EED 333: Electromagnetic Waves

Lecture 7

Dr. Hussein Kotb

hussein.kotb@eng.asu.edu.eg
 Definition of microwave signal

• Microwave frequency is classified according to the

circuit’s physical dimensions:
o Circuit’s dimensions<<signal wavelength: low-frequency theory is
applied (KVL, KCL).
o Circuit’s dimensions>>signal wavelength: classical optical regime
is applied.
o Circuit’s dimensions is compared to the signal wavelength:
transmission line or distributed (microwave) theory is applied.
𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑖𝑛 ≠ 𝑉𝑠
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝐿 ≠ 𝑉𝑠
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝑅𝑖𝑛 ≠ 𝑅𝐿 2
 Definition of RF or Microwave signal (cont’d)
• In microwave region KVL, KCL are not hold.

3
 Definition of RF or Microwave signal (cont’d
• KVL and KCL hold

4
 Transmission line theory
• It bridges the gap between field analysis and basic circuit theory.
o It is important in the analysis of microwave circuits and devices.
• The phenomenon of wave propagation on transmission lines can be
approached from an extension of circuit theory or from a
specialization of Maxwell’s equations.

5
 The lumped element circuit model for a
transmission line
• The key difference between circuit theory and transmission line
theory is electrical size.
• Circuit analysis assumes that the physical dimensions of the network
are much smaller than the electrical wavelength.
o Transmission lines may be a considerable fraction of a
wavelength, or multiple of wavelengths, in size.
• A transmission line is a distributed parameter network, where
voltages and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over its
length.
• Ordinary circuit analysis deals with lumped elements, where voltage
and current do not vary appreciably over the physical dimension of
the elements.

6
 The lumped element circuit model for a
transmission line (cont’d)
• A transmission line is often schematically represented as a two-wire
line since transmission lines (for transverse electromagnetic [TEM]
wave propagation) always have at least two conductors.
• The piece of line of infinitesimal length Δ𝑧 can be modeled as a
lumped-element circuit.
o R: series resistance per unit length, for both conductors, in Ω/m.
o L: series inductance per unit length, for both conductors, in H/m.
o G: shunt conductance per unit length, in S/m.
o C: shunt capacitance per unit length, in F/m.

7
 The lumped element circuit model for a
transmission line (cont’d)
• The series inductance L represents the total self-inductance of the
two conductors.
• The shunt capacitance C is due to the close proximity of the two
conductors.
• The series resistance R represents the resistance due to the finite
conductivity of the individual conductors.
• The shunt conductance G is due to dielectric loss in the material
between the conductors. R and G, therefore, represent loss.
• A finite length of transmission line can be viewed as a cascade of
sections of length Δ𝑧.

8
 The lumped element circuit model for a
transmission line (cont’d)
• Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
𝜕𝑖 𝑧,𝑡
o 𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝑅∆𝑧𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐿∆𝑧 − 𝑣 𝑧 + ∆𝑧, 𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑖 𝑧,𝑡
o 𝑣 𝑧 + ∆𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 = −𝑅∆𝑧𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐿∆𝑧
𝜕𝑡

9
 The lumped element circuit model for a
transmission line (cont’d)
• Applying Kirchhoff’s current law:
𝜕𝑣 𝑧+∆𝑧,𝑡
o 𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐺∆𝑧𝑣 𝑧 + ∆𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐶∆𝑧 − 𝑖 𝑧 + ∆𝑧, 𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑣 𝑧+∆𝑧,𝑡
o 𝑖 𝑧 + ∆𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡 = −𝐺∆𝑧𝑣 𝑧 + ∆𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐶∆𝑧
𝜕𝑡
o Dividing the above equations by ∆𝑧 and taking the limit as ∆𝑧 → 0
leads to transmission line, or telegrapher, equations:
𝜕𝑣 𝑧,𝑡 𝜕𝑖 𝑧,𝑡 𝜕𝑖 𝑧,𝑡 𝜕𝑣 𝑧,𝑡
o = −𝑅𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐿 and = −𝐺𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐶
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡

10
 The lumped element circuit model for a
transmission line (cont’d)
• Transmission line, or telegrapher, equations:
𝜕𝑣 𝑧,𝑡 𝜕𝑖 𝑧,𝑡
o = −𝑅𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐿
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑖 𝑧,𝑡 𝜕𝑣 𝑧,𝑡
o = −𝐺𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐶
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
• For sinusoidal steady-state conditions:
𝑑𝑉 𝑧
o = − 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝐼 𝑧
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝐼 𝑧
o = − 𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑉 𝑧
𝑑𝑧
• It is similar to Maxwell’s curl equations:
o 𝛻 × 𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻
o 𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸 + 𝜎𝐸

