5.

- Transmission Line Model &

Performance : Review

EE24564
Power Transmission and Distribution
EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 1
 5.5 Voltage and Current Waves
➢ The rms phasor voltage:
𝑉 𝑥 = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑥 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑥
𝑉𝑅 +𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 𝛾𝑥 𝑉𝑅 −𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 −𝛾𝑥
Recall 𝑉 𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 , from power system analysis
2 2

➢ From Phasor domain to Time domain, V as function of t and x:

𝑣 𝑡, 𝑥 = 2ℜ𝐴1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝛽𝑥) + 2ℜ𝐴2 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)

• The first term become larger as 𝑥 increases because of 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 : Called the incident wave.
• The second term become smaller as 𝑥 increases because of 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 : Called the reflected wave.

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 2

 5.5 Voltage and Current Waves
➢ At any point along the line, voltage is the sum of those two components:
𝑣 𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑣1 𝑡, 𝑥 + 𝑣2 𝑡, 𝑥
➢ Where:

𝑣1 𝑡, 𝑥 = 2𝐴1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝛽𝑥)

𝑣2 𝑡, 𝑥 = 2𝐴2 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)

➢ To observe the instantaneous value, for example the peak amplitude requires that:
𝜔 2𝐾𝜋
𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑥 = 2𝐾𝜋 OR 𝑥= 𝑡 −
𝛽 𝛽

To keep up with the wave and observe the peak, we must travel with a speed

𝑑𝑥 𝜔
=
𝑑𝑡 𝛽

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 3

5.5 Voltage and Current Waves

➢ The velocity propagation is given by:

𝜔 2𝜋𝑓
𝜐= =
𝛽 𝛽
➢ The wavelength 𝝀 or distance 𝒙 on the wave which results in a phase shift of 2𝜋 radian is:
2𝜋
𝛽𝜆 = 2𝜋 OR 𝜆= 𝛽

➢ When the line losses are neglected (𝒈 = 𝟎 and 𝒓 = 𝟎), the real part of propagation constant 𝛼 = 0, then:

𝛽 = 𝜔 𝐿𝐶

Recall : 𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝑧𝑦 = (𝑟 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝑔 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)

➢ And the characteristic impedance is purely resistive, then:

𝐿
𝑍𝐶 =
𝐶

➢ Which is commonly referred as the surge impedance.

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 4

5.5 Voltage and Current Waves

➢ The velocity of propagation and the wavelength become:

1 1
𝑣= and 𝜆=𝑓
𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶

➢ When the internal flux linkage of a conductor is neglected 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿 =𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐶 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
1 1
𝑣≅ and 𝜆≅𝑓
𝜇° 𝜀° 𝜇° 𝜀°

➢ Substituting for 𝜇° = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 and 𝜀° = 8.85 * 10−12 , the velocity of the wave is obtained to be
approximately 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐; i.e. the velocity of the light. At 60 Hz, the wavelength is 5000 km.

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 5

5.5 Voltage and Current Waves

➢ Substituting for L and C, we have:

1 𝜇° 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝑍𝐶 ≅ 𝑙𝑛 ≅ 60𝑙𝑛
2𝜋 𝜀° 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐶 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐶

➢ For a lossless line 𝛾 = 𝑗𝛽 and cosh 𝛾𝑥 = cosh 𝑗𝛽𝑥 = cos 𝛽𝑥 and sinh 𝛾𝑥 = cosh 𝑗𝛽𝑥 = 𝑗 sin 𝛽𝑥 , the
equations for the rms voltage and current along the line become:
𝑉 𝑥 = cos 𝛽𝑥 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑥 𝐼𝑅

1
𝐼 𝑥 =𝑗 sin 𝛽𝑥 𝑉𝑅 + cos 𝛽𝑥 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝐶

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 6

5.5 Voltage and Current Waves

➢ At the sending end 𝑥 = 𝑙:

𝑉𝑆 = cos 𝛽𝑙 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑙 𝐼𝑅

1
𝐼𝑆 = 𝑗 sin 𝛽𝑙 𝑉𝑅 + cos 𝛽𝑙 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝐶
➢ For the example, for the open-circuited line 𝐼𝑅 = 0, and the No-load receiving end voltage is:

𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝑅(𝑛𝑙) =
cos 𝛽𝑙
➢ For a solid short circuit at the receiving end, 𝑉𝑅 = 0 and 𝑉𝑆 , 𝐼𝑆 become:
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑗𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑙 𝐼𝑅
𝐼𝑆 = cos 𝛽𝑙 𝐼𝑅

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 7

5.6 Surge Impedance Loading

➢ When the line is loaded by being terminated with an impedance equal to its characteristic impedance, the
receiving end current is:

𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑅 =
𝑍𝐶
➢ For a lossless line 𝑍𝐶 is a purely resistive. The load corresponding to the surge impedance at rated voltage is
known as the surge impedance loading (SIL), given by:
2
∗ 3 𝑉𝑅
𝑆𝐼𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 =
𝑍𝐶
➢ Since 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝐿𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 / 3 , SIL in MW becomes:

(𝑘𝑉𝐿𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 )2
𝑆𝐼𝐿 = 𝑀𝑊
𝑍𝐶

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 8

5.6 Surge Impedance Loading
1
➢ Substituting for 𝑉𝑅 in 𝑉 𝑥 = cos 𝛽𝑥 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑥 𝐼𝑅 and 𝐼𝑅 in 𝐼 𝑥 = 𝑗 𝑍 sin 𝛽𝑥 𝑉𝑅 + cos 𝛽𝑥 𝐼𝑅 will
𝐶
result in:
𝑉 𝑥 = (cos 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑗 sin 𝛽𝑥)𝑉𝑅 OR 𝑉 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑅 ∠𝛽𝑥
𝐼 𝑥 = (cos 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑗 sin 𝛽𝑥)𝐼𝑅 OR 𝐼 𝑥 = 𝐼𝑅 ∠𝛽𝑥

➢These two Equations show that in lossless line under surge impedance loading the
voltage and current at any point along the line are constant in magnitude and are
equal to their sending end values.
➢Since 𝑍𝐶 has NO reactive component, there is NO reactive power in the line, 𝑄𝑆 =
𝑄𝑅 = 0.

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 9

5.6 Surge Impedance Loading
➢ This indicates that for SIL, the reactive losses in the line inductance are exactly offset by reactive power

2 𝑉𝑅 𝐿
supplied by the shunt capacitance or 𝜔𝐿 𝐼𝑅 = 𝜔𝐶 𝑉𝑅 2 . From this relation, we find that 𝑍𝐶 = = .
𝐼𝑅 𝐶

➢ SIL for typical transmission lines varies from approximately 150 MW for 230-kV lines to about 2000 MW for
765-kV lines.
➢ SIL is useful measure of transmission line capacity as it indicates a loading where the line’s reactive
requirements are small.
➢ For loads significantly above SIL, shunt capacitors may be needed to minimize voltage drop along the line,
while for light loads significantly below SIL, shunt inductors may be needed.
➢ Generally, the transmission line full-load is much higher than SIL.

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 10

Example 5.5

❑A three-phase, 60 Hz, 500-kV TL is 300 km long. The line inductance

is 0.97 mH/km per phase and its capacitance is 0.0115 𝜇𝐹/𝐾𝑚 per
phase. Assume a lossless line.
(a)Determine the line phase constant 𝛽, the surge impedance 𝑍𝐶 ,
velocity of propagation 𝑣 and the line wavelength 𝜆.
(b)The receiving end rated load is 800 MW, 0.8 power factor lagging at
500 kV. Determine the sending end quantities and the voltage
regulation.

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 11

Example 5.5 …(continue)…
Solution:
(a) For a lossless line, we have:
𝛽 = 𝜔 𝐿𝐶 = 2𝜋 ∗ 60 0.97 ∗ 0.0115 ∗ 10−9 = 0.001259 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝐾𝑚

𝐿 0.97 ∗ 10−3
𝑍𝐶 = = = 290.43 Ω
𝐶 0.0115 ∗ 10−9
1 1
𝑣= =𝑣= = 2.994 ∗ 105 𝐾𝑚/𝑠
𝐿𝐶 0.97 ∗ 0.0115 ∗ 10−9
𝑣 1
𝜆= = 2.994 ∗ 105 = 4990 𝐾𝑚
𝑓 60

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 12

Example 5.5 …(continue)…
(b) 𝛽𝑙 = 0.001259 ∗ 300 = 0.3777 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 21.641°
▪ The receiving end voltage per phase is:

500∠0°
𝑉𝑅 = = 288.675∠0° 𝐾𝑉
3
▪ The receiving end apparent power is:

800
𝑆𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) = ∠𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 = 1000∠36.87° = 800 + 𝑗600 𝑀𝑉𝐴
0.8
▪ The receiving end current per phase is given by:
𝑆𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) ∗ 1000∠−36.87° ∗103
𝐼𝑅 = = = 1154.7∠ −36.87° A
3𝑉𝑅 ∗ 3∗288.675∠0°

▪ The sending end voltage is:

𝑉𝑆 = cos 𝛽𝑙 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑙 𝐼𝑅 = 0.9295 288.675∠0° + 𝑗 290.43 0.3688 1154.7∠ −36.87° 10−3 = 356.53∠16.1° 𝐾𝑉

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 13

Example 5.5 …(continue)…
▪ The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude is:

𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) = 3 𝑉𝑆 = 617.53 𝐾𝑉

▪ The sending end current is:

1 1
𝐼𝑆 = 𝑗 sin 𝛽𝑙 𝑉𝑅 + cos 𝛽𝑙 𝐼𝑅 = 𝑗 0.6388 288.675∠0° 103 + 0.9295 1154.7∠ −36.87° = 902.3∠ −17.9° 𝐴
𝑍𝐶 290.43
▪ The sending end power is:

𝑆𝑆(3−𝑝ℎ) = 3𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 ∗ = 3 ∗ 356.53∠16.1° ∗ 902.3∠ −17.9° ∗ 10−3 = 800 𝑀𝑊 + 𝑗539.672 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑟 = 965.1∠34° 𝑀𝑉𝐴

▪ Voltage regulation is:

356.53
− 288.675
Percent VR = 0.9295 ∗ 100% = 32.87%
288.675

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 14

5.7 Complex Power Flow Through Transmission Lines

➢ Expressing the ABCD constants in polar form as 𝑨 = 𝐴 ∠𝜃𝐴 , 𝑩 = 𝐵 ∠𝜃𝐵 , the sending end voltage as 𝑽𝑺 =
𝑉𝑆 ∠𝛿, the receiving end voltage as reference 𝑽𝑹 = 𝑉𝑅 ∠0, 𝑰𝑹 can be written as:

𝑉𝑆 ∠𝛿 − 𝐴 ∠𝜃𝐴 𝑉𝑅 ∠0 𝑉𝑆 𝐴 𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑅 = = ∠ 𝛿 − 𝜃𝐵 − ∠ 𝜃𝐴 − 𝜃𝐵
𝐵 ∠𝜃𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
➢ The receiving end complex power is:

𝑆𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) = 𝑃𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) + 𝑗𝑄𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) = 3𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 ∗

➢ Substituting for 𝐼𝑅 :
2
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅 𝐴 𝑉𝑅
𝑆𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) =3 ∠ 𝜃𝐵 − 𝛿 − 3 ∠ 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴
𝐵 𝐵

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 15

5.7 Complex Power Flow Through Transmission Lines

➢ OR in terms of the line-to-line voltages:

2
𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿) 𝐴 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑆𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) = ∠ 𝜃𝐵 − 𝛿 − ∠ 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴
𝐵 𝐵
➢ The real and reactive power at the receiving end of the line:
2
𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿) 𝐴 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑃𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐵 − 𝛿 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴
𝐵 𝐵
2
𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿) 𝐴 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑄𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐵 − 𝛿 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴
𝐵 𝐵
➢ The sending end power is:

𝑆𝑆(3−𝑝ℎ) = 𝑃𝑆(3−𝑝ℎ) + 𝑗𝑄𝑆(3−𝑝ℎ) = 3𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 ∗

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 16

5.7 Complex Power Flow Through Transmission Lines

➢ 𝐼𝑆 can be written as:

𝐴 ∠𝜃𝐴 𝑉𝑆 ∠𝛿 − 𝑉𝑅 ∠0
𝐼𝑆 =
𝐵 ∠𝜃𝐵
➢ Substituting for 𝐼𝑠 :

2
𝐴 𝑉𝑆 𝐿−𝐿 𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑃𝑆(3−𝑝ℎ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐵 + 𝛿
𝐵 𝐵
2
𝐴 𝑉𝑆 𝐿−𝐿 𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑄𝑆(3−𝑝ℎ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐵 + 𝛿
𝐵 𝐵
➢ The real and reactive transmission line losses are:

𝑃𝐿 3−𝑝ℎ = 𝑃𝑆 3−𝑝ℎ − 𝑃𝑅 3−𝑝ℎ

𝑄𝐿 3−𝑝ℎ = 𝑄𝑆 3−𝑝ℎ − 𝑄𝑅 3−𝑝ℎ

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 17

5.7 Complex Power Flow Through Transmission Lines

ሖ 𝜃𝐴 = 0, 𝜃𝐵 = 90° , and 𝐴 = cos 𝛽𝑙, and the real power transferred over the line is
➢ For a lossless line 𝐵 = 𝑗𝑋,
given by:

𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑃(3−𝑝ℎ) = sin 𝛿
𝑋ሖ
➢ And the receiving end reactive power is:
2
𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅 𝐿−𝐿
𝑄(3−𝑝ℎ) = cos 𝛿 − cos 𝛽𝑙
𝑋ሖ 𝑋ሖ

