ES200 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES:

Science & Engineering

Module-C

Water Quality Management

Lecture-1 Amritanshu Shriwastav

CESE, IIT Bombay
amritan@iitb.ac.in
2 Contents: Module C

 Water Resources
 Water Quality & Pollution Sources
 Parameters for Water Quality Characteristics, and Standards
 Conventional Surface Water Treatment System
 Conventional Municipal Wastewater Treatment System
 Alternate Water & Wastewater Treatment
 3 Text/References
 Masters, G.M., Ela, W.P. (2008) Introduction to Environmental
Engineering and Science, 3rd edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
 Arceivala, S.J., Asolekar, S.R. (2007) Wastewater Treatment for
Pollution Control and Reuse, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.
 CPCB website
 Other texts and references
4 Evaluation
 1 Assignment (10 Marks)
 1 End Semester Exam (23 Marks)

 Module C – 33% weightage towards final grades

5

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/HCDVN7DCzYE/maxresdefault.jpg
6 What is Water?
H2O

http://www.crystalblueent.com/uploads/5/9/9/6/59962767/water-molecule-polarity-
1024x406_orig.jpg
 7

https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/26ZqYRjjN_VxgJ-
d6puKmFgTDPE=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/TC_609406-how-much-of-your-
body-is-water-5aa986dc04d1cf00360706df.png
8

https://static.langimg.com/thumb/msid-63760552,width-400,imgsize-43535,resizemode-4/-.jpg
9

https://cdn-a.william-reed.com/var/wrbm_gb_food_pharma/storage/images/publications/food-beverage-
nutrition/foodnavigator.com/news/market-trends/jellyfish-a-new-sustainable-nutritious-and-oyster-like-food-for-the-western-
world/9974704-1-eng-GB/Jellyfish-A-new-sustainable-nutritious-and-oyster-like-food-for-the-Western-world_wrbm_large.jpg
10

Kangaroo Rat

https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/10/17/science/12SCI-TAKE-
kangaroorat/12SCI-TAKE-kangaroorat-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg
11 Why is Water so Important?
Density
 Maximum density at 4 °C sustains the aquatic life in frozen
waters
 Expands when freezes resulting in weathering of rocks and
recycling of minerals in significant amount

Melting and Boiling Points

 Unusually high boiling and freezing temperatures for a
compound having such a low molecular weight
 Enables it to stay in liquid form over most of the globe

Specific Heat
 Very high heat capacity (4.184 kJ/kg °C)
 Takes longer for water to heat up and cool down than almost
anything else
 This makes oceans the major moderating factor in
maintaining the temperature of the Earth’s surface
 12 Why is Water so Important?
Heat of Vaporization
 The heat required to vaporize water (2258 kJ/kg) is one of the highest of all
liquids
 It means that water vapor stores an unusually large amount of energy, which
is released when it condenses
 This is important in redistributing the heat across the globe and is a major
factor affecting the Earth’s climate

Universal Solvent
 Water dissolves more substances than any other common solvent
 Effective medium for transporting dissolved nutrients to organs in the living
things as well as eliminating their wastes
 Water also transports dissolved substances throughout the biosphere

Greenhouse Effect
 Water molecule absorbs both incoming solar radiation and infrared radiation
leaving Earth’s surface
 Such absorptions are the major factors governing the Earth’s temperature
 Water vapor is the most important green house gas in the atmosphere
13

http://thum
bnails.visuall
y.netdna-
cdn.com/th
e-water-
cycle_523b5
e9dd38c6_
w1500.png
14 Distribution of World’s Water

1%

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Earth%27s_water_distribution.svg
/1200px-Earth%27s_water_distribution.svg.png
15 Distribution of World’s Water
Compartment Volume (km3) Percent of Total Water

Total 1,38,60,00,000 100

Oceans 1,33,80,00,000 96.5

Ice and Snow 2,43,64,000 1.76

Saline Groundwater 1,28,70,000 0.93

Fresh Groundwater 1,05,30,000 0.76

Fresh Lakes 91,000 0.007

Saline Lakes 85,000 0.006

Soil Moisture 16,500 0.001

Atmosphere 12,900 0.001

Marshes, wetlands 11,500 0.001

Rivers, streams 2,120 0.0002

Living organisms 1,120 0.0001

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/waterresources-130411093223-phpapp01/95/water-resources-
7-638.jpg?cb=1365672840
16 Residence Time of a Water
Molecule
Reservoir Residence Time
Living organisms Hours to days
Atmosphere 5 - 15 days
Rivers 2 weeks
Soil moisture Months
Large lakes 10 years
Shallow groundwater 10s – 100s of years
World oceans 3000 years
Deep groundwater Up to 10,000 years
Antarctic ice cap 10,000 – 200,000 years
17 Major Water Compartments
The Oceans

https://s-
media-cache-
ak0.pinimg.co
m/originals/60/
4b/1a/604b1af
14e7004825ccc
c95e0b9f0c2b.
gif

5 Oceans
 18

Major Water
Compartments

The Oceans

Oceans are salty!

