METHODS OF

WASTEWATER
TREATMENT

CONVENTIONAL NON-CONVENTIONAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER
METHODS TREATMENT METHODS
 CONVENTIONAL METHODS

Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical,

and biological processes and operations to remove solids, organic matter and, sometimes,
nutrients from wastewater.
1. Preliminary Treatment - removal of coarse solids and other large materials.
2. Primary Treatment - removal of settleable organic and inorganic solids by sedimentation.
3. Secondary Treatment - remove the residual organics and suspended solids.
4. Tertiary Treatment – remove specific wastewater constituents which cannot be removed by
secondary treatment.
5. Disinfection – normally involves the injection of a chlorine solution at the head end of a
chlorine contact basin.
01| CONVENTIONAL METHODS
ACTIVATED SLUDGE

In the activated sludge process, the dispersed-growth reactor

is an aeration tank or basin containing a suspension of the
wastewater and microorganisms, the mixed liquor. The contents of
the aeration tank are mixed vigorously by aeration devices which
also supply oxygen to the biological suspension. It is the most
common biological process used in wastewater treatment.
01| ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TYPICAL PROCESS CONFIGURATION

There is a large tank called an aeration basin and a clarifier which is a settling
basin. The flow comes in filling the aeration basin which has an aeration system. From
that the liquid goes into the clarifier and the microorganisms actually settle to the floor
of the clarifier while clear liquid with single digit BOD and suspended solids flows out
the top. We take the solids that settle in the bottom of the clarifier and recycle them,
which is called RAS, into the aeration basin. There will be new microorganisms
growing and absorbing organic matters then growing new cells that’s why there is a
need to remove some of it from the system and that’s called WAS.
01| ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TYPES OF AERATION SYSTEMS

• Diffused Air Aeration – the most common for larger plants where bubble
air from the floor up through the waste water.
• Mechanical Surface Aeration – It has a vertical turbine aerator and it’s
splashing and turning the water. As it does that, the air gets entrained in
the water and it dissolves oxygen into the water.
 Vertical Turbine Surface Aerator
 Horizontal Brush Aerator
01| ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SOME WASTEWATER TREATMENT PARAMETERS

• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen required by

microorganism to break down organic matter in a wastewater.
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is the concentration of filterable dry solids in
the wastewater using 0.45-micron filter.
• In the presence of oxygen, microorganisms convert organic matter to CO2,
NH3, and new microorganisms.
• Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) concentration is a mixture of raw
feed coming in and the returned sludge from the clarifier. It is Typically 2000-
4000 mg/L most of which are the bacteria that breaks down the organic
material.
• Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.) concentration must be sufficient for good BOD
removal which is usually 2 mg/L.
02|CONVENTIONAL
TRICKLING FILTER
METHODS
A trickling filter or biofilter consists of a
basin or tower filled with support media such as
stones, plastic shapes, or wooden slats. Wastewater
is applied intermittently, or sometimes continuously,
over the media. It is a biological reactor within
wastewater treatment plants which are used to
remove organic matter and/or ammonia from
wastewater. Compared to the activated sludge
process, the microorganisms are not suspended in
the mixed liquor but they are attached to a fixed bed
surface.
02|TRICKLING
FUNCTION
FILTER
Nowadays, the fixed bed surface is usually provided
by structured plastic film media but in the past, rock, gravel,
and hardwood was also used. Wastewater from primary
clarifier is continuously trickled over the first layer of plastic
film media using a rotary distributor. While wastewater is
travelling down to the bottom of the trickling filter across
corrugated pattern within, the plastic film media ensures a
good water air mixing. Trickling filters are operating under
aerobic conditions but mostly without the use of forced
ventilation or aeration. Instead, the tower shape of trickling
filters causes that air is sucked inside the tower over slots at
the trickling filter bottom. This effect is also called “Chimney
Effect” and results from air buoyancy which occurs dur to a
difference in indoor to outdoor air density resulting from
temperature and moisture differences.
02|TRICKLING
PROCESS
FILTER
In the filter, microorganisms are attached to
the inter packaging material which was composed of
rocks or gravel in the past and is nowadays a wide
range of plastic film media. Film media support is
placed on the tank bottom with wide openings that
allow a good air and water mixing. Microorganisms
on the film media surface work on the removal of
soluble organic matter from the settled sewage that
is sprayed over the bed surface through a rotary
distributor and is treated as it trickles through the
fixed bed navigating through layers of
microorganism. The layers remove pollutants by
both absorption and absorption removing species
like nitrite, nitrate and others. Removal rates can
reach up to 95%.
02|TRICKLING FILTER
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Some Disadvantages of Trickling Filter

