Ch. 8.

Mass Transfer (Mixing the Acid and Base)

물질전달(산과 염기의 혼합)
Movement of molecules from one location to another : molecular diffusion and mass convection

Molecular diffusion
8.1 분자확산 (Molecular diffusion)
~ result of many random collisions between the
molecules that are constantly in motion.
끊임없이 움직이는 분자들 간의 무작위적인
충돌의 결과
 A single molecule moves around
randomly.

With more molecules, there is a

clear trend where the solute fills
the container more and more
uniformly.

With an enormous number of solute

molecules, all randomness is gone:
The solute appears to move smoothly and
systematically from high-concentration
areas to low-concentration areas, following
Fick's laws.
 𝑉
𝑂ℎ𝑚′ 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤: 𝐼=
𝑅
𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 구동력

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = =
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 저항
 Δ𝐶𝐴
물질전달 ∝
Δ𝑥

플럭스 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 : 단위면적당, 단위시간당 흐르는 양 𝐹𝑖𝑐𝑘 ′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑤

ሶ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁ሶ𝐴 Δ𝐶𝐴

𝑁𝐴 [ 𝑠 ] Δ𝐶𝐴
= − 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐽𝐴 = − 𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 [𝑐𝑚2 ] Δ𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 Δ𝑥

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑚2

= 𝐷𝐴𝐵 , 𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝑠 ∙ 𝑐𝑚2 𝑐𝑚3 ∙ 𝑐𝑚 𝑠

𝐷𝐴𝐵 : 확산계수 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐷𝐴𝐵 : 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐷𝐴𝐵 ~ species A moves through molecules of species B

𝐷𝐴𝐵 ~ depends on the properties of the molecules of A and B.

• molecular size (~ determines distances and spaces between molecules)
• molecular shape (including the presence of long chains that can tangle)
• molecular charge (~ affects attractive or repulsive forces between the molecules)
~ not a constant but varies with the physical conditions of the system
temperature ~ affects the motion of the molecules, and greater molecular motion
makes it easier for molecules to move around each other

𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝑜 exp − 𝑐𝑓) 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑜 exp −
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
8.1 물질대류 (Mass Convection)

Mass convection is the method by which velocities and

flow aid in the mixing of molecules of different types.

Impeller
8.1 상경계를 통한 물질 대류 (Mass Convection)

A frequent application of mass transfer in chemical engineering processes

~ the transfer of mass across “phase boundaries” (interfaces)
where two different phases (solid, liquid, and/or gas) meet.
 Mass convection of species A across a phase boundary into Phase II

Transport to/from phase boundaries via convection

𝑁ሶ𝐴 = ℎ𝑚 𝐴(𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴2 )

𝑁ሶ𝐴 ∶ convection transfer rate of A

ℎ𝑚 ∶ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

(물질전달계수)
𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴2 : 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒(농도 차)
𝐴: 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴2
𝑁ሶ𝐴 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
1
1 ℎ𝑚 𝐴
ℎ𝑚 𝐴

𝑁ሶ𝐴 Δ𝐶𝐴 𝑐𝑚2

𝑚𝑜𝑙
= ℎ𝑚 𝑐𝑚 2
𝑚𝑜𝑙
, ℎ𝑚 :
𝑐𝑚
= 𝐽𝐴 = − 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑓) 𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∶ 𝑠 𝑐𝑚 3 𝑠
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 Δ𝑥 𝑠
 예제 8.1) 호수에서의 물의 증발

a) 하룻동안 호수에서 증발되는 물의 부피는(𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦)?

b) 증발에 의해 호수의 깊이(𝑧)가 1 m 낮아지는데 걸리는 시간은(𝑑𝑎𝑦)?

호수의 넓이 (𝐴) 1.7 𝑚𝑖 2

호수 물의 밀도 (𝜌) 1,000 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3
물 표면에서 공기 중의 물 농도 (𝐶𝐴1 ) 1.0 × 10−3 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚3
바람 속의 물의 농도 (𝐶𝐴2 ) 0.4 × 10−3 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚3

호수 표면에서의 물의 전달계수 (ℎ𝑚 ) 0.012 𝑚Τ𝑠

a) 𝑁ሶ𝐴 = ℎ𝑚 𝐴 𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴2 = (0.012 𝑚Τ𝑠)( 1.7 𝑚𝑖 2 )(1.0 × 10−3 − 0.4 × 10−3 )𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚3

𝑁ሶ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2.74 × 106 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑑𝑎𝑦

 𝑁ሶ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2.74 × 106 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑑𝑎𝑦

18 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚ሶ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑀𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑁ሶ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = × 2.74 × 10 6 = 4.93 × 107 𝑘𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚ሶ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 4.93 × 107 𝑘𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑉ሶ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = = 4.93 × 10 4 𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝜌 1,000 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3

b)
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉ሶ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑧

𝐴∙ 𝑧 1 𝑚𝑖 2 1 𝑚
𝑡= = = 89 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
ሶ𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 4.93 × 104 𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