION or a change in SPEED.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 v = velocity
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 =
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 s =displacement
t= time taken
𝒔𝒔
𝒗𝒗 =
𝑡𝑡
70 𝑚𝑚
𝒗𝒗 = = 0.7 m/s east
100 𝑠𝑠
SPEED VS VELOCITY
 Acceleration
 Acceleration is the change in an object’s
Increase the speed
velocity.
 Increase the speed
Change in direction
 Decrease the speed
 Change in direction

Decrease the speed

 
 v - v0
or a=
t

 SI unit= m/s2
 Acceleration ( Continued)
Uniform Motion

 A body is said to be in uniform motion when it moves with a constant or uniform speed
at a certain distance in an equal time interval.
 Since the velocity is constant, the acceleration is zero.
 Acceleration ( Continued)
Non-uniform Motion

Non-Uniform Acceleration

 A body is said to be in non-uniform motion when it moves with a variable speed in equal time
intervals at different distances.
 If either magnitude or direction or both magnitude and direction of the velocity changes, it
has acceleration.
 Motion with changing velocity is called non-uniform motion or accelerated motion.
 Acceleration( Continued)
 Acceleration is positive when it is in the same direction
as the object’s motion, and positive acceleration means
the object is speeding up.
 Acceleration is negative when it is in the opposite
direction of the object’s motion, and it means the object
is slowing down. Negative acceleration can also be
called DECELERATION or RETARDATION.

constant retardation (negative acceleration).

 Speed , Velocity and Acceleration

Speed Velocity Acceleration

 the rate of change of distance  the rate of change of displacement  Rate of change velocity with respect
travelled to time

 Speed is a scalar quantity  Velocity is a vector quantity  Acceleration is a vector quantity

 acceleration can be positive,
 Speed can only have positive value  velocity can be positive, negative negative and even zero depending
and even zero depending on the on the direction of the motion
direction of the motion
𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 −𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗
 𝒗𝒗 =  𝒗𝒗 =  a=
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝒕𝒕

 SI unit= m/s  SI unit= m/s with direction  SI unit= m/s2

 Instantaneous speed
 The instantaneous speed is defined as the time rate of change of distance.

 The speed at a particular instant of time is referred to as instantaneous speed.

∆s ds
v = lim =
∆t → 0 ∆t dt

Instantaneous velocity
 The instantaneous velocity is defined as the time rate of change of displacement.

 The velocity at a particular instant of time is referred to as instantaneous velocity.

Instantaneous Acceleration
 Instantaneous acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity.

 
 ∆v dv
a = lim =
∆t →0 ∆t t
 EXERCISE 1
Motion
Directions: Choose the best answer for each of the following items.
Questions 1 and 2 are based on the following graph.

1. Complete the statement with a number.

The object represented in the graph was moving with a speed of
______________________ miles per minute.

2. What type of acceleration is demonstrated by the object in the graph?

A. speeding up
B. slowing down
C. no acceleration
D. changing direction

3. Which object has the greatest momentum: a 60-gram tennis ball traveling
At 20 meters per second or a 600-gram basketball traveling at 2 meters per
second?
A. the basketball
B. the tennis ball
C. neither ball has momentum
D. their momentum is the same
4. An eagle flies due east 40 miles per hour for 1 hour and 30 minutes and then 10 miles in the
opposite direction at 20 miles per hour. How far did it fly? --------------Miles

5. What is the eagle’s displacement?------------ miles

6. Which of the following represents the eagle’s velocity?

(A) 40 mph
(B) 40 mph east
(C) 25 mph
(D) 25 mph east
7. Select the phrase from the choices below that correctly completes the paragraph.
A car is traveling at a velocity of 30 miles per hour across a narrow bridge when it is approached on
a collision course by another car traveling at 30 miles per hour. The momentum of each car is
propelling it forward, and there is no way to completely avoid an impact. Because the momentum of
the car -------------, each driver should attempt to decrease his car’s speed to lessen the severity of
impact.
A. decreases when its velocity decreases
B. increases when its velocity decreases
C. decreases when its velocity increases
Question 8 refers to the following graph, the paragraph below Graphs
are often used to convey information about motion. One type of motion
graph shows distance and time. Distance is measured from a particular
starting point. If the distance graph has a straight, horizontal line, the
distance is unchanging and the object is not moving. If the distance graph
has a straight line with an upward slope, the distance is changing at a
constant rate; this means that the object is moving at a constant speed. If
the distance graph is a curve, the object is accelerating or decelerating,
depending on the shape of the curve.
8. What does the graph above show?
A. an object that is not moving
B. an object that has a constant speed
C. an object that is accelerating
D. an object that is decelerating

