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the
STUDIE
GROUP

Physics

final ver.
the

GRAND REVIEWER

Created by Makati Science High School's Grade 7 Students '22-'23

THE ULTIMATE REVIEWER FOR GRADE 7 PHYSICS

But wait,
What is
PHYSICS?
Physics is the branch of science
concerned with the nature and
properties of matter and energy.
The subject matter of physics,
distinguished from that of
chemistry and biology, includes
mechanics, heat, light and other
radiation, sound, electricity,
magnetism, and the structure of
atoms.

In short, it is the study of the

interaction between matter and
energy in the universe.
DESCRIBING MOTION
Distance & Displacement Speed & Velocity
Motion Speed
- A continuous change in position with respect to a reference -refer to how far an object moves or travels in a given time
point for a particular time interval. interval.
Distance -it also gives us an idea how fast an object can cover a
- The total length of the path traveled by the object. distance in a given amount of time.
Displacement -it indicates how fast an object is moving without referring to
- The distance between the initial position and final position. the direction of motion, since there is no direction involved, the
Energy speed is considered as Scalar Quantity.
- Ability/capacity to do work

Distance is the total length of the entire path that the object or
a person traveled in moving from one place to another.
Distance is a Scalar Quantity which means:
> It is specified by a magnitude alone.
> They are described with a single number indicating size,
magnitude or dimension.
> Example is 50 meters which is a magnitude for distance. 50 is
A fast moving object has a high speed and covers a relatively
large distance in a short amount of time. A slow moving object
has a low speed and covers a relatively small amount of
distance in the same amount of time. An object with no
movement at all has a zero speed.
Speed can be measured by dividing the Distance covered by
the Time travel.

speed
the number while meters is the unit.

To get the distance traveled by an object, We just need to add

all the lengths of the path covered by the object. It can be The SI unit of speed is meters per second (m/s). Other units
represented by the formula: dT = d1 + d2 + d3... include kilometers per hour (km/h) and miles per hour (mi/h).

distance Example:

Ian went running at a distance of 120 m in 30 s. What was Ian's

This will depend on the number of lengths covered by the Average Speed?
object. The value of distance is always positive.

Displacement is the shortest distance between an object's

initial and final positions. It is the straight distance from the
initial position to the final position. It gives us an idea of how far
the body is from S (Starting Point) and in which direction.

Displacement is a Vector Quantity which means:

-It is specified by a magnitude and a direction
-Example is 50 meters, north which is a value for a
displacement. 50 meters is the magnitude and north is the
direction
It represents the speed of the object throughout its travel.
To get the Displacement traveled by the object, Just subtract During its travels, there was an instant that his speed would
the final position and the initial position. vary. Its speed at an instant is called Instantaneous speed.

displacement
All science is either
physics or stamp
Conclusion: collecting." -Ernest Rutherford
Displacement always follows a straight line, while Distance

Physics
don't.
Displacement can be shorter or equal to Distance, but it cannot
be greater than Distance
the

If the object goes back to its starting point, The Distance will be
multiplied by 2 while the Displacement will remain 0.
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Instantaneous Speed
It refers to the speed of the object at a particular instant. When
an object’s instantaneous speed values are always the same,
then it means that the object is moving with a Constant speed.
Constant speed
We refer to these as Constant Motion, where you will be and
what time you will reach your destination is easily predicted
when you move at a constant speed or velocity.
Speedometer
A device used to measure the instantaneous speed of a tail. It’s
important to the drivers because they need to know how fast
they are going so they know if they are already driving beyond
the speed limit or not. The general speed limit in the Philippines
is 60 kilometers per hour on most highways and 100 kilometers
per hour is the maximum on most extra spaces.
In describing the motion of an object, We do not just describe
how fast the object moves. We also consider the direction to
where it is going. Speed with direction is referred to as
Velocity.
Velocity
-it gives us an idea how fast an object is moving and to which
direction it is going.
-it is a Vector Quantity.
-it refers to the rate of change in displacement.
-Velocity uses the concept of displacement rather than the
distance traveled and time.
In the equation, it can be expressed as Velocity is equal to the
Displacement divided by Elapsed time.
Acceleration
Acceleration
-refers to the rate of change in speed or velocity of an object
-how quick an object speeds up or slows down
An object is said to be accelerating if it does any of the
following:
-The speed of an object is changing
Ex: A cyclist is traveling with a speed from 60 km/h to 40 km/h.
-The direction of the object is changing
Ex: A dog is running 3 m/s East, then 3 m/s North.
-The velocity of the object is changing
Ex: A man is running 5 m/s East, then 10 m/s South.
An increase in speed or velocity is called a Positive
Acceleration, while a decrease in speed or velocity is called a
Deceleration. This means that acceleration does not always
mean an increase in an object’s speed or velocity.
Acceleration can be determined using the formula Average
Acceleration is equal to the change in velocity divided by the
time to make this change.
acceleration
Example:
A car accelerates from rest to 24 m/s in 6 s. What is it's
average acceleration?

velocity
Speed and Velocity have the same units, however, Velocity
requires direction.

Example:

What is the runner's average velocity if his position changes

from 15 m east 40 m east during a 3 second interval?

Note: If the question is asking for the minutes or hours and the
given is only in seconds multiply it by 60.

Just like speed, the velocity of an object can also change in a

Physics
particular instant and that is called Instantaneous Velocity. If
the velocity is the same throughout its travel, then it is called
Constant Velocity.
the

GRAND REVIEWER
WAVES
Wave Period = The time it takes for two successive crests (one
wavelength) to pass a specified point.

Wavelength - measured from two identical points of a wave or

describes how long the wave is.
Waves are disturbance that transfers energy
from one molecule to another, across space.

Kinds of Waves
Surface Waves - Has the characteristics of both longitudinal
waves and transverse waves.

Longitudinal Waves - A type of wave in which the medium's

vibration is parallel to the direction of the wave, and the
medium's displacement is in the same direction as that of the
wave movement.

Main parts : wavelength

Compression - Tightly compact molecules
Rarefaction - Spread out molecules

Amplitude - The vertical distance between the line of origin

and the crest or trough.
Transverse Waves - A moving wave whose oscillations* are
The more energy a wave has then the greater amplitude
perpendicular to the direction of the waves
(think of an amplifier in a stereo)
*A wave is said to oscillate, which means to move back and
forth in a regular, repeating way.

Main parts :
Crest - Highest Point Wavelength - distance from crest to crest
Wave height - vertical distance between the crest
Trough - Lowest Point and trough
Amplitude- distance of the crest or trough from the midpoint

High frequency waves - Compressed with more valves

Low frequency waves - Far apart or separated and less valves

Crest > highest point of a wave

Trough > lowest point of a wave
n > node / rest
-A / +A> amplitude

Physics
x > lambda / wavelength
f > frequency / Hertz (Hz)
> cycle / second
time > seconds
the

\ > one cycle / curve

period > 1 / frequency
GRAND REVIEWER
 LIGHT
Reflection - When a wave bounces off a surface the angle the
wave comes at is equal to the angle the wave goes out at.

Light is a small part of the EM spectrum, but it is the one we are

most familiar with.

EM spectrum or the Electromagnetic Spectrum is the range

of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their
respective wavelengths and photon energies

Light travels a distance of 300,000km per second in space or a

vacuum.
Refraction - The Bending of light as a result of a change in
While light travels 197,000km per second in glass , light travels
speed.
so fast that it can circle around the earth 7 times in a single
The wave will slow down when going from a less dense
second.
medium to a more dense.

Light waves are extremely small there sizes range from 400nm
to 700nm

Nm or Nanometer is a Billionth of a meter ( 1 x 10^-9 )

When light hits an Object it is either

Absorbed - transferred to the object ( mainly heat ).
Reflected - it bounces off the object ( like a mirror ).
Transmitted - goes through the object ( glass window ).
Objects are classified by what they do with light

Opaque - Does not allow light to pass through the object.

Translucent - partially lets light go through the object.
Transparent - completely lets light go through the object.
Diffraction - Is the bending of a wave as it passes through an
opening or around an object
Types of Light
The two main types of Interference
Natural light - comes from sources that are naturally occurring
Constructive - Produces one larger wave.
such as the light from the sun, moon, and stars.
Destructive - Produces a smaller wave or no wave at all.

Artificial light - is emitted by man-made devices that would

not occur naturally in nature such as light bulbs, televisions or
phone screens.

Luminous & Nonluminous

Luminous - natural light comes from the word “lumen” which
means light
Nonluminous - Does not give off there own light or reflected
from a luminous object
ex. the moon (baby, baby, you’re my sun and mo-)

Since the light comes from the sun

and the moon just reflects the light of
the sun and does not produce its own
light, it is non luminous.

Physics
the

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 ELECTRO
Incandesence is a process by which an object emits visible
light caused by high temperature.
ex. magma

INCANDESENCE
MAGNETIC
WAVES
Phosphorescence is the process by which an object emits light
after it has received extra energy.
ex. glow in the dark stickers and toys

PHOSPHORESENCE
Electromagnetic Waves are longitudinal waves that are
composed of several parts:

Gamma Ray is the part that is located in the left and produces
the highest number of waves.
Bioluminescence is arocess occurring in some organisms in
which chemicals within the organism combine to produce a
X-Ray is the part next to the Gamma Ray and also produces
chemical reaction that causes the atoms get excited.
many waves.
ex. plankton

Ultraviolet is the part next to the X-Ray, and produces a

BIOLUMINESCENCE
close to many number of waves.
Colors is the part that is visible to humans eyes, and
produces a decent number of waves. It is located in the
middle part of an electromagnetic wave.
Infrared is the part next to the Colors and it produces a
Aurora is an emission of light molecules of air.
decent number of waves.
ex. Aurora Borealis.
Microwave is the part next to the Infrared, and it produces

AURORA
a low number of waves.
Radio is the part next to the Microwave, and it produces
the lowest number of wave.
Laser is light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
Gamma Ray produces the highest number of waves and have
A device that produces a powerful , narrow beam of light in
the shortest wavelength. It produces more frequency and more
which all the photons have the same energy and travel in the
energy and the color it represents is Violet.
same direction.

Radio produces the lowest number of waves and have the

LASER
longest wavelength. It produces less frequency and less energy
and the color it represents is Red.

Radio to Gamma Ray represents the colors of the rainbow

from red to violet.
> lasers can only be in one color depending on what the glass
is.
> Photons are also called light quantum, minute energy packets
of electromagnetic radiation.

electromagnetic spectrum
SOUND
Reflection of Sound
Incident Ray Normal Line
Sound is a type of energy that we can hear. |It is created when
an object vibrates, causing the air particles around it to vibrate
as well. These vibrating air particles form sound waves that
travel through the air and reach our ears.
Reflacted Ray
Incident Reflected
There are 2 types of Sounds: Angle
Angle
Noise is a sound, especially one that is |loud or unpleasant
Surface or
or that causes |disturbance. It is unintended.
Boundary
Music is a sound that is pleasant to |hear. It is intended,
and it is a vocal or |instrumental sound or both.
TERMS
There are properties of Sounds:
Frequency is the one that determines the pitch of a Sound. Incident Ray a ray of light that strikes a surface.
The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. Reflected Ray is the ray of light that bounces back from the
Amplitude is the one that determines the loudness of a surface of reflection.
Sound. The higher the amplitude, the higher the loudness. Normal Line is the straight line between the Incident Ray and
Reflected Ray.
Sound waves are longitudinal waves, which means that they Incident Angle is the angle between the Normal Line and the
travel in a back-and-forth motion. They move through the air by Incident Ray.
compressing and expanding the air particles around them. Reflected Angle is the angle between the Normal Line and the
Reflected Ray.
Understanding the concepts of sound and sound waves is Incident Angle = Reflected Angle
important because it helps us communicate, create music, and
appreciate the world around us.

