THERMODYNAMICS 2

Problem Session – II

Vapor & Combined Power Cycles

 Rankine Cycle (The ideal cycle for vapor power cycles)

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a pump)

2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition (in a boiler)
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection (in a condenser)
2
1-2 Isentropic compression in the pump
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2
ℎ2𝑠 −ℎ1
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑣(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) , 𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ −ℎ
2𝑎 1
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2 ⇒ 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0 (𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙)
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition in the boiler
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3
ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2 + ሶ
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑞
𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑇
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 , 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 𝑜 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑠
𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
3-4 Isentropic expansion in the turbine
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 4
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇
ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇 ℎ −ℎ
𝜂 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3 4𝑎
ሶ ℎ3 −ℎ4𝑠
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection in the condenser
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 1
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 = 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ4 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄ሶ
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
𝑞
𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 , 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 3
𝑇𝑏
𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
Consider a steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine
cycle and has a net power output of 45 MW. Steam enters the turbine at 7
MPa and 500°C and is cooled in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa by
running cooling water from a lake through the tubes of the condenser at a
rate of 2000 kg/s. Take Ts=700 °C.

Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and
determine

(a) the energy efficiency of the cycle,

(b) the exergy efficiency of the cycle,
(c) the mass flow rate of the steam,
(d) the temperature rise of the cooling water

4
 The cycle on a T-s diagram
with respect to saturation lines

1-2 Isentropic compression in the pump

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ
𝐸𝐵𝐸: ሶ 1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ℎ
𝑚ℎ ሶ 2
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑣1 (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )

5
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition in the boiler
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3
ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
𝒒𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟏. 𝟒 − 𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝟕 = 𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝐤𝐉/𝐤g

4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection in the

condenser
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 1 and 𝑚ሶ 𝑐𝑤,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐𝑤,𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 = 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 and
𝑚ሶ 𝑐𝑤,𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑛 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛,𝑐𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐𝑤,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ4 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝒒𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟔 − 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟏. 𝟖𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊ሶ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 −𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 −𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
𝒘𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒒𝒊𝒏 − 𝒒𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟕 𝒌𝒋/𝒌𝒈

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 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜂𝑡ℎ = =
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛

𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝒆𝒙𝒒𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏 −

𝑻𝒐
𝒒𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏 −
𝟐𝟗𝟑
3𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝒋/𝒌𝒈
𝜂𝑒𝑥 = 𝑄ሶ = 𝑞 𝑻𝒔 𝟗𝟕𝟑
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥ሶ 𝑖𝑛

𝑤ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 1250.7
𝜂𝑒𝑥 = = = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟕%
𝑒𝑥ሶ 𝑞𝑖𝑛 2245.118

(36 kg/s )(

7
 Reheat Rankine Cyle

(d) Find the exergy efficiency.

8
1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 and 4-5 Constant-pressure heat addition
in the pump in the boiler

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3 , 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 5

𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 +𝑚ሶ 5 ℎ5

ℎ1 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2 ℎ2 + ℎ4 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 + ℎ5
𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑣(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2 + 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4 + ሶ
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3 +𝑚ሶ 5 𝑠5
𝑇𝑠
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2 𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠2 + 𝑠4 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3 + 𝑠5
𝑇𝑠
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑚ሶ 5 𝑒𝑥5 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥5 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

Isentropic efficiency for pump

ℎ2𝑠 −ℎ1
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
ℎ2𝑎 −ℎ1

9
3-4 and 5-6 Isentropic expansion 6-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
in the turbine in the condenser

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 5 = 𝑚ሶ 6 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 6 = 𝑚ሶ 1
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 + 𝑚ሶ 5 ℎ5 = 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 + 𝑚ሶ 6 ℎ6 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 6 ℎ6 = 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ3 + ℎ5 = ℎ4 + ℎ6 + 𝑤 𝑇 ℎ6 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3 + 𝑚ሶ 5 𝑠5 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4 + 𝑚ሶ 6 𝑠6 𝑄 ሶ
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 6 𝑠6 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
𝑠3 + 𝑠5 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4 + 𝑠6
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑚ሶ 5 𝑒𝑥5 = 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑚ሶ 6 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝑠6 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑏

𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥5 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 6 𝑒𝑥6 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥6 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

Isentropic efficiency for turbine

ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑎 ℎ5 − ℎ6𝑎
𝜂 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = =
ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠 ℎ5 − ℎ6𝑠

10
11
 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 10242 𝑘𝑊
𝑑 𝜂𝑒𝑥 = = 𝑇 = = 0.479 = 47.9%
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 (1− 𝑜)𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 (1−
298 𝑘𝐽
)(7.7 𝑘𝑔∗3703.8 )
𝑇𝑠 1298 𝑘𝑔

12
Regenerative Rankine Cyle

13
14
15
16
17
18
 Cogeneration

An ideal cogeneration steam plant is to generate power and 8600 kJ/s of process heat.
Steam enters the turbine from the boiler at 7 MPa and 500°C. One-fourth of the steam is
extracted from the turbine at 600-kPa pressure for process heating. The remainder of
the steam continues to expand and exhausts to the condenser at 10 kPa.

