LESSON 4 - GENERAL TRANSPORT EQUATIONS

Transport Properties of Fluids

Molecular Transport Equations – basis of all transport phenomena
Molecular Transport
- Occurs in a fluid (and solid) because of the random movements of individual molecules

From high property concentration to low

property concentration
example: Mass Diffusion (Mass Transport)
Flux – difference in the concentration of the
properties that occur from one region to

Source: https://biologydictionary.net/diffusion/
another

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Increasing rate of transport

How do we describe molecular transport?

We need a simple physical model to describe molecular transport - one that does not take
into account the structural differences of the three states
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 =
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
➢ a driving force is needed to overcome resistance in order to transport a property
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉)
Example: Ohm’s Law (Physics) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼) = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑅)

FLUX
- the amount of property being transferred per unit time through a cross sectional area
- a function of a gradient; flux = f(gradient)

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦

𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Recall from Chemical Calculations:
 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑚2
Mathematically,
𝑑Ґ
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ѱ𝑧 = −𝛿
𝑑𝑧
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
ѱ𝑧 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑚2
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
𝑑Ґ = = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚3
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑚2
𝛿= 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑚
𝑠
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑚2 𝑚3
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = = [ ]
𝑠 − 𝑚2 𝑠 𝑚

Flux in the z-direction: amount of property

transferred per unit time per cross sectional
area perpendicular to the z-direction of
flow
𝛿: 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

• transport process at steady state –

properties does not change with respect to
time

FLUX is CONSTANT in STEADY

STATE
• transport process at unsteady state – property change with respect to time

Flux at Steady State

𝑑Ґ
ѱ𝑧 = −𝛿 𝑑𝑧
ѱ𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = −𝛿𝑑Ґ
𝑧2 Ґ2

ѱ𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = −𝛿 ∫ 𝑑Ґ
𝑧1 Ґ1
ѱ𝑧 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = −𝛿(Ґ2 − Ґ1 )
ѱ𝑧 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = 𝛿(Ґ1 − Ґ2 )
 𝛿(Ґ1 − Ґ2 )
ѱ𝑧 =
(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )

Example: General Flux Calculations

A property is being transported by diffusion through a fluid at steady state. At a given point
1 the concentration is 1.37x10-2 amount of property/m3 and 0.72x10-2 at point 2 at a distance
z2=0.40m. The diffusivity δ=0.013m2/s and the cross-sectional area is constant.
a. Calculate the flux
b. Derive the equation for Ґ as a function of distance
c. Calculate Ґ at the midpoint of the path

𝛿(Ґ1 −Ґ2 )
a. ѱ𝑧 = (𝑧2 −𝑧1 )
𝑚2 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
0.013 𝑠 (1.37 × 10−2 − 0.72 × 10−2 )
ѱ𝑧 = 𝑚3
(0.40 − 0)𝑚
𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
ѱ𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝒔 − 𝒎𝟐
𝑑Ґ
b. ѱ𝑧 = −𝛿 𝑑𝑧
ѱ𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = −𝛿𝑑Ґ
𝑧 Ґ

ѱ𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = −𝛿 ∫ 𝑑Ґ
𝑧1 Ґ1
ѱ𝑧 (𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = −𝛿(Ґ − Ґ1 )
ѱ𝒛 (𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛)
Ґ= + Ґ𝟏
𝜹

c. At midpoint z=0.40m/2=0.2m

ѱ𝑧 (𝑧1 − 𝑧)
Ґ= + Ґ1
𝛿
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
Ґ = 1.37 × 10−2
𝑚3
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
2.1125 × 10−4 (0 − 0.2)𝑚
+ 𝑠 − 𝑚2
𝑚2
0.013 𝑠
𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
Ґ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟓
𝒎𝟑
Exercises 1: Molecular Transport of a Property with a variable Diffusivity
A property is being transported through a fluid at steady state through a constant cross-
sectional area. At point 1 the concentration is 2.78x10-2 amount of property/m3 and 1.50x10-2 at
point 2 at a distance of 2.0 m away. The diffusivity depends on concentration as follows
𝛿 = 𝐴 + 𝐵Ґ = 0.150 + 1.65Ґ
a. Derive the integrated equation for the flux in terms of A, B, Ґ1, Ґ2. Then, calculate the flux
b. Calculate Ґ at z=1.0m

𝑑Ґ
ѱ𝑧 = −𝛿 ; 𝛿 = 𝐴 + 𝐵Ґ = 0.150 + 1.65Ґ
𝑑𝑧
𝑑Ґ
ѱ𝑧 = −(𝐴 + 𝐵Ґ)
𝑑𝑧
ѱ𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = −(𝐴 + 𝐵Ґ)𝑑Ґ
𝑧2 Ґ2

ѱ𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = − ∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵Ґ)𝑑Ґ
𝑧1 Ґ1
𝐵Ґ2 Ґ2
ѱ𝑧 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = − (𝐴Ґ + )
2 Ґ1
𝐵
𝐴(Ґ1 − Ґ2 ) − (Ґ − Ґ1 )
ѱ𝑧 = 2 2
(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 165 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 2
0.150(2.78 × 10−2 − 1.50 × 10−2 ) 3 − [(1.50 × 10−2 )2 − (2.78 × 10−2 )2 ] [ ]
𝑚 2 𝑚3
=
(2.0 − 0)𝑚
𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
ѱ𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝒔 − 𝒎𝟐

a. Calculate Ґ at z=1.0m

b. Ґ= Ґ2

z = z2 = 1.0m
𝐵
𝐴(Ґ1 − Ґ2 ) − (Ґ − Ґ1 )
ѱ𝑧 = 2 2
(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
1.85984 × 10−3
𝑠 − 𝑚2
2
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 165 −2 )2 ] 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
0.150(2.78 × 10−2 − Ґ) − [(Ґ) 2
− (2.78 × 10 [ ]
𝑚3 2 𝑚3
=
(1.0 − 0)𝑚

𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
Ґ = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
𝒎𝟑