9. A dolphin swims 56 meters in 8 seconds and a walrus swims 30 meters in 6 seconds. Which is
faster, the dolphin or the walrus?
 FORCES
 A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's
interaction with another object.
 Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force
upon each of the objects.
 When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the
force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.
 Force always has MAGNITUDE (size) and direction.
 Effects of force
1) Set a stationary object into motion
2) Stop a moving object
3) Change speed
4) Change direction
5) Change dimension (. Movement doesn’t have to be moving
from one location to another; it can also be changing the shape
of something.)

“Force is a physical quantity that changes or tends to change the state of rest or
motion of a body or changes the dimension of body.”
 Net Force
 The net force is defined as is the sum of all the forces acting on an object.
 Net force can accelerate an object. Some other force acts on a body either at rest or motion.
 If the forces are in the same direction, you add them; if the forces are in opposite directions, you
subtract them.

Formula of Net Force

If N is the number of forces acting on a body, the net force
formula is given by,

FNet = F1 + F2 + F3….+ FN
Where,
F1, F2, F3…FN is the force acting on a body.
 Net force when a body is at rest:

 When the body is at rest, the net force formula is given by,
FNet = Fa + Fg.
Where,
Fa = applied force,
Fg = gravitational force.
 When a moving object slows down, it is
Net force when a body is in motion: due to friction. Friction is a force that
resists and opposes motion and has the
 When a force is applied to the body, not only is the applied result of slowing or stopping an object
force acting, there are many other forces like gravitational from moving.
force Fg, frictional force Ff and the normal force that
balances the other force.
Therefore, the net force formula is given by,
FNet = Fa + Fg + Ff + FN.
Where,
•Fa is applied force,
•Fg is the gravitational force,
•Ff is the frictional force,
•FN is a normal force.
 Unit of Force (The Newton)

 Isaac Newton figured out force, so the unit that

measures it is named after him.
 The SI unit for force is a newton (N).
 One newton is the force needed to accelerate an
object with a mass of 1 kilogram at 1 meter per
second squared:

1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s2
Balanced and unbalanced Forces

 Forces may be balanced or unbalanced. Balanced forces do not affect an object’s

motion. Net force is zero.
 Unbalanced forces cause an object to accelerate (speed up, slow down, or
change direction).
 Newton’s Laws Of Motion

 Newton’s laws of motion are three physical laws that describe the relationship between a body and the
forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces.
 The first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force,
and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn’t exist.
 Newton’s First law of Motion: Inertia
“An object in motion will remain in motion and an object at rest
will remain at rest unless there is net force acting on the object.”

Fnet = 0 Velocity= constant or zero Acceleration= zero

 Matter doesn’t like to change what it’s doing. If it is in motion, it

likes to stay in motion, and if it is at rest, it likes to remain at rest.
 INERTIA is matter’s resistance to change in motion. Matter will
remain at rest or in constant motion unless acted on by an
outside force.
 That’s why Newton’s first law is sometimes referred to as the
LAW OF INERTIA.
 Objects with more mass have more inertia.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Force
“The acceleration of an object is equal to the net force on an object divided by the mass of the object.”
 Newton’s second law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional
to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass
of the object.
 The more force applied to an object, the faster it will accelerate. It also says that the more mass an object has,
the more force you’ll need to accelerate it.
 The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.
 The relationship between force and acceleration is often expressed as:

𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

acceleration ∝ a=
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 F net = ma
a∝
𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 Net force = mass x acceleration
a= 𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Force ( Continued)
“Newton’s second law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change
in time. Momentum is defined to be the mass m of an object times its velocity V.”
Newton’s Third Law: Action & Reaction

 Whenever one object exerts a force on a second

object, the second object exerts an equal and
opposite force on the first.
 His third law states that for every action (force) in
nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.
 If object 1 exerts a force on object 2, object 2 also
exerts an equal and opposite force on object 1. In
other words, forces result from interactions.
 Newton’s Laws of Motion

An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in

1. Newton’s First Law of Motion (Inertia) motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an
unbalanced force.

The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and

2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion (Force)
the amount of force applied.

