TRANSMISsiON LINESs

AND
NETWORK PILTER
15.56
impedance for a HF line
end line
15.10. Find the sending (1.185 A)
Example 50 ohms. The line
is
of lengih
characteristic impedance of
ng
and is terminated in a load of (1l0 +J80) ohns.
Sol. We know, Z Zo an B
However, as given,
80) 2
Zo 50 ZR (110+j
Bl .1.185 )
66°
7,44 rad =426° or,
+j50 tan 66
h =50 50++J80)
Zin (110+j 80) tan 66°

50-
110+j1923
160+j 180
50 +j192.3M160-j 180)1
I (160+j 180X160-j 180) .
= 50 17600-j 19800 +j 30768 + 34614
25600 -j 28800+j 28800 +324
945) ohm
8.62x10- [52214-j 10968]=(45-j
15.11. A cable pair has the following primary co-eficients aa
Example
an angular frequency of S000 radians/sec.
R 30 NAm G I H mho/kam

L = I.l mhH/km C 0.2 uFkm

Calculale
() The characteristiC impedance
i ) The atlenuation co-eficient
(ii) The phase change co-efficient
(iv) The atenuation in decible over a length of 15 km.
Sol. The angular frequency being given by (0)
S000 rad/sec.
The series impedance (Z) = R+jaL

30+Jx 5000 x 1.1 x 10-3

= 30+j 5.5 = 30.5210.39° ohm.

Shunt admittance Y= G+joC

x 10-6
10-+jx 5000 x
0.2
= 10-+j 10-3 = 103L90° mho
The characteristics impedance (Zo) is given by the relation

10-3 90

=30500x|104°-90
30500239.81°
 SMISSION LINES

15.57
And propagauon constant () is given by the relation
Y Zx
-V30.5 x 10-3 x1039+90
- 0.1746 |50.195

-
0.1746 [cos (50.195) +j sin (50.195°)N
= 0.1118+j 0.1356

But Y a+jB
where. a n d p is the attenuation co-efficient and phase change co-efficient

respectively.
Hence d= 0.1118 nepers/km 1,677 Nep for 15 km
=

B 0.1356 radians/km = 2.034 rad for 15 kms

The altenuation in dB over length of 15 km is 1.677 *

0115
= 14.58 dB d B 1 s * Neper
Example 15.12. (a) A loss free transmision line has an inductance of
1.2mA/km and a capaciuance O.05 u/km. Calculale the characteristics

impedance and propagation constant of the line.

(b) For 0.4 km of wavelength, find
) the frequency af wtich the line length is equivalent to one wave length

and

(i) the velocity of propagation.

Assume o = S000 rad/sec.
R = 0, G = 0, since the line is lossless
Sol. (a) Here
1.2 10- H/km.
L x

and C= 0.05 x 10- F/km.

The characteristics impedance
154.9202
Z, VjoC V V 00sx1O

The propagation constant

joC)
V(R+ jaL) (G
+
Y=
j o VLC
yl= o VLC
10-3 x 0.05 x 10-6
1.2 x
S000
- 0.0387.
a = 0 an0
) Since the line is lossless,

Y a+jB =J
ißl = 0.0387 radkm
Iyl =
 AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
NETWORK ILTER
15.58
assumed frequency of
S000 radians/sec.
at the
ne velocity of propagation

km/sec.
v 1.292 x 10
And, also V=JX*
A= wave length = 0.4 km
whhere
kHz
for unloaded
Example 15.13. The permissible approximations that ol <<R.
are wC > > G
and
underground cables at audio frequencies
Also Jind the velociy of
Calculate , a B under these approximations.

propagation.
Sol. The characteristics impedance Z, is given by

z-Vjac
When R >> al and oC>> G,

40-90)

V 45
Propagation constant y= V(R + jaL) (C+ joc)

EjocK
=V oCR 245°
oCR cos 45° +j N oCR sin 45°

Y=a+j8
a nepers/km

Ina
B- radianskm
The wave length A is he distance belween any two consecutive points
the line at which the current (or voltage) 1s in
the same phase. If S is
along
the phase shift on the line, then wave lengh A is given by
AMISSON L S
159

-f

E x e 15.14 A cable has been undormby koaded by an inductanc

w be nil deduce an
uch ha l > » i Aumng leakage conducsane
consat wdhous nezecting k
eyressn pr menuaon and phasx
Sol Gve tha G0
L »k
Howeva, Rin wu to be uegieces
Z R+ jo

