Pascal’s Principle

Total Pressure
• For the Total Pressure (Absolute Pressure), we will add the
pressure from the earth’s atmosphere Patm to the pressure of the
liquid Pl.
• Here, the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth stays
relatively constant. The value of the atmospheric pressure at the
surface of the Earth is stuck right around 1.01 x 10 5
 Pascal’s Principle
• States that when a change in pressure is
applied to an enclosed fluid, it is
transmitted undiminished to all portions of
the fluid and to the walls of its container.
• In an enclosed fluid, since atoms of the
fluid are free to move about, they transmit
pressure to all parts of the fluid and to the
walls of the container. Any change in
pressure is transmitted undiminished.
 Pascal’s Principle
• Since , if we change the area, the force is changed

Thus P1 = P2 or Pi = Po
• For the area =
 Pascal’s Principle
• How much force must be exerted at A to support the 850 kg object at
B? The piston at A has a diameter of 17 mm and the piston at B a
diameter of 300 mm.
 Law of Flotation

• Law of Flotation: Materials whose densities are lower than that

of the liquid they are immersed in will float on that liquid. Wood
and oil float on water, as the density of water is higher than the
density of wood and oil.is the buoyant force.
 Principle of Buoyancy

• According to the
principle of buoyancy, an
object immersed in a
liquid will face an upward
force. When the upward
force is more than the
gravity (downward force),
the object floats. The
upward force exerted by
the liquid is the buoyant
force.
 Archimedes Principle

• The buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. In
equation form, Archimedes’ principle is
 Archimedes Principle

• Archimedes’ principle refers to the force of buoyancy that results when a body
is submerged in a fluid, whether partially or wholly. The force that provides the
pressure of a fluid acts on a body perpendicular to the surface of the body.
 Density and Archimedes Principle

• The average density of an object is what ultimately determines whether it floats.

If an object’s average density is less than that of the surrounding fluid, it will
float.
 Density and Archimedes Principle

• We can derive a quantitative expression for the fraction submerged by

considering density. The fraction submerged is the ratio of the volume
submerged to the volume of the object, or

• The volume submerged equals the volume of fluid displaced, which we call Vfl
• Now we can obtain the relationship between the densities by substituting  P =
m/v into the expression.
 Density and Archimedes Principle

• where ρobj is the average density of the object and ρfl is the density of the fluid.
Since the object floats, its mass and that of the displaced fluid are equal, so they
cancel from the equation, leaving
• Suppose a 60.0-kg woman floats in fresh water with 97.0% of her volume
submerged when her lungs are full of air. What is her average density?

• We can find the woman’s density by solving the equation

• for the density of the object. This yields

SOLUTION
• Entering the known values into the expression for her density, we obtain