3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion (Action & Whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second
Reaction) object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
 Momentum and Collisions
 The amount of motion in a moving object is called momentum.
 When an object is moving, the product of its mass and velocity is called its momentum.
 The larger an object is and the faster it moves, the greater its momentum.
 Momentum is represented by a lowercase p.

where p = momentum, m = mass, and v = velocity

SI Unit of Momentum = kg ms-1

 Momentum and Collisions (Continued)

 When objects collide, they transfer momentum to one another.

 When the cars collide, their masses do not change. Their velocities, however, do change.
 The cars’ velocities change because they have transferred momentum. the total combined momentum of the two
cars, however, does not change. The total momentum is always the same before and after a collision.
 The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of two objects before the collision is equal
to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision. When momentum transfers from one object to
another, the total amount of momentum these objects had before the collision must equal the amount of
momentum afterward.
Momentum and Collisions
A collision is an event in which two or more objects exert forces on each other for a short interval
of time. It is categorised into two types:
Inelastic collision
Elastic collision
1) An inelastic collision occurs when the two objects stick together after the collision.

ptotal = (m1 × v1) + (m2 × v2).
When two objects collide under inelastic conditions, the final velocity
with which the object moves is given by-
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀+𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
V=
𝑀𝑀𝑀+𝑀𝑀𝑀
Where,
•V= Final velocity
•M1= mass of the first object in kgs
•M2= mas of the second object in kgs
•V1= initial velocity of the first object in m/s
•V2= initial velocity of the second object in m/s
 Inelastic Collision Problems
Problem 1:
Shankha is going by a slippery snowy hill. He has a mass of 20kg, and he is sliding the hill at a velocity of 5m/s. Shankha’s
elder brother has a mass of 30kg. His brother is moving slower with a velocity of 2m/s. Shankha collides to his brother. Then
both of them keep going down the hill as one unit. Calculate the resulting velocity of Shankha.

p1=m1*v1 p2=m2*v2
= 20*5 = 100kgm-1 = 30*2 = 60kgm-1

V = m1v1+m2v2 / m1+m2
= 100+60/20+30
= 160/50
=3.2ms-1

Problem 2:
Shankha driving a 20000 kg truck and travelling eastwards at a speed of 10m/s. He hit the rear end of a 1400kg car at the
stop signal. The collision caused both vehicles to stick together. What is the final momentum of the vehicle?
 Elastic Collisions
Elastic collisions occur when two objects strike each other but do not stick together. The
following image shows the different ways elastic collisions occur.
In row “a,” the dark-colored ball is traveling
slowly toward the white ball that sits idle. An
object at rest does not have any momentum
since its velocity is zero. As when a cue ball
strikes a billiard ball, after the collision the
momentum of the first ball is transferred
entirely to the second ball. The first ball stops
and the second ball rolls away.

In row “b,” the two balls are rolling toward

each other at a similar velocity. Upon striking
one another, each ball transfers its
momentum is to the other. Given that the
balls’ masses are the same, the transfer of
momentum means that each ball will take
the directional velocity from the other. The
dark-colored ball that was moving from left to
right now shifts direction backward, while the
opposite happens to the white ball.
In row “c,” both balls are moving in the same direction, but the dark
colored ball is bearing down on the white ball. Upon collision,
momentum is transferred from one ball to the other essentially
resulting in a switch of velocity between the two.
The total momentum of the system cannot change.
Total momentum equals the momentum of object 1 plus the
momentum of object 2,

ptotal = (m1 × v1) + (m2 × v2).

1. Place a circle on the diagram to indicate the two forces that must be balanced in order for the airplane to
maintain a constant altitude (height).
2. Which law can be used to determine the amount of thrust required to cause the airplane to accelerate at a
certain rate?
A. first law of motion
B. third law of motion
C. second law of motion
D. law of universal gravitation
 3. What is a force?
A. the rate at which an object moves in a particular direction
B. any change in an object’s acceleration or deceleration
C. the inertia and momentum of an object at rest
D. anything that changes the rest or motion of an object

4. What is inertia?
A. the speed at which an object is moving
B. changes in an object’s speed or direction
C. the force needed to move an object a certain distance
D. the tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion

5 . A 20 kg object is dropped from the top of a building and is accelerating at 5 m/s/s. What is the force acting on the
object?
A. 20 kg × m/s/s
B. 15 kg × m/s/s
C. 25 kg × m/s/s
D. 100 kg × m/s/s
A student is testing out Newton’s laws of motion by applying different forces for 3 seconds to different-colored toy
cars of the same mass (2 kg each). The cars start at rest. She records the data for the toy cars in the following chart.