G=0

Aio

y
be negiecad
aL » R
L
SE

a+
 NETWORK FLTER AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
15.60

B aon LC
the phase velocity can also be found out as p*
Example 15.15. A co-auial cable has fallowing parameters
o = 5020 ohms
L 20 km
1.5
and the attenuation constant () is dB/km
the power input is I wat

power of the cable provided it is terminated by Zo Also

n e oupu
determine Ihe oupul curTeni.
Sol. Attenuation for the entire lenguh
a . L = 1.5 x 20 30 dB
= 30 x (0.115 Nep) = 3.45 Nep.

Hence,34

Power ratio

But
01 P's=I watt
- (31.5) 992.25

Hence received power

R992251x 10-3 watt

It is given that Z = 5020 ohms
Hence Ps=ll212ol
- -002
Is = 0.1414 A
and receiving end (output) current is then given from the relation,

315
R

R
IR 449
315 x 10-3 A
Example 15.16. A lossless transmission line has a shunt capacitance
and a series inductance of 4 juHm. What is is characteristics
of 100 pF/m
impedance ?
Sol. In a lossless line having
TRANSMISSION LINES
15.61
the characteristics impedance, Z, is given by

1 0 4 100 200
Example 15.17. The characteristics impedance of uniform transmission
line is 2059.6 S2 at 80 Hz Ar this frequency the propagalion constan
ws
found to be 0.054 287.9°. Determine the values of primary constans R, L
G and C of the line.
Sol. Here the given data are
Z= 2039.6
ano, Y 0.054 287.9
Since S= 800 Hz
0= 2x x 800 = S026.S48 rad/sec

However, 7, VG and y R + jaL) (G + joC)

we have
Multiplying 2, and y

Z, xy=
(R+ jaL)
or, 2039.6 x 0.054 L87.6 =R+ joL
or R+joL 110.138 876
Now, R L (110.138)
R2+oL2= 12130.379

743.7) 12130.379
Or, R2(1 + =

:tan (87.9)° =
27.271
L =
RX
o-L' = R x 743.71]

R= 12130.379
4.038
or 743.71
X2 4.038x 27.271
L S026.5
548
NoW,
0.02191H
have,
But dividing y by 2, we

(G+ jo
of.
0.054
2039.6 G +jacC
 TRANSMISSION LINES
15.62 NETWORK FILTER AND

2.648 x 10-3
G+ joC
Now, G?+ 0C2= (2.648 x 10
r, G+o'C?= 7.012 x 10-0

BuL, lan(87.99) G
CG27.271
.
C1+(27.21)7 7012x10-
G 12x10-1
N743.70 mho
607 10-6 mho= 3.07
and. Gx 21.271
9.703 X10-7x 27.271
6.548
5.264 x 10-9 F
5.264 nF
Hence R=4.038
L=0,0219H
G 3,07 mho
C 5.264 nF
Example 15.18. Open and short circut impedances of a transmission
line at 1.6 kHz are 900 -30° and 400 L-10° Calculate the
characteristucs impedance of the line.
Sol. Here the given data are,
Ze900 -30°
and Z 400 -10°
Now the characteristics
impedance of the line is
Z x
Z =V 900
x400x{-30° A10°)
6 0 0 2-20° .
Example 15.19. A telephone line has the following prynary dontsant per
km loop. R 0 = 10 mH, C= 0.1
F ang-&ft mhg. Find its
characteristics
ipedance angularTequency of SX 10 \radicns/second.
al

Sot The charncteristics impedance of the telephonetíne km

given by the relation per loop,

Bul R+jal = 20+jx 5x 103 x 10 x 10-3

20+ j50
53.852 268.19° ohm
TRANSMISSION LINES
15.63
and. G+jol 10 x
104jx5x 10 x0.1 x 10
-10-105 x10° x 0.)
10-10 j so00)
5000x 10- 289.38
Putting tbe value of
(R+ joL) and (G+joC) in equation ()
we bave

- 103.78 -10.85

Eample 1520. Calculase the primary constant of a ransmission line

arving 2, 710 2-14.2 A and y= 0.0185 L74.81° at f= I kH
SolL We know that

T-V(R+ jaL) (G +jo0)