Types of Instruments
Wind Instruments:

Physics
the

A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some

type of resonator in which a column of air is set into vibration by
the player blowing into a mouthpiece set at or near the end of GRAND REVIEWER
the resonator

Brass Instruments:
A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound
by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in
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sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. The instrument
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Percussion Instruments:
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded
by being struck

String Instruments:
String instruments are musical instruments that produce sound
from vibrating strings

Electronic Instruments:
Electronic instruments are any musical instrument that produces
or modifies sounds by electric, and usually electronic, means.

Created by Makati Science High School's Grade 7 Students '22-'23

THE ULTIMATE REVIEWER FOR GRADE 7 PHYSICS

HEAT
BTW, adriel made everything in this part, so it may suck. :((
Heat is the transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or
object to another, or from an energy source to a medium or
object.
Heat is expressed in:
calorie - calorie is the amount of heat required to raise a
temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness and
coldness of an object
Temperature is expressed in:
Celsius (°C)
Fahrenheit (°F)
Kelvin (K)
There are 3 modes of heat transfer:
CONDUCTION is the the transfer of heat from molecule to
molecule.
CONVECTION is the The movement of liquid or gases from
a colder region to a warmer region produce current.
RADIATION is the transfer of energy through space. The
energy transferred is called radiant energy.
More about Convection
The rising and sinking of air produces convection current
known as wind.
Sea breeze and Land breeze:
During daytime, cool air from the sea flows toward the land
to replace the rising warm air, called sea breeze.
At night time, cool air from the land flows toward the sea to
replace the rising warm air, called land breeze.
illustration:
CHARGING
PROCESSES
The subatomic particles:
Protons - positive electric charge
Electrons - negative electric charge
Neutron - neutral electric charge
Electrical energy or electricity is form of energy that comes
from electrically charged bodies such as ions and electrons.
The Greek word electron means “amber”.
Materials that permit electric charge to move from one
region to another are called conductors.
The materials that do not permit the passage of charges
through them are called insulators.
Charging an object involves the addition or removal of
electrons.
There are three ways by which a neutral body may be charged:
by friction, conduction and induction.
Charging by Friction
When an object is rubbed over another object, the electrons are
transferred from one object to another.
The transfer of electrons takes place due to friction between two
objects.
The object that loses electron becomes positively charged and the
object that gains electron becomes negatively charged.
The charge obtained on the two objects is called charging by friction.
Triboelectric Series
Physics
Source: Science Resource #6 (Grade 7) [Comic Strip]
the
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Charging by Conduction
Conduction is charging by contact between the neutral body
and the charging
body. Study the diagrams below showing charging by
conduction. You will notice that body A is
the neutral and body B is the charging body.
Charging by Induction
The process of charging the uncharged object by bringing
another charged object near it, but not touching each other,
is called charging by induction. If a charged object is brought
near a conducting surface, even without physical contact,
electrons will move in the conducting surface.
Charging by induction can be illustrated using two insulated
metal spheres.
Uncharged insulated metal spheres touching each other, in
effect, form a single non-charged conductor.
Created by Makati Science High School's Grade 7 Students '22-'23
THE ULTIMATE REVIEWER FOR GRADE 7 PHYSICS
When a negatively charged rod is held near one sphere,
electrons in the metal are repelled by the rod.
Excess negative charge has moved to the other sphere, leaving
the first sphere with an excess positive charge. The charge on
the spheres has been rearranged.
When the spheres are separated and the rod is removed, the
spheres are equally and
oppositely charged. They have been charged by induction,
which is the charging of an object
without direct contact.
Additional information:
(or, a summary perhaps.
An atom can lose or gain electrons. When atom loses
electron, it becomes positively charged. When atom gains
electron, it becomes negatively charged.
Charges cannot be created or destroyed, but can be
transferred from one material to another.
Materials can be charged in three ways by friction,
conduction and induction.
The Triboelectric Series is a device that determines the
charges of the material when rubbed.
Physics
the
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