6. What is the value of the unbalanced force acting on the green car?
(A) 0 N 2*0 = 0
(B) 4 N
(C) 6 N
(D) 10 N

7. Which car has the greatest unbalanced force acting on it?

(A) red
(B) orange
(C) green
(D) blue
8. Which of the following statements is true?
(A) All the cars have the same final momentum, but the green car has the smallest inertia.
(B) All the cars have the same final momentum, but the red car has the smallest inertia.
(C) All the cars have the same inertia, but the green car has the smallest final momentum.
(D) All the cars have the same inertia, but the red car has the smallest final momentum.
9. At the end of the 3-second period, the red car collides with the green car, causing the red car to stop
suddenly. What speed does the green car move off at?
(A) 2 m/s
(B) 8 m/s
(C) 12 m/s
(D) 24 m/s
Velocity and Speed
There is a difference between speed and velocity, although sometimes you see the words used interchangeably. The
velocity of a body is its rate of motion in a specific direction, such as a bicycle traveling 34 miles per hour due east.
Because velocity has both magnitude (34 miles per hour) and direction (due east), it can be represented by
a vector. Speed has a magnitude only. If a bicycle travels at a speed of 28 miles per hour, you know its magnitude (28
miles per hour), but not its direction. Because speed has a magnitude but not a direction, it can be represented as a
scalar.
10. If force is defined as that which is required to change the state or motion of an object in magnitude and direction,
how should it be represented?
(A) wavy lines
(B) straight line
(C) grams
(D) scalar
(E) vector
11. If a person travels seven blocks at 3 miles per hour but you do not know in which direction, what would represent
his or her path?
(A) kilometers
(B) scalar
(C) yards
(D) vector
(E) linear measure
 Contact Forces and Non-contact Forces
Types of contact force

1. Frictional Force: Friction is a force exerted by a surface against the motion of a body across its surface.
Friction is the reason why your car comes to a standstill if you don’t press the accelerator. The frictional force is
opposing the rotation of the wheels of your car.
2. Normal Force: The normal force is also called support force.
The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object
that is in contact with another fixed or stable object.
For example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then the
surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order to
support the weight of the book.

3. Applied Force: Force which is applied to an object by

another object. The applied force can be both a contact force
or a non-contact force.
 Non-Contact Forces
 A non-contact force is a force applied to an object by another body that is not in direct contact with it.
 Non-contact forces come into play when objects do not have physical contact between them or when a force
is applied without any interaction.
 When compared to the types of contact forces, there are very few non-contact forces.