Multiplying () and (i),
7.7 R+jal
or 710 x 00185 L-1424+1481 = R+joL

o 13.135 (cos 60.6° +j sin 606°) = R+ jaL

a, 645+ 1144
R+ joL
Seperating real and imaginary parts, equation (i) becomes
R 6.45 ohms

aL 114 ie., L 2sx 1000182 10- Henry

x 182 mH

Dhviding (i) by ()%

G+joc
0.0185214.8-G+joC
7102-1424
26x 10-5289-G+ joc
ar, 2.6x 10- (cos 89+j sin 89°) -G+joC
or, 0.045 x 10-+j 2.6x 10-3 G+ joC iv)
Separating real and imaginary parts of (iv)
G 0.045x 10-5 mbo 0.45 x 10-6 mbo =045 umho

C26 2:100414 10- x F- 4,14 x

10- F
 TRANSMISSiON LINBS
FLTER
AND
NETWORK

15.64
Hence, R= 645 ohms
L= 1.82 mH
045 umbo G
4.14 nF C :
line working at MHzare
l
consitants of a
The primary 10-p7km, and G=
o.
Rmple 1521. C 4.85 x
2.29x 10-3 Hlm,
5.4bn, L
=

Calculate the values of 2. B, A and relation

the
SoL The characteristic impedance
is given by

G+joC
2% 1 x 105 radians/sec
Here, o 2f - x

6.283 x 105 rad/sec

R+joL 83.4+jx
= 6.283 x 10 x 2.29 x 10
83.4+j 14.388 x 10
- 14388 289.67° ohm per km

105x 4.85 x 10-2x 10-6

and, G+joC =0+jx 6.283 x
0+/30.473 x 10-2
= 0.305 L902 mbo per km

217.197 1-0.165 ohm

Again, the propagation constant is given by

ya +=v(R+ jal)(G+ joc)

14388 x 0.305 189.67°+ 902
- 66.245 L89.83

0.1965+j 66.24
a 0.1965 nepers/km.
1.71 dBm
and, B 66.24 rad/km

6.24 x degree)am
3795.27 degree/km
Again B av LC
6.283 x 105 V2.29 x 10-3 x 4.85x 10-2 x 10-6
6.619 rad/kam
 15.65
The wavelength A is
given by the relation

kn
The velocity of
propagation will be,

6.283 6.619
x0-949236.8 kmbec.
Also p km/sec.

Example 15.22. A low loss co-amal cable

of characteristic inpedance
of 50 is terminated
in a resisive load of 75 a The peak
the load is found to be 30 voltage across
volts. Calculate
The reftection co-eficient of the load.
(i) The amplitude of the forward and reflected wolkage wavs
(ü) The qmplitude of the forward and reflected current waves.
iv) The V.S.WR.
Sol. From the
given dala
Zg 75 and Zo 50 a
Zo-24
) The reflection co-efficient K
125
15+50 -02
relected vos
(i) Let amplitude of the forward voltage wave and relected voltage
wave V and VR respectively.

or, - 02 Vi
Or, VR- 0.2 Vi
But from the given data Va + Vi = 30

Hence, Vi-0.2 Vi-30

VO375 volts.
and VR-02
- 0.2 xVi37.5=- 7.5 volts.

IVil 37.5 volt; IVal=75 volts

 TRANSMISSION LDNBS
NBTWORK
PLTER AND
15.66
the terminated cDa
the current at
uu) Peak value of
Total voltage-04 Amp.
Loadresistance

But + 044
forward current respectively.
the reflected and
weegand
4 is
Herc
K-0.2]
+02curent is the reverse of tbe incident current]
e directioo of the refected
Hence from k+h=04
or, +0.2 04

0 . 3 3 Amp,
.a-02x033-0.066 Amp.
and,
.1+.1-0203 066
(i) vSWR R" 1+02 12
transmission line with a characteristics impedance
Erample 15.23 A by measurementis
of 300the2 is terminated in a purely resistive load. lt is fownd
it is 5 pV and maximum voltage
that minimum value of votage upon
7.5 pv.what of the
is the value load resistaNCe ?
Sol Here the
given data are 5 V
Z 300 , E 7 . 5 AV, Em
The voltage standing wave ratio ls given by tbe relation,

SE -15
Let, the reflection co-efficient KK
and, load resistance
S K1
Again, 1-IKT
1.5 1+1k1
K or, 2.5 IKl0.5.