11
 Wave propagation on a transmission line
• The above two equations can be solved simultaneously to give wave
equations for 𝑉 𝑧 and 𝐼 𝑧 .
𝑑2𝑉 𝑧
o − 𝛾2𝑉 𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑2𝐼 𝑧
o − 𝛾 2 𝐼 𝑧 = 0, where 𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶
𝑑𝑧 2
is the complex propagation constant, which is a function of
frequency.
• Remember: From electromagnetic point of view: 𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 =
𝜎
𝑗𝜔 𝜇𝜖 1 − 𝑗 = 𝑗𝜔 𝜇𝜖′ 1 − 𝑗(𝜔𝜖 ′′ + 𝜎)/𝜔𝜖′
𝜔𝜖

12
 Wave propagation on a transmission line (cont’d)
• The traveling wave solution of the above wave equations is:
o 𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑉𝑜+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 + 𝑉𝑜− 𝑒 𝛾𝑧
o 𝐼 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑜+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 + 𝐼𝑜− 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 , where the 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 term represents wave
propagation in the +z direction, and the 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 term represents
wave propagation in the –z direction.
𝑑𝑉 𝑧
• Substituting 𝑉 𝑧 in = − 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝐼 𝑧 gives:
𝑑𝑧
𝛾
o 𝐼 𝑧 = 𝑉𝑜+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 − 𝑉𝑜− 𝑒 𝛾𝑧
𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑉𝑜+ 𝑉𝑜−
• The characteristic impedance 𝑍𝑜 is defined as: 𝑍𝑜 = = − −
𝐼𝑜+ 𝐼𝑜

𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑉𝑜+ −𝛾𝑧 𝑉𝑜− 𝛾𝑧

o 𝑍𝑜 = = . Then: 𝐼 𝑧 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 .
𝛾 𝐺+𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑍𝑜 𝑍𝑜

13
 Wave propagation on a transmission line (cont’d)
• Converting back to the time domain, the voltage waveform is:
o 𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜+ cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝜑 + 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 + 𝑉𝑜− cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛽𝑧 +
𝜑− )𝑒 𝛼𝑧 , where 𝜑 ± is the phase angle of the complex voltage
𝑉𝑜± .
2𝜋
• The guide wavelength on the line is: 𝜆𝑔 = .
𝛽
𝜔
• The phase velocity of the line is: 𝑣𝑝 = = 𝜆𝑔 𝑓.
𝛽

14
 Wave propagation on a lossless transmission line
• Setting 𝑅 = 𝐺 = 0 give the propagation constant as:
o 𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = 𝑗𝜔 𝐿𝐶
𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝐿
• The characteristic impedance has a real value: 𝑍𝑜 = =
𝐺+𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝐶

• The voltage and current are:

zero
o 𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑉𝑜+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 + 𝑉𝑜− 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝑉𝑜+ −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑉𝑜− 𝑗𝛽𝑧
o 𝐼 𝑧 = 𝑒 − 𝑒
𝑍𝑜 𝑍𝑜
2𝜋 2𝜋
• The guide wavelength is: 𝜆𝑔 = = .
𝛽 𝜔 𝐿𝐶
𝜔 1
• The phase velocity is: 𝑣𝑝 = = .
𝛽 𝐿𝐶

15
 Field analysis of transmission lines
• We derive the transmission line parameters (R, L, G, C) in terms of
the electric and magnetic fields of the transmission line.
• Consider a 1 m length of a uniform transmission line with fields 𝐸
and 𝐻. S is the cross sectional surface area of the line.
• The voltage between conductors is 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 ±𝑗𝛽𝑧 , and the current is
𝐼𝑜 𝑒 ±𝑗𝛽𝑧 .
• The time-average stored magnetic energy for this 1 m section of the
line is:
𝜇
o 𝑊𝑚 = ‫𝐻 𝑆׬‬. 𝐻 ∗ 𝑑𝑠.
4
• The circuit theory gives: 𝑊𝑚 = 𝐿 𝐼𝑜 2 Τ4.
• The self inductance per unit length is:
𝜇
o 𝐿= ‫׬‬ 𝐻. 𝐻 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 H/m
𝐼𝑜 2 𝑆
16
 Field analysis of transmission lines (cont’d)
• The time-average stored electric energy for this 1 m section of the
𝜖′
line is: 𝑊𝑒 = ‫׬‬ 𝐸. 𝐸 ∗ 𝑑𝑠.
4 𝑆
• The circuit theory gives: 𝑊𝑒 = 𝐶 𝑉𝑜 2 Τ4.
𝜖′
• The capacitance per unit length is: 𝐶 = ‫׬‬ 𝐸. 𝐸 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 F/m
𝑉𝑜 2 𝑆