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/9/98/Water_salinity_diagram.png/12
00px-Water_salinity_diagram.png
 19 Major Water Compartments
The Oceans

http://ponce.sdsu.edu/usgs_why
_is_the_ocean_salty/charts.gif

https://www.wonderwhizkids.com/images/themes/salty_oceans/Salty_ocean_6.jpg
20 Major Water Compartments
The Oceans

https://ehsgeowiki.wikispaces.com/file/view
/Salinity_map.JPG/34356979/Salinity_map.JP
G
21 Major Water Compartments
The Oceans

http://slideplayer.com/slide
/6410121/22/images/34/Sali
nity+Variation+with+Depth.j
pg
 22 Major Water Compartments
The Great Ocean Conveyer Belt

http://stempreacademy.hawaii.edu/sites/default/files/c-more/ocean-conveyor-belt/ocean-conveyor-belt-
light_375px.jpg
23 Major Water Compartments
The Groundwater

http://web.arc.l
osrios.edu/~boro
ugt/Groundwat
er.gif
24 Major Water Compartments
The Groundwater

https://image.sli
desharecdn.co
m/introductionto
groundwaterhyd
rology-
150316012832-
conversion-
gate01/95/introd
uction-to-
ground-water-
hydrology-13-
638.jpg?cb=1426
469370
 25 Major Water Compartments
The Groundwater: Aquifers

http://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/psha
pley/environmental/l23/3b.jpg
26 Major Water Compartments
The Groundwater: Major Aquifers

https://ww
w.nature.co
m/article-
assets/npg/
nclimate/jo
urnal/v3/n4/
images/ncli
mate1744-
f1.jpg
 27 Major Water Compartments
The Groundwater: Flow
Darcy’s Law

𝑑ℎ
𝑄 𝐾𝐴 𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝐿
𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 = = =𝐾
𝐴 𝐴 𝑑𝐿
http://butane.chem.uiuc.e
du/pshapley/environment
al/l23/3b.jpg
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 𝐾 𝑑ℎ
𝑣′ = = =
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ϕ ϕ 𝑑𝐿
Masters & Ela (2008)
 28 Major Water Compartments
The Rivers

http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8542705/slides/slide_11.jpg

https://mossavi.files.wordpress.com/2008
/05/3and43.jpg
29 Major Water Compartments
The Rivers

http://pm22100.net/pa
ges/enercoop/01_dossi
ers/unep-water/04-
major-basins.jpg
30 Major Water Compartments

Reading Assignment
Read about the role of Lakes and Atmosphere as Water
Compartments.
31 Global Water Use

Brauman et al. (2016)

32 Recommended per capita
Water Supply Levels in India
Classification of Towns/Cities Recommended
Maximum Water
Supply Levels (lpcd)
Towns provided with piped water 70
supply without sewerage system
Cities provided with piped water 135
supply where sewerage system is
existing/contemplated
Metropolitan and Mega Cities 150
provided with piped water supply
where sewerage system is
existing/contemplated

Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO)

Manual, 1999; IS:1172-1993
33 Recommended per capita
Water Supply Levels in India

Activity Demand (lpcd)

Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 55
Washing of clothes 20
Washing of utensils 10
Cleaning of house 10
Flushing of toilets 30
Total 135
34 The Water Issues

 Quantity of freshwater
 Inequitable distribution
 Unsustainable use
 Quality of freshwater
35 The Water Issues
Quantity of Freshwater
In 2010

http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/pdf/aqueduct_metadata_global.pdf
36 The Water Issues
Quantity of Freshwater

In 2040

https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/
styles/attachment-large/public/resources-
pdf-previews/415486-
water_stress_world_map_large.png?itok=56
TD8Ysb
37 The Water Issues
Quantity of Freshwater

https://sites.psu.edu/math033sp19/files/2019/04/1-2a3odbt.jpeg
 38 The Water Issues
Quantity of Freshwater

http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/images/OB-
TK844_water0_G_20120619080244.jpg

http://www.huffingtonpost.in/amitangshu-acharya/5-
blind-spots-that-are-bl_b_9483230.html
39 The Water Issues
Quantity of Freshwater

http://www.un.org/w
aterforlifedecade/im
ages/scarcity/2014_0
1_water_scarcity_eng
.jpg
40 The Water Issues
Quality of Freshwater

https://cdn.thewaterproject.org/images/wat
erstats.jpg

http://nowfoundation.org.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2015/05/NOW-Foundation-
https://s-media-cache-
Act-Now-Water-7.jpg
ak0.pinimg.com/originals/8c/84/a1/8c84a1c23
189ac97041f497a6a70217c.jpg
41 The Water Management

 Increase the amount of water

 Rainwater harvesting
 Dew water harvesting

 Recycle/reuse the available water

42 Assignment (10 Marks)
Describe in detail the current status of water
resources in your hometown.

Some questions
a. What are the major drinking water sources in your hometown?
b. Which organization/department is responsible for maintaining
and supplying the drinking water?
c. Is there any water and/or wastewater treatment plant available in
your hometown?
d. What changes have you observed in the availability and quality
of water during past 10 years? What are the possible reasons?
e. What are the major water related issues in your hometown?
f. Based on your understanding, recommend some measures to
address these important water related issues in your hometown.
43 Assignment

Submission due on 12th Sep 2019 (Thu) by 11.59 PM

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe_v3D24WVmpug3eeIwC-
4RqO6T1_P5B_oCYoRaW9OhDqq8og/viewform?vc=0&c=0&w=1
44 Next Lecture:

Water Quality & Pollution Sources