COCHRAN

BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COCHRAN BOILER
❖ The Cochran boiler was produced by Cochran &
Co. of Annan.
❖ It is a multi-tubular vertical fire tube boiler
having a number of horizontal fire tubes.
❖ It is the modification of a simple vertical boiler
where the heating surface has been increased by
means of a number of fire tubes.
❖ In this boiler, the fire tubes are placed
horizontally.
❖ The efficiency of this boiler is much better than
the simple vertical boiler.
COCHRAN BOILER
Working:
❖ In Cochran boiler first the fuel is inserted into the
fire box and placed on the grate.
❖ The fuel is ignited through the fire hole provided
at the right bottom of the boiler.
❖ The fuel is burnt in the fire box and due to the
burning of the fuel, smoke and hot flue gases
emerges out.
❖ The hot flue gases enter into the combustion
chamber through flue pipes.
COCHRAN BOILER
Working:
❖ From the combustion chamber hot gases enters
into the fire tubes.
❖ The fire tubes are surrounded by water.
❖ The hot flue gases inside the tubes exchange the
heat from the hot gases to the water.
❖ Due to the exchange of heat, the temperature of
the water start increasing and it gets converted
into steam.
❖ The steam produced rises upward and collected at
top of the boiler in the hemispherical dome.
COCHRAN BOILER
Working:
❖ An anti-priming pipe is installed at top of the
boiler which separates the water from the steam
and makes it dry steam.
❖ This dry steam is then transfer to the turbines
through the steam stop valve.
❖ The hot flue gases and smoke after exchanging
heat moves to the smoke box.
❖ From the smoke box the burnt gases and smoke is
discharge to the atmosphere through the chimney.
❖ Burnt fuel is transferred to the ash pit.
COCHRAN BOILER
Working:
❖ Blow off cock is preset at left bottom of the boiler
and is used to blow of the impurities, mud and
sediment from the boiler water.
❖ A fusible plug is also provided at top of the
combustion chamber.
COCHRAN BOILER
Working:
❖ When the temperature of the combustion chamber
crosses the permissible level, the fusible plug
melts and the water through the combustion
chamber enter into the furnace of the boiler and
stop the fire.
❖ In this way a big fire accident can be prevented to
take place and also protects the boiler from
damage.
❖ Various boiler mounting and accessories are
attached to the boiler for its efficient working.
COCHRAN BOILER
Advantages :
❖ Low floor area required.

❖ Low initialization cost.

❖ It is easy to operate.

❖ Transport from one place to another is very easy.

❖ It has a higher volume to area ratio.

❖ It can use all types of fuel.