The steam extracted for the process

heater is condensed in the heater and
mixed with the feedwater at 600 kPa.
The mixture is pumped to the boiler
pressure of 7 MPa. Show the cycle on a
T-s diagram with respect to saturation
lines, and determine (a) the mass flow
rate of steam that must be supplied by
the boiler, (b) the net power produced by
the plant, and (c) the utilization factor.

19
A cogeneration plant is to generate power and process heat. Part of the steam extracted from
the turbine at a relatively high pressure is used for process heating. The mass flow rate of steam
that must be supplied by the boiler, the net power produced, and the utilization factor of the
plant are to be determined.

1 Steady operating conditions exist.

2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

20
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22
23
24
The gas-turbine portion of a combined gas-steam power plant has a pressure ratio of 16. Air enters the
compressor at 300 K at a rate of 14 kg/s and is heated to 1500 K in the combustion chamber. The
combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are used to heat the steam to 400 ºC at 10 MPa in a heat
exchanger. The combustion gases leave the heat exchanger at 420 K. The steam leaving the turbine is
condensed at 15 kPa. Assume all the compression and expansion processes to be isentropic. (𝑇0 =
293 𝐾, 𝑇b = 300 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑠 = 2200 𝐾) . For air, assume constant specific heats at room temperature
(cp=1.005 kJ/kg·K and k=1.4).

ℎ𝑓 = 225.94 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑣𝑓 = 0.001014 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎

ℎ@ 𝑃=10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇=400°𝐶 = 3097.0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑠@ 𝑃=10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇=400°𝐶 = 6.2141 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · 𝐾
𝑠𝑓 = 0.7549 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · 𝐾
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 7.2522 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · 𝐾

@ 𝑃=15 kPa

ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2372.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

@ 𝑃=15 kPa

a) Draw the cycle T-s diagram.

b) Write all mass, energy, entropy and exergy balance equations for each device.
c) Determine the mass flow rate of the steam,
d) Determine the net power output,
e) Find the entropy generation in the combustion chamber
f) Find the energy and exergy efficiencies of the combined cycle
g) Find the exergy destruction in the conderser. 25
1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
in the pump in the heat exchanger

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ3
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2 ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
𝑄
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑣(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑞
𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2 𝑇𝑠

𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

3-4 Isentropic expansion in the condenser
in the steam turbine
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 1
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ4 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ1 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 ℎ4 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤 𝑇 ሶ 𝑄ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠4 𝑇𝑏
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4 𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑏
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥 26 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
5-6 Isentropic compression in the 6-7 Constant-pressure heat addition in the
compressor combustion chamber

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 5 = 𝑚ሶ 6 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 6 = 𝑚ሶ 7 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ5 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ6 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ6 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ7

ℎ5 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ6 ℎ6 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ7

ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠5 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠6 𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠6 +
𝑄𝑖𝑛
ሶ
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠
𝑠5 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠6 𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠6 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥5 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥5 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥7 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥7 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

8-9 Constant-pressure heat rejection in

7-8 Isentropic expansion in the the heat exchanger
gas turbine
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 8 = 𝑚ሶ 9 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 7 = 𝑚ሶ 8 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ8 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ9 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ7 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ8 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 ℎ8 = ℎ9 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ7 = ℎ8 + 𝑤 𝑇
𝑄 ሶ
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠8 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠9 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠7 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠8 𝑇𝑏
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠7 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠8 𝑠8 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠9 +
𝑇𝑏

𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥7 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥8 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥8 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥9 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 ሶ 𝐷
27 + 𝐸𝑥
𝑒𝑥7 = 𝑒𝑥8 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥8 = 𝑒𝑥9 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
(c)

28
29
(d)

30
e) 𝑬𝒏𝑩𝑬 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓;
𝑄ሶ
ሶ
𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠6 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠

𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠6 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠

𝑇7 𝑃7 1500
𝑠7 − 𝑠6 = 𝑐𝑝,𝑎𝑣 − 𝑅 𝑙𝑛 = 1.005 × − 0 = 2.276 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑇6 𝑃6 662.5

14𝑘𝑔 2.276 𝑘𝐽 11,784𝑘𝑊

ሶ
𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝐶𝐶 = × − = 26.508 𝑘𝑊/𝐾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔𝐾 2200𝐾

f) 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚

𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝑇0 293
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 11784 𝑘𝑊 = 10214 𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑠 2200
𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝐺𝑇 +𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑆𝑇 6448 𝑘𝑊+1371 𝑘𝑊
𝜂𝑒𝑥 = = = 76.55%
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 10214 𝑘𝑊

31
g) 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓

ሶ
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 = 𝑇𝑜 . 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑏

To = 293 K , Tb = 300 K , s4=s3=6.2141 kj/kgK , s1=sf@15kPa = 0.7549 kj/kgK

𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 (ℎ4 − ℎ1 ) from EBE

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1.275 2011.8 − 225.94 = 2277.3 𝑘𝑊
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 2277.3 𝑘𝑊 𝑘𝑊
ሶ
𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 1.275 0.7549 − 6.2141 + = 0.63
𝑠 𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑔𝐾 300 𝐾 𝐾

𝑘𝑊
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 293 𝐾 ∗ 0.63 = 184.6 𝑘𝑊
𝐾

32