Some Advantages of Trickling Filter  Additional treatment may be needed to
 Resistant to shock loadings. meet more stringent discharge
 High efficiency for ammonium standards.
oxidation.  Requires regular operator attention
 Small land area required.  Requires low loadings depending on
 Final effluent is effectively stabilized. the medium.
 The system is self-cleaning, operating  Incidence of clogging is relatively high.
with low maintenance requirements.  Flexibility and control are limited in
 Operational costs are low since wear comparison with activated-sludge
and tear are reduced due to limited use processes.
of mechanical equipment.  Vector and odor problems.
02|TRICKLING FILTER
VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ie8msrdyfb8
03|CONVENTIONAL METHODS
ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS

Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) is a secondary biological treatment

process which utilizes a rotating shaft surrounded by plastic media discs. They are fixed-
film reactors similar to biofilters in that organisms are attached to support media. In the
case of the RBC, the support media are slowly rotating discs that are partially submerged
in flowing wastewater in the reactor. Oxygen is supplied to the attached biofilm from the air
when the film is out of the water and from the liquid when submerged, since oxygen is
transferred to the wastewater by surface turbulence created by the discs' rotation.
Sloughed pieces of biofilm are removed in the same manner described for biofilters.
03|ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS
SYSTEM DEFINITION

Rotating biological contactors utilize a fixed film media system similar to a trickling
filter. The microbial growth is passed through the wastewater, however, while the
wastewater is passed through the microbial growth in a trickling filter. Biological growth
attaches to the media discs and form a slime layer over the discs. This slime layer of
bacteria and microorganisms is also known as “Zoogleal Film”.
The rotation of the shaft alternately exposes the biomass with the wastewater and then
with the oxygen in the atmosphere.
• Rotating biological contactors are typically preceded by preliminary treatment
processes such as screening and grit removal as well as primary treatment such as
primary settling.
• Rotating biological contactors are typically followed by secondary settling tanks and
disinfection.
• Sludge from the secondary/final settling tanks should be pumped back to the primary
clarifier or to a sludge thickener for further treatment.
03|ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS
TWO WAYS ORIENTATION

Rotating Biological Contactors can be oriented in two ways:

• Series - contains two or more basins (also called cells) that are connected, with one
directly following the next.

• Parallel - contains two or more basins (also called cells) that are operated side by side.
One basin can be removed from service without disruption of treatment in the other
basin(s).
03|ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages of Rotating Biological
Contactors
Advantages of Rotating Biological
• Continuous electricity supply required (but
Contactors
uses less energy than trickling filters or
• High contact time and high effluent
activated sludge processes for comparable
quality (both BOD and nutrients).
degradation rates).
• High process stability, resistant to
• Contact media not available at local market.
shock hydraulic or organic loading.
• High investment as well as operation and
• Short contact periods are required
maintenance costs.
because of the large active
• Must be protected against sunlight, wind
surface.
and rain (especially against freezing in cold
• Low space requirement.
climates).
• Low sludge production.
• Odor problems may occur.
• Requires permanent skilled technical labor
for operation and maintenance.
03|ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS
VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3znEoj1prdY
04|CONVENTIONAL METHODS
MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) is a general term used to define wastewater

treatment processes where a perm-selective membrane, e.g. microfiltration or ultrafiltration,
is integrated with a biological process − specifically a suspended growth bioreactor.
MBRs differ from ‘polishing’ processes where the membrane is employed as a
discrete tertiary treatment step with no return of the active biomass to the biological
process. Almost all commercial MBR processes available today use the membrane as a
filter, rejecting the solid materials which are developed by the biological process, resulting in
a clarified and disinfected product effluent.
04|MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) processes are mainly used for

wastewater treatment (WWT) by using microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF)
and integrating them with a biological process like a suspended growth
bioreactor. The membranes are employed as a filter removing the solids which
are developed during the biological process, which gives a clear and pathogen
free product. A membrane bioreactor is essentially a replacement in the
conventional activated sludge (CAS) system for the settlement tank for
solid/liquid separation. The MBR gives to the end user improved process
control and much better product water quality.
04|MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The wastewater goes through a fine screen for the removal of big objects that
might cause damage to the downstream equipment. Then it enters an Anoxic Zone for
the treatment of nitrogenous matter and phosphate following an Aerobic Zone where
microorganisms with the help of the oxygen coming out of the FBD will digest the
organics matter in the wastewater and clump together as they do so, producing a
sludge. This sludge will enter the Immersed Membrane Bioreactor where the
membrane will separate the solids and microorganisms from water.
04|MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages of Membrane
Bioreactors
• better effluent quality
• smaller space requirements
• ease of automation
• operate at higher volumetric loading
rates which result in lower hydraulic
retention times.
• have often been operated with
longer solids residence times
(SRTs), which results in lower
sludge production
Disadvantages of Membrane Bioreactors
• higher capital and operating costs than
conventional systems for the same
throughput.
• O&M costs include membrane cleaning
and fouling control, and eventual
membrane replacement.
• Energy costs are also higher because of
the need for air scouring to control
bacterial growth on the membranes.
• the waste sludge from such a system
might have a low settling rate, resulting
in the need for chemicals to produce
biosolids acceptable for disposal.
04|MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS
VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaoM3-xWNjI
 METHODS OF
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT

CONVENTIONAL NON-CONVENTIONAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER
METHODS TREATMENT METHODS
01| NON-CONVENTIONAL METHODS
WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS (WSPS)

WSPs are man-made bodies of water

that utilizes direct solar energy, wind energy,
algae, and different microorganisms in treating
fecal sludge, greywater, and blackwater through
naturally-occurring processes. It is highly
economical due to its efficiency, low cost, and
minimal maintenance requirements. With
renewable energy as its treatment source,
WSPs are also highly sustainable.

In terms of construction, it can either be individually built or in series depending on the effluent
quality required. WSPs are most suitable in tropical countries since a large amount of sunlight and
ambient temperature is needed in its mechanism.
01| WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS
ANAEROBIC POND

The anaerobic pond is responsible for the reduction of organic load. This section of the WSP is
fairly-deep and is entirely under an anaerobic condition. Through the process of sedimentation, the BOD
and other solids can be removed followed by the anaerobic digestion in the resulting sludge. The
anaerobic bacteria present in this pond converts organic carbon into methane, which in turn, removes
60% BOD.
01| WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS
FACULTATIVE POND

In this stage, the wastewater is further treated in order to remove the remaining BOD. Through
the process of natural diffusion, the uppermost layer of the pond receives oxygen, which makes the
process anaerobic or anoxic. Then, solids that are capable of settling are digested at the bottom part of
the pond. Both aerobic and anaerobic organisms work in order to reduce up to 75% of the original BOD.
01| WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS
AEROBIC/MATURATION POND

Aerobic ponds can also be called finishing, polishing, or maturation ponds since it is the final
phase of the WSP series. Compared to the other two stages, this pond is the shallowest. This enables
sunlight to penetrate in depth and allow photosynthesis to completely occur. Algae that are
photosynthetic releases oxygen into the treated water while carbon dioxide is being consumed.
Therefore, the dissolved oxygen levels are at its peak during daylight and decreases at night.
Furthermore, dissolved oxygen can also be drawn through natural wind mixing.
01| WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Low capital, maintenance, and • Can be costly depending on land
operational costs area
• Highly reduces BOD and • Construction must be critically
pathogens designed
• Can remove high nutrient content • Sludge requires proper removal
when combined with aquaculture and treatment
• Resistant to organic and • Requires de-sludging every few
hydraulic shock loads years
• Electrical energy is not required • Mosquito control required
• Can be built and repaired with • Monitoring of salinity must be
locally available materials done if effluent will be reused
• Effluent can be reused in • More appropriate to tropical
aquaculture or for irrigation in areas
agriculture
02|NON-CONVENTIONAL METHODS
CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS (CWS)

Similar to WSPs, constructed wetlands are

man-made systems that centers on wastewater
treatment. It utilizes naturally-occurring processes
that involve wetland soil, vegetation, and microbial
assemblages in order to treat greywater, industrial
sewage, and storm water runoffs. In CWs,
wastewater flows through the system where
suspended solids and trace metals are settled and
filtered. The plants and other organic materials
present absorb the trace metals. Organisms that live
in water, on rocks, in soil, and on stems and roots of
wetland plants use these organic materials and
nutrients as food.
02|CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS (CWS)
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Wastewater can either flow on top of the

existing soil (surface) or through a porous medium
such as gravel (subsurface). Flow is distributed
evenly across the width of the wetland cell. A
waterproof liner is used on the sides and bottom of
the cell to avoid leaks and supply adequate water for
the plants within the cell. From here, chemical,
biological, and physical processes happen as
wastewater is being treated.
02|CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS (CWS)
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Constructed wetlands are less

expensive compared to other wastewater
treatment methods due to its low operational
and maintenance costs. It is highly sustainable
since it uses naturally-occurring processes in
facilitating wastewater treatment. It helps
minimize water shortage, aids in flood
prevention, and improves the ecosystem.
02|CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS (CWS)
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