Types of Non-Contact Force

Electrostatic Force
 The electrostatic force is very similar to the gravitational force.
 The difference here is that gravitational force acts between masses
and an electrostatic force acts between two charged bodies.
Magnetic Force
 A MAGNET is a material that is attracted to iron, steel, or other
magnets.
 A magnet consists of two poles, north and south.
 If we consider two magnets, then the unlike poles of the two will
attract each other, i.e the north pole of one magnet will attract the
south pole of the other.
 In the same set of magnets, the like poles repel each other, i.e. the
north pole of one magnet will repel the north pole of the other.
Similarly, the south poles of the two will also repel each other.
 Thus, the force of attraction or repulsion acting between the poles
of two magnets is called the Magnetic force.
Electricity and Magnetism
 Electricity is the movement of electrons from one place to another.
 Electricity flows in a complete circle called a circuit. This flow of electricity is called an electric
current.
 If the circuit is broken, the electric current will find a different path from its normal path.
 Electricity and magnetism are strongly related. Electricity can be used to produce a magnet. Magnets
can be used to make electricity.
 An object that can attract iron, a metal, is considered magnetic. Many of the devices we use daily
such as hairdryers and computer hard drives contain powered magnets, which have a magnetic field.
 A magnetic field is the area surrounding the magnet. Magnetic fields also surround electric currents.
When you hold a compass near a wire that is carrying a current, the compass needle will move as it is
affected by the magnetic field around the electric circuit.
 As the current increases in the wire, the magnetic field becomes stronger.
In this diagram,
 the battery or power source connects a positive charge
on one end of the coil and a negative charge on the
other end of the coil.
 The electrical force of the coil converts the iron core
into an electromagnet, exerting a noncontact force on
the iron rod.
 The core produces a north and south pole, similar to
the magnetic forces that are exerted from Earth.
 An electromagnet can be manipulated to create a
greater magnetic force.
 The more loops the coil makes around the core, the
greater is the strength of the magnetic field. In addition,
increasing the electric current through the coil also
increases the magnetic field’s strength.
Gravitational Force
 The gravitation is a force of attraction between all bodies with mass.
 The sun’s gravitational force keeps the Earth and all the other solar system planets in a fixed orbit.
Gravitational force does not need to be in contact to exert its downward force.
 Law of universal gravitation
 Newton also identified the law of universal gravitation. This law says that every object attracts every other
object with a force determined by the objects’ masses and the distance between them.
 Gravity is the force of attraction between all things that have mass.
 The strength of gravity depends on both the mass and the distance between masses. Larger masses have
more gravity.
 Also, objects that are closer will always pull on you with more gravity.
Law of universal gravitation (Continued)

where Fg = the gravitational force,

G = Newton’s gravitational constant, (G = 6.673 x 10-11 N m2/kg2)
m1 and m2 = the mass of the two objects,
r = the distance between the two centers of the objects

 This law also explains why, on Earth, things fall. Because Earth has such a large mass and we are so close
to it, the gravity between Earth and the objects on it is very strong.
 When gravity is the only force acting on an object, the object is in free fall. An object in free fall
accelerates, or continually speeds up, as it falls toward the ground at a constant rate of approximately
9.8 m/s2.
Mass and Weight
MASS WEIGHT
• Mass is the measure of amount of matter in the • Weight is the measure of the amount of force acting
body. on a mass acceleration due to gravity.

• Mass can never be zero
• Mass is a scalar quantity. It has magnitude.
• Mass is commonly measured in kilograms and
grams.
• Mass doesn’t change according to location.
• Weight can be zero. As in space if no gravity acts
upon an object, its weight becomes zero.
• Weight is a vector quantity. It has magnitude and is
directed toward the center of the Earth or other
gravity well.
• Weight is commonly measured in Newtons.
• Weight varies according to location.

• The mass may be measured using an ordinary • Weight is measured using a spring balance.
balance.
Mass = volume × density Weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity
 w=mg
 The force of gravity on Earth is approximately 9.80m/s2

Since g=9.80m/s2

 On Earth, the weight of a 1.00-kg object on Earth is 9.80 N:

w=mg=(1.00kg)(9.80m/s2)=9.80N

 In the United States, the most familiar unit of force is the pound (lb), where 1 N = 0.225 lb.
 Thus, a 225-lb person weighs 1000 N.
Noncontact Forces
Directions: Choose the best answer to the question.
1. A spaceship heading for Mars is launched from the surface of Earth. Initially, the force of gravity on the
spaceship is equal to its mass times 9.8 m/s2. The spaceship leaves Earth’s atmosphere and travels
through space past the distance of the moon. Which sentence describes the gravitational force exerted on the
spaceship by Earth?
A. The gravitational force exerted on the spaceship does not change.
B. The gravitational force exerted on the spaceship decreases.
C. The gravitational force exerted on the spaceship increases.
D. Not enough information is provided to make a determination.
2. Based solely on mass, on which of the following planets would you expect surface gravity to be the greatest?
A. Venus, 4.87x1024 kg
B. Earth, 5.97x1024 kg
C. Mars, 0.642x1024 kg
D. Uranus, 568x1024 kg

3. Mass is an indicator of the amount of matter that an object possesses. Scientists determine the weight of
an object by multiplying its mass by the acceleration that the object experiences due to gravity. The
acceleration due to gravity on the moon is approximately 1/6 the acceleration due to gravity on the earth.
Based on the information above, a person would have less--------on the moon.
Scientists use the following formula to calculate the force of gravity that two objects exert on each other:
In the equation