02
ZR-300
But K- 02-300
(0.2 1 ) Zg 240

Za 200
Example 15.24 A lossiess line of characteristic impedance 300 Q is
terminated in a pure rezistance of 200 2. Find the vake of ntanding wave ranio.
TRANSMIssiON LINES
15.67
sol. In a lossless line, the refloction coefficient is given by.
IXIol-1Z l_300 200
1Zol1Z 200 300
Therefore, the standing wave ratio of a lossless line is given by the relatio
S 02
1-IKI 1- 0.2
15
Erale1525. na ranamission kine 1the VSWR is given by 2.5. The
characteristic inpedance is 50 ohms and the line is o ransmit a power of
25 wats. Determine the magnitudes of the marimun and minimam voliage and
cuTen Also ind the magnitude of the receiving end votage. [Assume
Ze ( 1 0 - J 80) N).

Sol

25 25x 50
Iv 0 volts
Again, as
IV l SIV 56
IV 2 2 . 5 volts
2.5

. E l =Zol
- 1.12 Amps
W= 225
s 0 0 4 5 Amp

As powers at sending end and receiving end are same hence,

P lglE RR
2 5 = l 1 x 110
R0476 Amp
Tbus IVel lglZæl= 0476 x v(110)+ 80)2
= 64.9 volts.
HF line be
Enple 15.26. The impedance (ZR) that terminates a can

from the sanding Zo

determined
and the distance from wave
the load rario.firstS, the
to the voliage minimum, impedance,
characteristic d

Show hat
1-jS tan
 TRANSMISSION LINES
AND
NETWORK FLTER
15.68
Sol. We know that
R+20 tan h()
Z-ZoZZRtan h (y)
line,
However, in a high frequency

a 07 B/

Z Zo
2oR
ZR
an h

Zo 2
1-z Lan T
-n
However, at voltage minimum, Z is Zmin

Hence from the text, at the point of Zmi

ZR

Thus, Z=
-un(
ls-/an
Example 1527. A low loss transmission line has characteristic
impedance of 70 ohms and is terminated by another impedance of (115-j 80)
ohms. The wavelength on the line is-2.5 mi. Find the standing wave ratio,
maximum and minimum line impedances, Also, determine the distance between
the load and the first voltage minimum.
Sol. It is given that
Zo 70 ohms
R115-j 80) ohms = 1402 -34.8°
A 2.5 ml
Reflection co-efficient

K -
K Zo+Z
70-(115-j 80)
70+(115-j 80)
+j80.91.79
201.5-60.6+ 23.38
5-j80
TRANSMISSON LINES
15.69
0462-37.22
IKl= 046.
However, S 1-K 0.544 -27
Again from the text, it has been established that
at 2mar Z SZo= 27 x 70 189
70
Thus, the maximum line
impedance iS 25.9 Q.
impedance is 189 and minimum line

The distance between the load and first

voltage minimum will be given by
,
Zo2 1.125 mt.
4 * 1401.125
Example 1528. A HF transmission line is
operated a afequency
1000 kHz. Ii has a characteristic impedance of 685 ohms (resistive) and the
phase constani is 20 radianson. The line is terminaed by a pure resistive
load of S50 ohns. fthe votage drop acros the load is 5 wots, deermine the
magnitude and phases of voltages and currend at a dinance of km from
the load. Also caleulate the reflection coeficient
Sol. We have seen Vr Va cos pld
+jRola
sin fd
Here, 20 rad/km
d 180
2
Bis given in radianslam, d is expressed in radians)
o 685
Ta50 AIvoltage across the load is 5Vand line
0
is terminated by a pure resistance of 350

V 5 cos (20 xx
2 10.,6
3
-4.2- 5.32 6.78252° vols
VR
I-la cos pad+jsin

350
= -0.012-Jj 0.00397
= 0.013218° Amps.
TRANSMLSS0N LINES

15.71
If the line is
opcn-circauitled at the receiving end,
IR=0
V Voc Va cos

lo
On the other hand if the line is short-circuited the
al
receiving end,
VR=0

If the line is terminated by Ro, the reflection co-efficient Kbecomes zero

and Z Ro Thus from equation (a) and (c),
Vge
and x=Ipehd
These equations indicate that the voltage and Curent magnitudes remain
constant and there is no atenuation with continuously increasing phase angle
along the line).
Example1530. H is required to match a 200 N load o a 300
ransmission line, to reduce the VSW along the line to l. What must be the

characteristics inpedance of the quarterwavetrangomer used for ihis purpose,

f i is connected directy 1o the load
Sol. Wben the line is made N4 long, tbe input impedance becomes,
Z4) al any vaue of S.