ADVANTAGES
• Low cost
• Easy maintenance
• Produces high quality effluent
• Can either replace or repair
subsurface absorption fields
• Requires less energy
• Can serve as habitats to some
living organisms
DISADVANTAGES
• Materials may be inaccessible
• Space consuming
• Cannot treat highly toxic
wastewater
02|CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS (CWS)
VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Draeex1eOnE
03|NON-CONVENTIONAL METHODS
OXIDATION DITCHES

Oxidation ditches are usually

constructed into a circle-shaped basin where
wastewater flows. Microorganisms consume the
BOD present in the water through the addition of
an activated sludge. The resulting mixture of the
sludge and the wastewater will become the mixed
liquor. With the use of rotating biological
contractors, the mixed liquor will be added with
oxygen. Once BOD has been removed, the mixed
liquor flow exits the oxidation ditch. Sludge is then
removed using a clarifier. Using aerator pumps,
the sludge is sent into an aerobic digester to be
thickened. Some are sent into waste while others
are recycled back into the ditch.
03|OXIDATION DITCHES
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Oxidation ditches make use of long solids

retention times or SRTs. This is done in order to
remove biodegradable organics. Oxidation ditches
are commonly equipped with aeration rotors or
brushes in order to supply circulation and maintain
aeration. Modifications in its design can be
incorporated in order to perform continuous or
intermittent operation.
03|OXIDATION DITCHES
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Oxidation ditches are also applicable

in plants that require nitrification because the
basins can be sized using an appropriate
SRT to achieve nitrification at the mixed
liquor minimum temperature. This
technology is very effective in small
installations, small communities, and isolated
institutions, because it requires more land
than conventional treatment plants.
03|OXIDATION DITCHES
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES • High capital costs
• Easy operation and maintenance • High maintenance costs
• Efficiently removes a huge (depending per ton of BOD
percentage of sludge removed)
• Provides aa thorough process in • Electricity is required to power
treating wastewater rotors
• Has high resistance to load • Sulphur dioxide emission because
fluctuations of the electricity consumed by
rotors
03|OXIDATION DITCHES
VIDEOS

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBLH3iW-BKQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjSLWI3K6ng
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3k3FwTj4aQE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4NOXNMg5d4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4TnMI4IpfY
04|NON-CONVENTIONAL METHODS
UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB)

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket technology also known as UASB reactor is a

form of anaerobic digester used in wastewater treatment. UASB reactor is a methane-
producing digester, which uses an anaerobic process and forms a blanket of granular
sludge to be processed by anaerobic microorganisms.
04|UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET
CONCEPT AND DESIGN
For its concept and design, a UASB reactor is based on
the so-called three-phase separator, which enables the reactor to
separate gas, water and sludge mixtures under high turbulence
conditions.

The reactor has multiple gas hoods for the separation of

biogas. Separation in the UASB reactor requires only 1.0 meter of
height to prevent flotation effects and, consequently, floating
layers.
During the treatment of UASB reactor, the substrate
passes through an expanded sludge bed which contains high
concentration of biomass. Afterwards, the remaining part of the
substrate passes through a less dense biomass known as the
sludge blanket.
04|UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET
HOW UASB WORKS?
The diagram shows the process of a laboratory
UASB reaction system. The influent is pumped to the
UASB reactor by a Peristaltic pump. The influent flow
upwards and get contact with the biomass in sludge bed.

The volume of sludge blanket must be sufficient

to conduct the further treatment to wastewater by-passed
from the lower layer of sludge bed by channeling. A GLS
separator located above the sludge blanket separates the
solid particles from the mixture after treatment.

The treated wastewater will be collected by the

effluent collection system at the periphery of the reactor.
Moreover, the biogases generated in the system will be
collected as the valuable fuel or for disposal.
04|UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET
APPLICATIONS
As mentioned, these are the 4 top applications of the reactors:
• Breweries and beverage industry
• Distilleries and fermentation industry
• Food Industry
• Pulp and paper

However, the applications of the technology are rapidly expanding, including:

• treatment of chemical and petrochemical industry effluents;
• textile industry wastewater;
• landfill leachates; and
• Conversions in the sulfur cycle and removal of metals.