COCHRAN BOILER

Disadvantages :
❖ Low steam generation rate.
❖ Limited pressure handles capacity.
❖ It is difficult to inspect and maintain.
COCHRAN BOILER
Applications:
❖ Variety of process applications in industries
❖ Chemical processing divisions
❖ Pulp and Paper manufacturing plants
❖ Refining units
LANCASHIRE BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
LANCASHIRE BOILER
❖ Lancashire boiler is a horizontal drum axis, natural
circulation, natural draft, two-tubular, low pressure,
stationary, fire tube boiler with furnace located
internally.
❖ This boiler is invented by Sir William Fairbairn in the
year 1844.
❖ The flue gases flows through the fire tube, situated
inside the boiler shell, so it is a fire tube boiler.
❖ This boiler generate low pressure steam.
❖ It is a internally fired boiler because the furnace is
placed inside the boiler.
LANCASHIRE BOILER
Construction:
❖ This boiler is similar to a shell and tube type
heat exchanger.
❖ It consists of a large drum of diameter up to 4-6
meter and length up to 9-10 meter.
❖ This drum consist two fire tube of diameter up
to 40% of the diameter of the shell.
❖ The water drum is located over the bricks
works.
LANCASHIRE BOILER
Construction:
❖ Three spaces between the drum and the bricks,
one is at the bottom and two are insides.
❖ Flue gases pass through the fire tubes and side
and bottom space.
❖ The water level inside the drum is always above
the side channels of the flue gases, so more heat
transfer to the water.
❖ The drum is filled with water and the upper
half-space for steam.
❖ A furnace is placed at one end of fire tubes
inside the boiler.
LANCASHIRE BOILER
Construction:
❖ The low brick is situated at the grates (space
where flue burns) which does not allow to un-
burned flue and ash to flow in the fire tubes.
❖ The boiler also consists of other necessary
mountings and accessories like economiser,
superheater, safety valve, pressure gauge, water
gauge, etc, to perform boiler.
LANCASHIRE BOILER
Working:
❖ Lancashire boiler is a shell and tube type, heat
exchanger.
❖ The fuel is burned at the grate.
❖ The water is pumped into the shell through the
economiser which increases the temperature of the
water.
❖ Now the shell is filled with water.
❖ The fire tube is fully immersed in the water.
❖ The fuel is charged at the grate produces
exhaust gases.
LANCASHIRE BOILER
Working:
❖ These flue gases first pass through the fire tubes
from one end to another.
❖ This fire tubes transfer 80% to 90% of the heat
to the water.
❖ The backward flue gases pass from the bottom
passage where it transfers 8-10% heat to water.
❖ The remaining flue gases pass from the side
passage where it transfers 6-8% of the heat to the
water.
LANCASHIRE BOILER
Working:
❖ The brick is the lower conductor of heat, so
work as a heat insulator.
❖ The steam produces in drum shell is taken out
from the upper side where it flows through
superheater if required.
❖ The steam generated is taken by out for process
work.
LANCASHIRE BOILER
Advantages:
❖ Cleaning and inspection can be done easily
❖ It is more reliable and can generate a large
amount of steam.
❖ It required less maintenance.
❖ This boiler is a natural circulation boiler so
lower electricity consumption than others.
❖ It can easily operate.
❖ It can easily meet with the load requirement.
❖ Lancashire boiler has a high thermal efficiency
of about 80-90%.
LANCASHIRE BOILER
Disadvantages:
❖ This boiler required more floor space.
❖ This boiler has a leakage problem.
❖ It requires more time to generate steam.
❖ It cannot generate high-pressure steam if
required.
❖ Grates are situated at the inlet of fire tube, which
has a small diameter. So the grate area is small in
this boiler.
LANCASHIRE BOILER
Applications:
❖ Lancashire boilers are employed to operate
steam turbines, locomotives, marines etc.
❖ The Lancashire boiler used in several industries
like paper industry, textile industry, sugar industry,
tire industry etc
CORNISH BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
CORNISH BOILER
❖ Cornish boiler is a horizontal fire tube boiler which
has an internal fire tube.
❖ This boiler has only one firetube running from front
to rear.
❖ This firetube is not concentrically fixed inside the
shell.
❖ This firetube is offset from the centre, because the
shell is never fully filled with water, some space of
the upper part of shell is left for steam and the
firetube is placed in such a way that it almost in the
middle of the water filled area.
CORNISH BOILER
❖ Cornish Boiler was first time fabricated by Richard
Trevithic.
❖ It was first installed at Dolcoath mine in the year of
1812.
❖ Cornish boiler design has similarity with the
Lancashire Boiler.
❖ Length of the shell in Cornish boiler varies from 4 to
7 metres
❖ Diameter of the shell varies from 1.25 to 1.75 m.
❖ Cornish boiler can produce steam at the rate of
6500 kg/hr
❖ maximum steam pressure of 10.5 bar.
CORNISH BOILER
Construction:
❖ The biggest part of the boiler is a long

cylindrical external shell.

❖ It is the outermost part of the Cornish Boiler

which contains other boiler parts.

❖ Inside the shell there is one internal fire tube

placed near bottom side of the boiler.

❖ Firetube is placed in such a way that it is in the

center of the water area of the Cornish boiler.

CORNISH BOILER
Construction:
❖ The furnace and grate is present in the front side

of the boiler.

❖ Coal is introduced to the grate through a fire

hole.

❖ A brick arc is also provided to prevent the ashes

from burning coal to enter into fire tube and flue

tube.
CORNISH BOILER
Construction:
❖ Two flue tubes are present in the two side of the

boiler and are called side flues and one is

present in the bottom of the boiler and is known

as bottom flue.

