PROBLEM

ON
STEAM NOZZLES

LECTURE 05
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 PROBLEM 04:
Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 10 bar is expanded in a nozzle to a pressure of 0.75
bar. Find the velocity and dryness fraction of steam issuing from the nozzle if the friction
is neglected. Also, find the velocity and dryness fraction of the steam if 10% of the heat
drop is lost in friction. 1 2
Given Data:
@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫
@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
To find:
Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( 𝐂𝟐 ) =?
Dryness fraction of steam( 𝐱 𝟐 ) =?
Case 1: if the friction is neglected
Case 2: if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction
 Case 1: if the friction is neglected
Formula
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝟐
𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐂𝟏

𝑪𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ) 𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎
Where,
ℎ1 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ2 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
STEAM TABLES
METHOD
Solution: 𝒉𝟏 = 𝒉𝒈𝟏
@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒉𝒈𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝒈𝟏
𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝒈𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟑 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈𝑲

𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟑 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈𝑲
@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓2 + 𝑥2 . ℎ𝑓𝑔2 𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑓2 + 𝑥2 . 𝑠𝑓𝑔2

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝐟 = 𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠, 𝐡𝐟𝐠 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 𝐬𝐟 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠.K 𝐬𝐟𝐠 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠.K

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝐟 = 𝟑𝟖𝟓. 𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠, 𝐡𝐟𝐠 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 𝐬𝐟 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠.K 𝐬𝐟𝐠 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠.K

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈, 𝒉𝒇𝒈𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝒔𝒇𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈.K 𝒔𝒇𝒈𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈.K
 𝒔𝒇𝟐 = 1.213 kJ/kg.K 𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 384.4 kJ/kg
𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟑 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈. 𝑲
𝒉𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 kJ/kg
𝒔𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒𝟒 kJ/kg.K
𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑓2 + 𝑥2 . 𝑠𝑓𝑔2
𝒉𝟐 = 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒉𝒇𝒈𝟐
6.583 = 1.213 + 𝑥2 × 6.244
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔 × 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟔
𝑥2 = 0.86
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

Answer
Dryness fraction of Steam leaving the Nozzle if the friction is neglected (𝑥2 ) = 0.86
 Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈
𝐶2 = 2000(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )

𝐶2 = 2000(2776.2 − 2344 )

𝐶2 = 929.73 𝑚Τ𝑠

Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

if the friction is neglected (𝐶2 ) = 929.73 𝑚/𝑠
 Case 2: if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction

ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 = 𝟗𝟎%
Formula

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐
𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎
or 𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 ′

′
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
 ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 = 𝟗𝟎%
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈
Solution
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle
C2 ′ = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳ𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸
or C2 ′ = 2000 2776.2 − 2344 × 0.9

Answer C2 ′ = 882.02 𝑚/𝑠

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction C2 ′ = 882.02 𝑚/𝑠
ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 = 𝟗𝟎% 𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ′
ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐

𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐 ′
𝟎. 𝟗 =
𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒

′
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 kJ/kg

@ state 2’; 𝐏𝟐 ′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝒉𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 kJ/kg

 ′
@ state 2’; 𝐏𝟐 ′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 kJ/kg

ℎ2 ′ = ℎ𝑓2 ′ + 𝑥2 ′. ℎ𝑓𝑔2 ′

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝐟 ′ = 𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠, 𝐡𝐟𝐠 ′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝐟 ′ = 𝟑𝟖𝟓. 𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠, 𝐡𝐟𝐠 ′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝒉𝒇𝟐 ′ = 𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈, 𝒉𝒇𝒈𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝒉𝒇𝟐 ′ = 𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈, 𝒉𝒇𝒈𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

ℎ2 ′ = ℎ𝑓2 ′ + 𝑥2 ′. ℎ𝑓𝑔2 ′

2387.22 = 384.4 + 𝑥2 ′ × 2278.6

𝒙′𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟖

Answer

Dryness fraction of Steam leaving the Nozzle

if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction (𝒙′𝟐 ) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟖
MOLLIER CHART
METHOD
 PROBLEM 04:
Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 10 bar is expanded in a nozzle to a pressure of 0.75
bar. Find the velocity and dryness fraction of steam issuing from the nozzle if the friction
is neglected. Also, find the velocity and dryness fraction of the steam if 10% of the heat
drop is lost in friction.
1 2
Given Data:
@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫
@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
To find:
Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( 𝐂𝟐 ) =?
Dryness fraction of steam( 𝐱 𝟐 ) =?
Case 1: if the friction is neglected
Case 2: if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction
 Case 1: if the friction is neglected
Formula
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝟐
𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐂𝟏
𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

𝑪𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 )
Where,
ℎ1 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ2 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
ℎ1 = 2775 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 1

ℎ2 = 2350 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
2

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔
 Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈
𝐶2 = 2000(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈
𝐶2 = 2000(2775 − 2350 ) 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔

𝐶2 = 921.95 𝑚Τ𝑠

Answer
Dryness fraction of Steam leaving the Nozzle if the friction is neglected (𝑥2 ) = 0.86

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle if the friction is neglected (𝐶2 ) = 921.95 𝑚/𝑠
 Case 2: if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction

ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 = 𝟗𝟎%
Formula

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐
𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎
or 𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 ′

′
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
 ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 = 𝟗𝟎%
Solution
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

C2 ′ = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳ𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸
C2 ′ = 2000 2775 − 2350 × 0.9

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟖𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction C2 ′ = 874.64 𝑚/𝑠
ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 = 𝟗𝟎% 𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ′
ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐

𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 − 𝒉𝟐 ′
𝟎. 𝟗 =
𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 − 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟎

𝒉𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟓 kJ/kg

′
@ state 2’; 𝐏𝟐 ′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝒉𝟐 = 2392.5 kJ/kg
@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
ℎ1 = 2775 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 1

ℎ2 = 2392.5 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 2′
ℎ2 = 2350 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
2

𝒙′𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖
′
@ state 2’; 𝐏𝟐 ′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝒉𝟐 = 2392.5 kJ/kg
 𝒙′𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖

Answer

Dryness fraction of Steam leaving the Nozzle if 10% of the heat drop is lost in
friction (𝒙′𝟐 ) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖
Thank You