But wbea standing wave ratio S is equal to 1 then Zga =7,

zy4)
Here Z0N4)= 300 0-7 wave transformer
characteristics impedance of the quarter
Heoce, the
should be 300 line
coejicients of a ranomisrion
Ezample 1531. The distribaed circwit m, L= 062 x 10-6 Hm
1100 Hz are R 0.053
=

a frequency of current gradient along

the line
G= 950 u mhom and
C 39.5pP. Find the
is 16.) vol
point Z where the phasor voliage
Sol. Using eqn. (15.26),
-joc) V
dr
 NETWORK F L . i * *

15.72 10-1)J16.5

x
1100%39.5

10-12+j(2r x A/m
d-1950x
(0.015 +j
4.52)10-0 z 1s given
by
-

the line at point

gradient
along
A/m
ne
cuTent
4.52)10-° value of the
S ,
(0.015+j
-
maximum

the
value and
the ms
obtained is
value
The
oblained as
can be 10-6
gradient
10.016+ 4.51 Ix
2x A/m]
6.39 x 10-
transmitted from a
frequency poweris
-

particular
Example15.32. Ata transmission
line. The

s o u r c e to a
load by a
km length of uniform 220 V (ms). Whas
while that at
the load is
is 250 V (ms)
factor.
voliage the
at source
the line ?
Obtain the value of atienuation
a t e n u a t i o n of loa4
the tolal w a v e s at
is
AsSume no reflection of voltage
o r current

Sol Since
Vin
ed- = 0.88
Here,
0.129
loge 0.88
=-
-
a

a 0.129 Neper.
Attenuation factor is a per unit length.

Altenuation 1actor 0.129 Nep

500 mt
2.56 x 10-4 Nep/m.
line (50 km long) has attenuation
Example 15.33. A transmission
l kHz F the inpu current to
constant of 1.5 x 10* Nep/m at frequency of
current at its load end if the reflection
the line is 650 mA, whai is the line
of current is not considered ?
Sol a (attemuation for the entire line)
=
10*X1.5 x
(50 x 10-4)
7.5 Nep.

AS h= input current
h load current

15 or
650
lh =0.36 mA.
Then the load curent is 0.36 mA.
 TRANSMISSiON LINES
15.73
Example 15.34. The phase constant
0.123 radm factor for
frequency 4.5 MHz Assuming the line transmission line is
at a
a

find the length

wavelength and phase velocity of the waves on 1he so be S00 m
line. What
phase dijerence between the is the
votages at the two ends of the line ?
Sol. Wavelength A 51 mt

Phase velocity

2.3 x 108 mt/sec.

Phase difference for the entire line
-
Bl 61.51 rad.
Example 15.35. A section ofa lossless transmission line is 04 Along
and is terminated in a short circuit. The characteristic impedance of the line
being (73 + j0) N detemmine the input impedance of the line section. Assume
the operating frequency to be 200
MHz.
Sol. 2i j2% tan BI, for the shorted end of the line.
.
ZjZ tan
j (73 +0) tan (2.51 rad)
-J53.5 M.

1 lt is a capacitive reactance.

The equivalent capacitance is then given by

Ca 535 @53.4 x 2x 200 10 x

14.9 p.
at 400 MHz and
1535. A transwission line operates
Example
fhe terminating ipedlance is (20-J80) A
characteristic inpedance of S02

obtain the value of VSWR.

Z (04-/1.6)-1
Sol KZ"(04-j 1.6)+ 1
- 0.845.2 rad.

S 9 .0
O2ent
K= reflection coefficient

[Here wave ratioj

S=voltage standing
charactenistic impedance Zo
and
A tranSmission line with ohns.
Example 1537. terminated in an impedance of (25-J00)
ohms is Smith Chart.
50+j0) the loadend using
( coej+cient a normalisedd
fis!
the reflection 100) is
impedance of (25-j
Deiemine

Sol. The given

25-100- (05-12)
Z50+j0