❖ There is another flue tube which is called main

flue tube.

❖ Through this main flue tube the flue gases

reaches the chimney.

CORNISH BOILER
Construction:
❖ This chimney is used to pass the flue gases and

smoke from the main flue tube to the environment.

❖ Apart from these parts some mountings are

mounted on this boiler.

❖ A safety valve which is spring loaded is mounted on

the boiler to release the excess steam pressure

whenever there is high steam pressure inside the

boiler.
CORNISH BOILER
Construction:
❖ Another mounting is stop valve and it is used to

regulate the generated steam between the steam

pipe and the boiler.

❖ It is located at the top of the boiler.

❖ A high steam low water safety valve is also

provided near the stop valve and is used to release

the generated steam when the water level falls

below a certain level.

CORNISH BOILER
Construction:
❖ Water feed pipe is there to feed water inside the

boiler.

❖ This feed pipe is controlled by feed valve. Steam

generated inside the boiler contains a large

quantity of water in the steam spaces and is called

priming.

❖ An anti prime pipe is provided to separate water

as far as possible.
CORNISH BOILER
Construction:
❖ A blow-off cock is used to remove mud present

inside the bottom of the boiler.

❖ This blow-off cock can be used to completely

drain water from the boiler for inspection.

❖ A man hole is also present that is used to inspect

inside the boiler.

CORNISH BOILER
Construction:
❖ A pressure gauge is also attached inside the

boilers which is used to know the amount of

pressure present inside the boiler when it is

under operation.

❖ Dampers are located at two side of the boiler

which are used to regulate the flow of air and it

also controls the steam generation.

CORNISH BOILER
Working:
❖ At first, the fuel start to burn inside the furnace
and flue gas is generated.
❖ This flue gas passes through the boiler internal
firetube.
❖ This firetube is placed in the center of the water
area of the boiler.
❖ So the heat transfers from the flue gases inside
the firetube to the water.
❖ As the water is heated by the flue gases, steam is
generated.
CORNISH BOILER
Working:
❖ The flue gas from the internal firetube then goes to

the side flue and then to the bottom flue.

❖ The flue gases from the bottom flue goes to the

main flue which takes the flue gases to chimney

where it is passed to the atmosphere.

CORNISH BOILER
Advantages:
❖ Cornish Boiler have very simple design and easy

construction.

❖ It is a compact and portable boiler.

❖ This boiler can overcome load fluctuation during

operation.

❖ Construction and maintenance cost of this boiler

is very low.
CORNISH BOILER
Disadvantages:
❖ Low steam production rate of nearly 1350 kg/hr.

❖ It can take maximum steam pressure of 10.5 bar.

❖ Need more ground due to horizontal structure.

CORNISH BOILER
Application:
❖ Cornish Boilers are used in many industries like

sugar, paper, tyre, chemical etc.

❖ Cornish Boilers are also used to produce steam

to run steam turbine.

❖ It is also found in many marine industries.

CORNISH BOILER
Application:
❖ Cornish Boilers are used in many industries like

sugar, paper, tyre, chemical etc.

❖ Cornish Boilers are also used to produce steam

to run steam turbine.

❖ It is also found in many marine industries.

CORNISH BOILER
Comparing to Lancashire boiler:
❖ The Cornish boiler has a single flue tube, but

Lancashire has two tubes.

❖ Production of steam is also high than Lancashire

boiler.

❖ The performance is high in Lancashire boiler.

LOCOMOTIVE BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER

❖ Locomotive engine, is a self propelled vehicle.