Equivalent π model for TL

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 18

5.8 Power Transmission Capability
• The power handling ability of a line is limited by the thermal loading limit, the stability limit
and line length.
• The increase in the conductor temperature, due to the real power loss, stretches the
conductors. Known as the thermal limit. This will increase the sag between transmission
towers.
• At higher temperatures this may result in irreversible stretching.
• The thermal limit is specified by the current-carrying capacity of the conductor and is
available in the manufacturer’s data.
• If the current-carrying capacity is denoted by 𝐼𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 , the thermal loading limit of a line is:
𝑆𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 3𝑉𝑝ℎ−𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 19

5.8 Power Transmission Capability: lossless line

➢The expression for real power transfer over the line for a lossless line is given by:

𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑃(3−𝑝ℎ) = sin 𝛿
𝑋ሖ
➢The theoretical maximum power transfer is when 𝛿 = 90°
➢The practical operating load angle for the line alone is limited to NO more than
30° 𝑡𝑜 45° . This because of the generator and transformer reactances which, when
added to the line, will result in a larger 𝛿 for a given load.

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 20

5.8 Power Transmission Capability
➢ For planning and initial design stages, it is very useful to express the power transfer formula in terms of
SIL, and construct the line loadability curve.

➢ For a lossless line 𝑋ሖ = 𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑙, and 𝑃(3−𝑝ℎ) may be written as:

𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 2 sin 𝛿

𝑃(3−𝑝ℎ) =
𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑙

➢ The first two terms are the p.u. voltages denoted by 𝑉𝑆𝑝𝑢 and 𝑉𝑅𝑝𝑢 and the third term is recognized as SIL.
Then 𝑃(3−𝑝ℎ) may written as:

𝑉𝑆𝑝𝑢 𝑉𝑅𝑝𝑢 𝑆𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑆𝑝𝑢 𝑉𝑅𝑝𝑢 𝑆𝐼𝐿

𝑃(3−𝑝ℎ) = sin 𝛿 = sin 𝛿
sin 𝛽𝑙 2𝜋𝑙
sin
𝜆

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 21

5.8 Power Transmission Capability
➢The function loadabil(L, C, f) obtains the loadability curve and
thermal limit curve of the line.
➢For short and medium lines the thermal limit dictates the maximum
power transfer. Whereas, for longer lines the limit is set by the
practical line loadability curve. It will be shown later that for longer
lines it may be necessary to use series capacitors in order to increase
the power transfer over the line.

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 22

Example 5.6
❑A three-phase power of 700-MW is to be transmitted to a substation located 315
km from the source of power. For a preliminary line design the following
parameters:
𝑉𝑆 = 1.0 𝑝𝑢, 𝑉𝑅 = 0.9 𝑝𝑢, 𝜆 = 5000 𝑘𝑚, 𝑍𝐶 = 320 Ω , and 𝛿 = 36.87°
(a)Based on the practical line loadability equation determine a nominal voltage level
for the transmission line.
(b)For the transmission line voltage level obtained in (a) calculate the theoretical
maximum power transfer that can be transferred by the transmission line.

EE24564 Power Transmission and Distribution 23

Example 5.6 …(continue)…
Solution:
(a) The line phase constant is:

2𝜋𝑙 360 ∗ 𝑙 360

𝛽𝑙 = rad = = 315 = 22.68°
𝜆 𝜆 5000
▪ From the practical line loadability, we have:

(1.0)(0.9)(𝑆𝐼𝐿)
700 = °
sin 36.87°
sin 22.68
▪ Thus:
𝑆𝐼𝐿 = 499.83 𝑀𝑊
▪ From:

𝑘𝑉𝐿 = (𝑍𝐶 )(𝑆𝐼𝐿) = (320)(499.83) = 400 𝑘𝑉

Example 5.6 …(continue)…
(b) The equivalent line reactance for a lossless line is given by:
𝑋ሖ = 𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑙 = 320 sin(22.68° ) = 123.39 Ω
▪ For a lossless line, the maximum power that can be transmitted under steady state condition occurs for a load
angle of 90° . Thus, assuming 𝑉𝑆 = 1.0 𝑝𝑢and 𝑉𝑅 = 0.9 𝑝𝑢, the theoretical maximum power is:

400 0.9 400

𝑃(3−𝑝ℎ)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 = 1167 𝑀𝑊
123.39
??
• What is the power limit if the power angle stability limit is set to 𝛿 =
30𝑜 ?
• What is the new power limit if the line is extended to 500 km ?
Answers
• 1.
(𝟏.𝟎)(𝟎.𝟗)(𝑺𝑰𝑳) °
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟓𝟖𝟑. 𝟑 𝑴𝑾
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟐.𝟔𝟖°

2𝜋𝑙 360∗𝑙 360

• 2. 𝛽𝑙 = rad = = 500 = 36𝑜
𝜆 𝜆 5000

(𝟏. 𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟗)(𝑺𝑰𝑳) ° = 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟏𝟗 𝑴𝑾

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟕
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟔°