PHYS 1421

Physics with Life Science

Applications 1
FW 2023
Professor Orchard
Friday November 10, 2023

1
 PHYS 1421 Test #2 Information
Please note the information below regarding your upcoming test on Wednesday
November 15th 12:30-13:20 (50 min)

Test Location:
LAS C: Surnames starting with A – J
LAS A: Surnames starting with K - Z

YOU WILL NEED: YORK ID CARD, Non-programmable calculator, Pen or pencil,

eraser, (ruler – recommended)

When you arrive to your scheduled room, remove your wrist watch and ensure
your cell phone is turned off or silenced and secured with your personal
belongings. Place your York ID card on the corner of your desk, if you have a mobile
YU-card the phone must be on airplane mode face down. Once validated, the phone
must be shut down and returned to the corner of the student’s desk, face down.

All Material covered in lectures from September 25th until November 3rd.
(Ch. 5, 6, 7, 12.1, 12.2, 12.4 and 13.1-13.7)
2
Fluids
Archimedes’ principle: The buoyant force on an object immersed
in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑢 − 𝐹𝑑 = 𝑊𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

Where, 𝑊𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑔

Iceberg = object
Seawater = displaced fluid

Only the fraction of the volume

of the iceberg under the water
contributes to the 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
Link Address
3
 Practice Problem 11-6 (Kesten & Tauck, 2012, pg 416)
𝐹Ԧ𝑏
𝑦
Define variable 𝜌𝑠𝑤 = 1025 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 , where 𝑠𝑤 stands for seawater.
3

The buoyant force on the iceberg is

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑊𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝑔 equal to the weight of the iceberg since Link Address
it is floating and at equilibrium.
𝑊
According to Archimedes’ principle: At equilibrium net force along
the y direction is equal to zero:
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑊𝑠𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑠𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑠𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑔
∴ 𝐹𝑏 − 𝑊 = 0

Therefore: 𝜌𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑠𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝑔

However, we know only a fraction, 𝑓 of the total volume of the iceberg is below the
surface, thus we can express the seawater volume displace as:
𝑉𝑠𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝑓𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 Solving for 𝑓:
𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 917 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑓= = = 0.895 𝑜𝑟 89.5%
Thus, 𝜌𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑠𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑠𝑤 (𝑓𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 ) = 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝑔 𝜌𝑠𝑤 1025 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

4
Fluids in Motion and Fluid Flow
We are going to focus on simple motion with the special case of smooth and
uniform flow.
• Under these conditions the speed of the fluid is the same everywhere in a small
region perpendicular to the direction of flow.
• Also, the fluid is incompressible – the density of the fluid is constant.
𝑉 = 𝐴∆𝑥

If we consider the entire volume of fluid travels a small distance ∆𝑥 in a short

time ∆𝑡, we can us the velocity definition to obtain an expression for the speed
of the volume:

∆𝑥
𝑣= 𝑜𝑟 ∆𝑥 = 𝑣∆𝑡
∆𝑡

Thus, the volume through which a small quantity of fluid flows in time ∆𝑡 is:

Kesten & Tauck, 2012, pg 421

𝑉 = 𝐴𝑣∆𝑡

5
Fluids in Motion and Fluid Flow
Considering simple motion and a constant density of the fluid in a
system, the volume of fluid flowing past in a short time (∆𝑡) at a
point in one region will equal the volume of fluid flowing past a point
in another region of the system. 𝑉1 = 𝑉2

Using the expression, 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑣∆𝑡, we derived on the previous slide:

𝐴1 𝑣1 ∆𝑡 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 ∆𝑡

𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 Equation of continuity!

This equation describes the volume flow of the fluid, the rate at which a
given volume of fluid moves past a certain point!
(If the cross-sectional area increases the speed of the fluid flow in a
closed system of moving fluid must decrease and vice versa!)

What happens to the water flow from a garden hose when you cover part
Kesten & Tauck, 2012, pg 422 of it with your thumb?
6
Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s equation relates the pressure at
any given point when a fluid flows to the speed
of the flow!
• The speed of flow and the pressure at any given
point are connected!

For a fluid flowing horizontally, when speed is

high, pressure is low, and when speed is low,
pressure is high! Try this: Place a straw in a
glass of water and blow across
• The change in pressure between the air outside of the top – you should see the
the straw and the inside results in a net force water in the straw rise!

upwards pulling the water up the straw!!! Kesten & Tauck, 2012, pg 425

7
Bernoulli’s Equation
We can look at the work required to move a volume of the fluid and
the resulting change in energy to obtain an exact relationship
between speed and pressure in a moving fluid!
fluid flow Work done on volume of interest due to 𝑃1 is
𝑊1 = 𝐹1 𝑑1
Work done on the volume of fluid due to 𝑃2 is
𝑊2 = −𝐹2 𝑑2
Applying the work-kinetic energy theorem, the total work
done on the fluid must equal the change in its kinetic energy!
(𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙: 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝐾)
1 1
𝐹1 𝑑1 − 𝐹2 𝑑2 = 𝐾2 − 𝐾1 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣12
2
2 2
We can rewrite the mass using the density definition, 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
1 1
𝐹1 𝑑1 − 𝐹2 𝑑2 = 𝜌𝑉𝑣2 − 𝜌𝑉𝑣12
2
2 2
Kesten & Tauck, 2012, pg 425
8
Bernoulli’s Equation
We know from Pascal’s principle that the volume is equal and if the
cross-sectional area changes the distance also changes:
𝑉 = 𝐴1 𝑑1 = 𝐴2 𝑑2

Using this relationship with the volume in the energy equation and
dividing by the volume, 𝑉 we get:
1 1
𝐹1 𝑑1 − 𝐹2 𝑑2 = 𝜌𝑉𝑣22 − 𝜌𝑉𝑣12
2 2

𝐹1 𝑑1 𝐹2 𝑑2 1 2 1 2
− = 𝜌𝑣 − 𝜌𝑣
𝐴1 𝑑1 𝐴2 𝑑2 2 2 2 1
Recall:
𝑃 = 𝐹/𝐴
1 2 1 2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌𝑣2 − 𝜌𝑣1
2 2

9
Bernoulli’s Equation
Rearranging this equation, we can write this equation:

1 2 1 2
𝜌𝑣2 + 𝑃2 = 𝜌𝑣1 + 𝑃1
2 2

Note, energy in the system is conserved – conservation of energy

holds! This result show us that if the speed in the flow gets higher,
pressure must become lower to compensate!

10
Bernoulli’s Equation
Finally, we can express the complete Bernoulli’s equation by
incorporating work done on a fluid due to gravity if the height of the
fluid changes!

1 2 1 2
𝜌𝑣2 + 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2 = 𝜌𝑣1 + 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1
2 2

Energy is conserved in the system!

Kesten & Tauck, 2012, pg 429

11