GRADE 10 SCIENCE

LESSON 1.2. How is Motion Described

LESSON 1.3. Technology for Safety & Security
Force and Motion
Mrs. Eden G. Tolentino

http://www.erichjreimers.com/ https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/478718635389350766/
 LESSON OBJECTIVE/S
At the end of the session, you are expected to:

1. explain why motion is relative;

2. describe the motion of an object in terms of distance or displacement,

speed or velocity, and acceleration;

3.raise your own awareness of road safety measures to obey and keep as
pedestrians and future car owners and drivers applying Physics concepts
in motion
 What is motion?
● Motion can be seen in many things around us
● It is part of our everyday experience

● Objects in motion can have different paths –straight

line, curved, and in a circle
● Motion can be defined simply, as a change in position

How would you really know

if you are in motion?
 How is motion described?
Motion is a change in position.
To a person outside the train, the train’s
motion is obvious. To those riding the train,
its motion may not be as obvious.

Let’s see…..

True or False.
1. The train is in motion.
2. The woman is in motion with respect to the ground.
3. The man reading a book is in motion with respect to
the woman in front of him.
4. The people inside the train are in motion.

https://weburbanist.com/2014/04/10/animated-still-lifes-7-relaxing-cinemagraphic-illustrations/
 How is motion described?
Frame of Reference
● Frame of reference refers to something that is not moving
with respect to an observer that can be used to detect motion
How can you tell the train is moving?
How about this…

with respect to the ground, Ground moves with respect girl is In motion…with
Is she moving? she’s at rest to earth’s axis respect to earth’s axis

Motion is said to be relative

motion of an object is relative to either the frame of reference of the observer,
or to another distinct frame of reference.
 Motion and Position

● A reference point is needed to determine the position of an

object and to know that motion has taken place
● Motion occurs when an object changes its position relative to a
reference point.
● The motion of an object depends on the reference point that is
chosen.
● Hence, MOTION is RELATIVE
 MOTION – under Dynamics

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES to describe the physical universe

 two types of physical quantities:
 MOTION
Two types of Physical quantities:
 How to describe motion
 Scalar quantities are typically represented as positive numbers.

 Vectors quantities may be positive or negative numbers since the mathematical sign of the number tells
you the direction that the vector is moving. Below is the common convention used in Physics:

Up/Right: Positive
Down/Left: Negative

(Note: it could be the other way around)

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

 How to describe motion?
When describing motion, there are
five main quantities that concern us:
1. Position (m)
2. Displacement/distance (m)
3. Velocity/Speed (m/s)
4. Acceleration (m/s2)
5. Time (s)
We will focus on defining these
quantities and interpreting
them quantitatively and
graphically and by definition in
situations in which an object
only moves in one dimension
either :
Up/Right or Down/Left.
(positive) or (negative)
 How to describe motion?
I. Position
 Position is defined as a specific location and is typically represented with the symbol 𝑥
 The symbol is often followed by a subscript to differentiate between two or more positions.
 SI Unit: meter, ( m )
 d1 or d2 ; 𝑥𝑖 𝑜𝑟 𝑥0 represents the initial position (starting point),
 𝑥𝑓 represents the final position (ending point),
 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3, 𝑒𝑡𝑐. represents an arbitrary position in between the initial and final position.
 It is useful to have a visual representation of an object’s position. Typically we use the Cartesian coordinate
system. For 1D motion, our coordinate system will essentially be a number line.

x1 xf x2
 How to describe motion?
Distance vs Displacement
Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to
"how far an object has covered" during
its motion.
Displacement is a vector quantity that
refers to "how far and where"; it is the
object's overall change in position.
Distance vs Displacement
Distance (d ) – how far you have
traveled, regardless of direction (length
of the path traveled)
Displacement (d) – where you are in
relation to where you started, includes
direction (length and direction from start
to finish)
hence,
Distance + direction = displacement
 How to describe motion? - Distance vs Displacement
To test your understanding of this distinction, consider the motion depicted in the diagram below.

A physics teacher walks 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and finally 2 meters North.

What is the
Total distance
& what is the
total
displacement
?
How to describe motion? - Distance vs Displacement
How to describe motion? - Distance vs Displacement
 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

● QUICKTHINKING
( answer in 60 sec.)

Is the total distance always equal to the

total displacement? Explain
 What did we learn so far?
● Motion is a change in position.

● Frame of reference refers to something that is not moving with respect to an observer that
can be used to detect motion

● Motion is said to be relative

● Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how far an object has covered" during its motion.
 how far you have traveled, regardless of direction (length of the path traveled)

● Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to "how far and where";

 it is the object's overall change in position
 how far including direction (length and direction from start to finish)
 How to describe motion? Speed vs. Velocity
Speed Velocity
 rate of motion in a given direction
 rate of motion without direction  the rate at which displacement
 the rate at which distance changes
changes  Displacement traveled per unit time
 Measure of how fast or slow an
 distance traveled per unit time
object travels and where
 Measure of how fast or slow an
object travels Velocity
distance
speed 
Speed
time  Units: km/hr(kph) ; m/s ; miles/hr with
 Units: km/hr (kph); m/s ; miles/hr direction( upward, northeast, +,-)
 Do you know these???

INSTANTANEOUS SPEED – SPEED AT A PARTICULAR TIME

 Average Speed vs Average Velocity

● Average Speed

 total distance covered per unit

of time elapsed to cover the
distance

𝑑𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
 (ave. speed) v =
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
 How is motion described?
ACCELERATION
 How is motion described?
ACCELERATION Which of these show acceleration?
● Refers to how fast velocity changes
● Refers to the rate of change of velocity
since velocity involves speed & direction,
● Then, acceleration is the rate of change in
● either speed, direction or both!
 How is motion described?

ACCELERATION Direction of Acceleration & Velocity

● Refers to how fast velocity changes

● Refers to the rate of change of velocity
since velocity involves speed & direction,
● Then, acceleration is the rate of change in
● either speed, direction or both!

● When does acceleration occur?

1. When velocity changes
2. When speed changes
3. When direction changes
4. When both speed and direction changes
What have we learned so far?
What have we learned so far?
 Let us pause….and think about this…

How do you think are the

concepts of
distance/displacement;
speed/velocity, acceleration
& time help in making us
aware of and give
importance to road safety?
Physics & Road Safety
 Physics = Technology… Safety… Security
Other devices use MOTION DETECTORS to function.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

 Here are some tips for a safer and more convenient road travel..
An acronym for: Check your
● Different road signs are placed Battery
to remind and warn
pedestrians and motorists to Lights
maintain order and safety.
● How about these? Oil

Water

Brakes
• Give way sign
•
•
No pedestrian crossing
No Overtaking Air Self
• Do not block intersection
 Vehicle should slow down and prepare to stop Gas
 Approach to intersection
Engine

Tire
 SUMMARY
1. Various measures involving physics concepts and principles can ensure road safety.

2. Knowledge of Physics helps in developing technology for safety and security.

3. Safety is one major concern as we travel along the road whether on foot or in vehicle.

4. The relative motion of a moving vehicle must be considered by pedestrians before crossing the
street to avoid an accident.

5. Different road signs are placed to remind and warn pedestrians and motorists to maintain order and
safety.

6. One has to always consider his vehicle’s speed since it may affect the amount of time and distance
to stop; the ability of the driver or the pedestrian to steer safety around curves or objects on the
road; likelihood of crashing and the severity of a crash once it occurs.
Words to ponder…
References
Padua,Crisostomo,Rabago.Science and Technology:Physics,2020
https://gilperes.com/gif-animations-2016-17
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/335518240961761915/
https://www.primogif.com/tag/ladybug
https://gifer.com/en/CJtc
https://gifer.com/en/gifs/hydrogen-atom