PROBLEM

ON
STEAM NOZZLE

LECTURE 15
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 PROBLEM 13 :
Air at a pressure of 12 bar and 573 K is expanded isentropically through a nozzle at a
pressure of 2 bar. Determine the maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle of
0.00015 𝑚2 area.

Given Data: 𝑨𝒊𝒓

1 t 2
@ state 1; P1 = 12 bar; T1 = 573 K
@ state 2; P2 = 2 bar
𝐴2 = 0.00015 𝑚2

To find:
Maximum mass flow rate ṁ =?
Formula
𝐴2 × 𝐶2
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ =
𝜗2
𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 (𝐴2 ) = × 𝐷22
4

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 air 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝐶2 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 2000 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 (ℎ1 ) = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇1

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 (ℎ2 ) = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇2

 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝛾 𝛾 𝑘𝐽
𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝2 𝑣2 𝐶𝑝 = 1.005
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
(𝛾−1)/𝛾 𝑘𝐽
𝑇2 𝑝2
= 𝐶𝑣 = 0.718
𝑇1 𝑝1 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝑘𝐽
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅 = 0.287
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑅 𝑇1
𝛾 = 1.4
Solution:

𝑇2 𝑝2
(𝛾−1)/𝛾 P1 = 12 bar
=
𝑇1 𝑝1 T1 = 573 K

𝑇2 2
(1.4−1)/1.4 P2 = 2 bar
=
573 12 𝛾 = 1.4

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝑲

Temperature of air at the exit of nozzle (𝑻𝟐 ) = 𝟑𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝑲

 𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑅 𝑇1 P1 = 12 bar = 12 × 102 𝑘𝑃𝑎

2 T1 = 573 K
12 × 10 × 𝑣1 = 0.287 × 573
𝑘𝐽
𝑅 = 0.287
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝐶2 = 2000 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

𝐶2 = 2000 × 1.005 (573 − 343.43)

𝑇2 = 343.43 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 = 1.005
𝑪𝟐 = 𝟔𝟕𝟗. 𝟑 𝒎/𝒔 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 = 1.4
𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝2 𝑣2
P1 = 12 bar = 12 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2

12 × 105 × 0.1371.4 = 2 × 105 𝑣21.4 𝑣1 = 0.137 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

P2 = 2 bar = 2 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2

0.371 = 𝑣21.4

𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
 𝐴2 × 𝐶2
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ = 𝐴2 = 0.00015 𝑚2
𝜗2

𝐶2 = 679.3 𝑚/𝑠
0.00015 × 679.3
ṁ =
0.4926
𝑣2 = 0.4926 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

ṁ =0.2068 kg/s

Answer
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 through the nozzle ṁ = 0.2068 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
 PROBLEM 14 :
A gas expands in a convergent-divergent nozzle from 15 bar to 5 bar, the initial
temperature being 700°C and the nozzle efficiency is 90%. All the losses take after the
throat. For 1 kg/sec mass flow rate of the gas, find the throat and exit areas. Take n = 1.4
and R = 287 J/kg K.
1 t 2
Given Data: 𝑮𝒂𝒔
@ state 1; P1 = 15 bar; T1 = 700°C 𝜂𝑑 = 0.9

@ state 2; P2 = 5 bar ṁ = 1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑛 = 𝛾 = 1.4; 𝑅 = 287 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
To find:
Throat area At =?
Exit area A2 =?
 Formula
𝐴𝑡 ×𝐶𝑡 𝐴2 ×𝐶2
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ = =
𝜗𝑡 𝜗2

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐶2 = 2000[ ℎ1 − ℎt + ℎt − ℎ2 × 𝜂𝑑 ]

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝐶2 = 2000 [ 𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑡 + 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇2 × 𝜂𝑑 ]

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑡 = 2000 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑡 )

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 (ℎ1 ) = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇1

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 (ℎt ) = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇𝑡

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 (ℎ2 ) = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇2

 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤,
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾
𝛾𝑅
𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝2 𝑣2 𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝𝑡 𝑣𝑡 𝐶𝑝 =
𝛾−1
(𝛾−1)/𝛾
𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑇𝑡 𝑝𝑡
(𝛾−1)/𝛾 𝑅
= = 𝐶𝑣 =
𝑇1 𝑝1 𝑇1 𝑝1 𝛾−1

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑅 𝑇1
𝒏
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑷𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
 Solution: 𝒏
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟒, 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑷𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟏.𝟒
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝟏.𝟒−𝟏
=
𝑷𝟏 𝟏. 𝟒 + 𝟏
𝑷𝒕
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖
𝑷𝟏 @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖 × 𝑷𝟏

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟓

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓
 (𝛾−1)/𝛾
𝑇𝑡 𝑝𝑡
= P1 = 15 bar
𝑇1 𝑝1
T1 = 700°C = 973K
(1.4−1)/1.4
𝑇𝑡 7.92
= 𝛾 = 1.4
973 15

𝑻𝒕 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 𝑲

Temperature of gas at the exit of nozzle (𝑻𝒕 ) = 𝟖𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝑲

 (𝛾−1)/𝛾
𝑇2 𝑝2
= P1 = 15 bar
𝑇1 𝑝1
T1 = 700°C = 973K
(1.4−1)/1.4
𝑇2 5
= P2 = 5 bar
973 15
𝛾 = 1.4

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝑲

Temperature of gas at the exit of nozzle (𝑻𝟐 ) = 𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑲

𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑅 𝑇1 P1 = 15 bar = 15 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2

5 T1 = 973 K
15 × 10 × 𝑣1 = 287 × 973
𝑘𝐽 𝐽
𝑅 = 0.287 = 287
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝛾 = 1.4

𝛾𝑅 1.4 × 287 𝑱 𝒌𝑱
𝐶𝑝 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟒. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓
𝛾−1 1.4 − 1 𝒌𝒈. 𝑲 𝒌𝒈. 𝑲

𝑅 287 𝑱 𝒌𝑱
𝐶𝑣 = = = 𝟕𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟓
𝛾 − 1 1.4 − 1 𝒌𝒈. 𝑲 𝒌𝒈. 𝑲
 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 = 1.4
𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝2 𝑣2
P1 = 15 bar = 15 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2
5
15 × 10 × 0.186 1.4
= 5 × 10 5
𝑣21.4 𝑣1 = 0.186 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

P2 = 5 bar = 5 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2

0.284 = 𝑣21.4

𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝐶2 = 2000 [ 𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑡 + 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇2 × 𝜂𝑑 ]

𝐶2 = 2000 [ 1.0045 973 − 810.8 + 1.0045 810.8 − 710.87 × 0.9]

𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 = 1.0045
𝐶2 = 𝟕𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟏 𝒎/𝒔 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
T1 = 973 K
𝑇2 = 710.87 𝐾
𝜂𝑑 = 0.9
𝑇𝑡 = 810.8 𝐾
 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 = 1.4
𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝𝑡 𝑣𝑡
P1 = 15 bar = 15 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2
5
15 × 10 × 0.186 1.4 5
= 7.92 × 10 𝑣𝑡1.4 𝑣1 = 0.186 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

P𝑡 = 7.92 bar = 7.92 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2

0.1797 = 𝑣𝑡1.4

𝒗𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑡 = 2000 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑡 )

𝒌𝑱
𝐶𝑡 = 2000 × 1.0045 973 − 810.8 𝐶𝑝 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓
𝒌𝒈. 𝑲
𝐓𝟏 = 𝟗𝟕𝟑 𝐊

𝐶t = 𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝒎/𝒔
𝑻𝒕 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 𝑲
 𝐴2 × 𝐶2 ṁ = 1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ =
𝜗2

𝐶2 = 711.71 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 × 711.71
1=
0.4076
𝑣2 = 0.4076 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝐴2 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

Answer

Exit area of nozzle A2 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

 𝐴𝑡 × 𝐶𝑡 ṁ = 1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ =
𝜗𝑡

𝐶𝑡 = 570.84 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴𝑡 × 570.84
1=
0.2935
𝑣𝑡 = 0.2935 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝐴𝑡 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

Answer

Throat area of nozzle At = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

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