Furthermore, in warm climates, the UASB concept is also suitable for treatment of
domestic wastewater.
04|UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• An amount of valuable biogas energy • Anaerobic treatment cannot achieve
will be produced which can be surface water discharge quality without
collected for other usage; post-treatment;
• Much less bio-solids waste generated • Reduced sulphur compounds are produced
compared with aerobic process; • Longer start-up period.
• A low energy requirement for the • A proper temperature range is required for
treatment process; the anaerobic process (15oC to 35oC).
• Less nutrients required; • Some equipment (i.e. pH meter,
• System can be shut down for thermometer etc.) and professional staff is
extended periods without serious necessary for monitoring the internal
deterioration; and condition of the reactor.
• Can handle organic shock loads
effectively.
VIDEOS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AAy4UttQ7k8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMiboqGVc9Q
05|NON-CONVENTIONAL METHODS
SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT

Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is a method of artificially replenishing groundwater

aquifers. This method is used to either artificially augment groundwater in order to
withdraw freshwater at a later time, or as a barrier to keep saltwater and toxins out of
the aquifer.
05|SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT
OBJECTIVES

Safer Water Storage – Reduces evaporation rate, the potential

breeding places for insect-vector diseases, and risk of contamination
and pollution compared to water stored on the surface.

Mixing Water Flows - SAT enables the mixing of reclaimed and

treated water with natural water bodies.

Quality Improvement - a SAT system effectively removes bacteria

and viruses

Mitigate Saltwater or Contaminants Intrusion –recharging of

fresher water helps mitigate or control saltwater intrusion into coastal
aquifers, or prevent intrusion of contaminants into the aquifer.
05|SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT
HOW DOES SAT WORK?

SAT is one method used to recharge groundwater aquifers from the surface or
from below the surface. This method is used to enter either stormwater or pre-treated
wastewater through a recharge basin or an injection well.

Physical, chemical, and biological activities can significantly improve the effluent's
quality as it passes through the soil and aquifer. SAT offers advantages in both treatment
and storage in the dominated unsaturated zone, which functions as a natural filter
(groundwater aquifer).
05|SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT
HOW DOES SAT WORK?

SAT can be enhanced with various pre-treatment technologies such as horizontal,

vertical, and free-surface constructed wetlands, UASB reactor, and so on.

The quality of reclaimed water introduced (after pre-treatment), the technique of

recharge, the properties of the aquifer, the residence period, the degree of blending with
other waters, and the system's history all influence the quality of water extracted from a
recharge aquifer.
05|SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES
• Low cost and a fitting option for wastewater
reclamation
• Increases capacity of existing groundwater
resources
• Improves quality of the infiltrated water
• Reclaimed water can be mixed with
groundwater resources
• Groundwater recharge can also preserve
water levels in wetlands and mitigate
saltwater or contaminant intrusion
DISADVANTAGES
• Discharge of nutrients and micro pollutants
may affect natural water bodies and/or
drinking water if not pre-treated
• Introducing pollutants into groundwater
aquifers may have long-term negative
impacts
• Can change the soil and groundwater
hydrological properties
• SAT requires a big area for the infiltration
basin which adds to the cost of the project

VIDEOS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQgGCqYAl18
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O95IG_snI6E
06|NON-CONVENTIONAL METHODS
FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Faecal sludge (Septage) is a slurry that accumulates in onsite sanitation systems

(OSS), such as septic tanks, and contains both solid and liquid waste. Scum, wastewater, and
sludge are the three basic components. It has an unpleasant odor and appearance, as well as
high quantities of grease, grit, hair, debris, and harmful microorganisms.

Furthermore, faecal sludge (septage)

management includes the collection,
treatment, and proper disposal/reuse of faecal
sludge (septage). Fecal sludge is not the same
as wastewater and cannot be handled in the
same way at sewage treatment plants.
06|FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
HOW DOES FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL WORK?

Collection
It is a safe removal of septage from on-site
sanitation systems.

Transportation
It is the taking of septage from source to
treatment facility. Vacuum trucks are used to
collect the septage.
06|FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
HOW DOES FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL WORK?

Treatment
Land application, co-treatment at STP, natural
treatment options and dewatering and co-
composting with solid waste are some of common
and easily adaptable treatment options.

Disposal / reuse
The humus produced after composting can be
used as a soil conditioner. Septage can also be
used as an energy resource.
06|FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
HOW DOES FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL WORK?

ADVANTAGES
• Reduce the potential for human contact with
fecal-borne pathogens
• Minimize odors and nuisances, and the
uncontrolled discharge of organic matter from
overflowing tanks or pits;
• Reduce indiscriminate disposal of collected
fecal sludge;
• Production and sale of the end-products of the
sludge treatment process.
• Stimulate economic development, and job
creation and livelihood opportunities,
DISADVANTAGES
• Poor sanitation and lack of technical
expertise and experience leads to poor
performance of onsite sanitation facilities
(OSSFs).
• Fecal sludge contains pathogens, can
generate odors and cause surface water
pollution, as well as groundwater
pollution.

VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pQOkXZmugk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fElLQ7JRaTkC
| Group 7
DOCUMENTATION