❖ Locomotive boiler is the part of locomotive engine
where the steam formation takes place to run the
steam engine of the vehicle.
❖ Now days this vehicle is powered by the diesel or
electricity
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
❖ Prototypes of the steam locomotive were first
developed in the Great Britain early 19th century
and this investigation overcomes the railways
problem.
❖ Railways used steam locomotive for railways
transport until the middle of the 20th century.
❖ Locomotive engine has been used in the railway
over long period of time.
❖ Locomotive boiler is a part of the locomotive engine
which produces the steam.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
❖ Coal is burn in the furnace that produces the high
amount of heat and converts the water into steam.
❖ Now a days in the railway diesel engine is used
because its efficiency is more than the steam engine.
❖ Locomotive boiler is a fire tube type boiler.
❖ Multi tube is involved in it
❖ all the tubes are placed horizontally in the
horizontally placed drum.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
❖ It has 116 general fire tube and around 38 super
heated fire tube.
❖ Furnace that produces heat over the burning of coal
is located inside the boiler and hence it is an
internally fired boiler.
❖ Locomotive boiler has high steam generation rate
and is portable.
❖ It is also used in the marine sector.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Construction:
❖ A Locomotive Boiler has several components.
❖ First of all, it’s a shell or barrel.
❖ Generally, boiler shell diameter is about 8.5m
and length is about near 4m.
❖ A Steam Dome presents at the top section of the
boiler.
❖ It contains the regulator for regulating the steam
produced through the steam pipe when the boiler
is operational.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Construction:
❖ Firing point or hole present at the rear end of
the boiler.
❖ This boiler uses solid fuel in the furnace.
❖ Solid fuel is inserted and ignited into the furnace
by using this hole.
❖ After that, a firebox is present inside the boiler
shell where the fuel is burned and generates
heat.
❖ There is a platform called Grate where solid fuel
like coal is kept and burnt.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Construction:
❖ It is a fire tube boiler
❖ The fire tubes in which, the hot flue gases pass.
❖ When hot flue gases pass it exchange the heat with
the surrounding water.
❖ There is a smoke box and it is the only way where
smoke is passing through the air.
❖ When solid fuel burned inside the furnace it also
creates some smoke.
❖ This smokes need to exhaust in the environment by
the chimney.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Construction:
❖ There is a fire brick arch placed inclined over
the grate.
❖ It is responsible for preventing the entry of the
ash, burnt fuel, and dust particles into the fire
tubes during operation.
❖ Brick arch also provides a way to the hot flue
gases to travel a definite path before entering
the boiler fire tubes.
❖ There is a pipe called Steam Pipe.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Construction:
❖ By this pipe generated steam passes through.

❖ There are two steam pipes in Locomotive Boiler.

❖ First one is the main steam passing pipe.

❖ It located between the superheater and dome.

❖ The second steam pipe is connecting the

superheater exit end to the steam engine.

LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Construction:
❖ A blast pipe is provided above the steam engine.
❖ By this pipe, the exhaust steam passes.
❖ It has an important role during boiler operation.
❖ Generally, a blast pipe is used to create the
artificial draft that pushes the smoke out
through the chimney.
❖ It also creates suction pressure for the hot flue
gases.
❖ This suction pressure allows the hot flue gases
to passes forward and it passes through the
boiler fire tubes.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Construction:
❖ This boiler has a Super heater
❖ It superheats the steam to the desired
temperature.
❖ Steam used to superheated before it enters into
the cylinder of the steam engine.
❖ Because wet steam creates is harmful to the
engine.
❖ There are a superheater element pipes by which
the steam travels and become superheated.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Construction:
❖ The safety valve is used for safe working with

steam pressure.

❖ This safety valve is responsible for the blows off

steam when the pressure of generated steam is

increased above the safety level or critical level.

❖ It also prevents the blasting of the boiler

LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Construction:
❖ There is a Regulator valve present that regulates

the steam through the main steam pipe for

super-heating.

❖ final component of this boiler is Chimney.

❖ It is used to throw out the exhaust smoke and

gases to the environment.

LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Working:
❖ The locomotive boiler uses solid fuel like coal.
❖ At first, the solid fuel is inserted on the grate.
❖ Then it ignites from the fire hole.
❖ When the fuel is burning inside the fire hole, it
starts to generate necessary hot flue gases.
❖ Then a fire brick arch provides the path to flow
the hot flue gases to a definite path before it
entering into the long fire tubes of this boiler.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Working:
❖ It also stops entering the burnt solid fuel
particles into the fire tubes during the operation
of the boiler.
❖ two air dampers allow to flow fresh air into the
combustion chamber.
❖ When hot flue gases pass through the boiler
firetubes then it heats the water surrounding
the fire tubes
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Working:
❖ Water becomes heated by this continuous
process and water becomes saturated steam.
❖ Generated saturated steam is collected at the
top.
❖ Then this saturated steam from the dome
(which is present at the top of the boiler) enters
into the main steam pipe through the regulator
valve.
❖ After this stem steam travels through the main
steam pipe and reaches to the super heater
header.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Working:
❖ By this superheated steam engine piston moves
inside the cylinder.
❖ Piston use to connect with the wheels of the
steam engine and the wheels start rotating like a
locomotive train.
❖ Then the exhaust steam from the cylinder enters
into the blast pipe.
❖ When you are sending steam into the cylinder
then only steam will come out as exhaust gas
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Working:
❖ Burnt gases and smoke after passing through
the fire tubes of the boiler then it enters into the
smoke box.
❖ Then the exhaust steam coming out from the
blast pipe and it pushes the smoke out of the
boiler through the chimney.
❖ Smoke from burned solid fuel cannot escape out
from the boiler by its own.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Working:
❖ For this reason, an artificial draft is created by
exhaust steam which coming out from the steam
engine cylinder.
❖ This artificial draft also pushes the smoke out of
the smoke box and creates suction pressure for
the hot flue gases.
❖ There is a platform under the Grate called ash-
pit where ash is stored after burning of solid fuel
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Advantages:
❖ It is portable and can be easily transported.
❖ It is capable of meeting sudden and fluctuating
demands of steam.
❖ It is a cost-effective boiler.
❖ It has a high steam generation rate.
❖ It is compact in size and its operation is easy.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Disadvantages:
❖ It faces the problems of corrosion and scale
formation.
❖ Unable to work under heavy load conditions
because of overheating problems.
❖ Some of its water spaces are difficult to clean.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Applications:
❖ Locomotive boilers are mostly used in railways
and marines.
❖ The efficiency of this boiler is very less.
❖ It cannot work in heavy-load conditions because
this leads to the overheating of the boiler and
finally gets damage.
❖ They are also used in traction engines, steam
rollers, portable steam engines, and some other
steam road vehicles.
NESTLER BOILER

BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
NESTLER BOILER
❖ Nestler boiler is a horizontal axis boiler and belongs
from fire tube types of boilers.
❖ Shell of nestle boiler consist of two thick mild steel
plates.
❖ A large number of fire tubes are fitted in between the
steel plates.
❖ A bigger diameter furnace tube extending from
burner end to other end is used for carrying hot flue
gases from one smoke box to the other smoke box.
NESTLER BOILER
❖ At the rear end smoke box chimney is provided for

rejection of exhaust gases.

❖ Fuel which is used for the burning is a highly viscous

fluid which is firstly heated up to 80°C and then

supplied for the burning purpose.

❖ Nestler boiler can deliver the steam up to 10-11 bar

pressure.
NESTLER BOILER
Working:
❖ Fuel and high pressure air is mixed to produce
the air fuel mixture which is burn in o produce
the hot gases.
❖ Hot gases move through the furnace tube and
enter the rear end smoke box of the Nestler
boiler.
❖ From the rear end smoke box hot gases enter
into the fire tube which is surrounded by the
liquid.
NESTLER BOILER
Working:
❖ Hot gases transfer their heat to the liquid and
move forward into the front end sample smoke
box from there finally hot gases moves toward
the chimney from where they are eliminated
into the atmosphere.
❖ Steam produce as the result of heat transfer
between hot gases and water is collected into
the steam chamber above.
NESTLER BOILER
Specifications:
❖ hp : 105
❖ working pressure : 0.7 bar.
❖ Shell size : 1.6 m diameter x 3.48 m length.
❖ No. of tubes : 94.
❖ Size of tube : 63.5 mm
❖ No. of passes : 3;
❖ Steam space : 1.47 m3
❖ water space : 2.25 m3;
Thank You