F is the force of gravity;

G is a constant;
M is the mass of one of the objects;
m is the mass of the second object;
r is the distance between the centers of the objects.
4. If an object with a given mass m is replaced by an object of half its mass, which of the following will increase the force
of gravity?
A. increasing mass M and doubling the distance between the objects
B. reducing mass M and doubling the distance between the objects
C. reducing mass M and halving the distance between the objects
D. increasing mass M and halving the distance between the objects
 Work and Machines
 In science, work is when an applied force makes an object move in the same direction as the
applied force.
 The amount of work depends on both the amount of force applied and the distance across which
the force is applied.
 The amount of work done on an object is calculated by multiplying the force applied by the distance
the object moves. The work equation is as follows.
Work done= force x distance
W=Fxd

 Work done is the scalar quantity.

 Work is measured in joules (J), force is measured in newtons (N), and distance is measured in meters (m).
 Simple Machines

 Simple machine is a device or tool that has a simple mechanism to help you perform work by
changing the direction and amount of the force.
 To make work easier, humans invented MACHINES. A machine is anything that makes work
easier--even a RAMP is a machine.
 A simple machine doesn’t reduce the total amount of work that is accomplished, but it decreases
the amount of force required to do the same amount of work by increasing the distance.
 The six types of simple machines are listed in the following table.
 Inclined Plane

 An INCLINED PLANE or ramp reduces the amount of effort

required by increasing the work’s distance.
 Think about pushing a really heavy box into the back of a truck.
With a ramp, you can roll the box up the ramp, which requires
much less force than lifting the box into the truck.
 The box ends up at the same height, so the same amount of work
is accomplished.
 However, because you pushed the box across a greater distance,
less effort was required at any given time. The longer the inclined
plane, the less force required to raise the object the same
distance.
 Wedge
 A WEDGE is a movable inclined plane, and it reduces the amount of
work required to split or lift objects.
 Some examples of wedges are knives, axes, doorstops, and plows.
 Wedges work by changing direction and force applied to it.
 To reduce the amount of effort required to cut firewood, people use
wedge-shaped axes to split wood. It has to travel farther, but an axe
requires less force than simply pulling a log in half with your bare
hands.
 Screw

 A SCREW is a wedge (an inclined plane) wrapped

around a shaft or post. As you turn the screw, the
wedge pushes the object up the shaft (or the screw into
the object).
 The amount of force required to secure a screw into the
wall is less than it would be to hammer a nail of the
same size.
 That’s because the spiral of the screw has to go a
much farther distance because it is turned so many
times.
 Lever
 A LEVER reduces the amount of effort required to lift
something.
 A lever is like a seesaw: a rigid bar or plank with a
pivot point, called a FULCRUM. When you apply a
force, called effort, to one side of the fulcrum, the
load on the other side also moves.
 You push over more distance, so you need less force.
 Levers are classified according to where the fulcrum
and load are placed and where you apply the force,
or effort:
Class One Lever
In this class, the Fulcrum is between the Effort and the
Load. The mechanical advantage is more if the Load is
closer to the fulcrum. Examples of Class One Levers
include seesaws, boat oars, and crowbar.

Class Two Lever

In this class, the Load is between the Effort and the Fulcrum.
The mechanical advantage is more if the load is closer to the
fulcrum. Examples of Class Two Levers include wheelbarrows.

Class Three Lever

In this class, the Effort is between the Load and the Fulcrum.
The mechanical advantage is more if the effort is closer to the
load. An example of a Class Three Lever is a garden shovel.
Wheel and Axle

 A WHEEL and AXLE make it easier to turn something by attaching a larger wheel to an axle, or rod,
which is essentially a smaller wheel.
 There are two ways wheels and axles are used.
 A wheel alone or an axle alone is not a simple machine. They need to be joined to be called a
simple machine.
 Pulleys
 A pulley is simply a wheel with a groove and a rope in the
groove. It is also called a drum or a sheave. The groove is
important because it helps to keep the rope in place.
 It is used to lift or lower heavy objects. With a pulley, the
item to be lifted is tied to one end of the rope.
 A force is applied to the other end by pulling the rope
downwards.
 The downward force turns the wheel with the rope and pulls
the load upwards at the other end.
 Pulleys change the direction of the force.