17
 Field analysis of transmission lines (cont’d)
• The power loss per unit length due to the finite conductivity of the
𝑅𝑠 ∗ 𝑑𝑙,
metallic conductors is: 𝑃𝑐 = ‫׬‬ 𝐻. 𝐻 assuming 𝐻 is
2 𝐶1 +𝐶2
tangential to S. The circuit theory gives: 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑜 2 Τ2.
𝑅𝑠 ∗
• The series resistance R per unit length is: 𝑅 = ‫׬‬ 𝐻. 𝐻 𝑑𝑙
𝐼𝑜 2 𝐶1 +𝐶2
Ω/m. 𝑅𝑠 = 𝜔𝜇Τ2𝜎

18
 Field analysis of transmission lines (cont’d)
• The time-average power dissipated per unit length in a lossy
𝜔𝜖 ′′
dielectric is: 𝑃𝑑 = 𝐸. 𝐸 ∗ 𝑑𝑠, where 𝜖 = 𝜖 ′ − 𝑗𝜖 ′′ = 𝜖 ′ (1 −
‫𝑆׬‬
2
𝑗 tan 𝛿 ).
• Circuit theory gives: 𝑃𝑐 = 𝐺 𝑉𝑜 2 Τ2. The shunt conductance per unit
𝜔𝜖 ′′
length is: 𝐺 = ‫׬‬ 𝐸. 𝐸 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 S/m.
𝑉𝑜 2 𝑆

19
 TEM wave of coaxial transmission line
• The inner conductor is at potential of 𝑉𝑜 volts and the outer
conductor is at zero volts. zero
Ƹ 𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
• 𝐸 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑒റ 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑧𝑒
• 𝐸𝑡𝑟 = 𝑒റ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 = 𝐸𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑥ො + 𝐸𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑦ො
𝜕 𝜕
• 𝑒റ 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝛻𝑡 𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦 , where 𝛻𝑡 = 𝑥ො + 𝑦ො
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
o 𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦 is the scalar potential.
o 𝛻. 𝐷 = 𝜖𝛻𝑡 . 𝑒റ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
o 𝛻𝑡2 𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0.

20
 TEM wave of coaxial transmission line (cont’d)
• The Laplacian equation is: 𝛻𝑡2 𝜓 𝜌, 𝜙 = 0.
1 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 𝜌,𝜙 1 𝜕2 𝜓 𝜌,𝜙
o 𝛻𝑡2 𝜓 𝜌, 𝜙 = 𝜌 + =0
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌2 𝜕𝜙2
o 𝜓 𝑎, 𝜙 = 𝑉𝑜 and 𝜓 𝑏, 𝜙 = 0 (Boundary
conditions)
o Using the method of separation of variables:
𝜓 𝜌, 𝜙 = 𝑅 𝜌 𝑃 𝜙
𝑃 𝑑 𝑑𝑅 𝑅 𝑑2𝑃
o 𝜌 + =0 divide by: 𝑅𝑃
𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝜌2 𝑑𝜙2
𝜌 𝑑 𝑑𝑅 1 𝑑2𝑃
o 𝜌 + =0
𝑅 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑃 𝑑𝜙2
𝜌 𝑑 𝑑𝑅 2
2 1𝑑 𝑃 2
o Then: 𝜌 = −𝑘𝜌 , = −𝑘𝜙 and
𝑅 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑃 𝑑𝜙2
2
𝑘𝜌2 + 𝑘𝜙 = 0
21
 TEM wave of coaxial transmission line (cont’d)
• The solution of 𝑃 𝜙 is: 𝑃 𝜙 = 𝐴 cos 𝑘𝜙 𝜙 + 𝐵 sin 𝑘𝜙 𝜙.
• 𝑘𝜙 = 𝑛 must be an integer, since increasing 𝜙 by multiple of 2𝜋
should not change the result.
• The boundary conditions do not vary with 𝜙, the potential 𝜓 𝜌, 𝜙
should not vary with 𝜙. Thus, n must be zero.
2
o Since 𝑘𝜌2 + 𝑘𝜙 = 0, then 𝑃 𝜙 = 𝐴, and 𝑘𝜌 must also be zero.
𝑑 𝑑𝑅
• 𝜌 = 0. The solution is: 𝑅 𝜌 = 𝐶 ln 𝜌 + 𝐷 and 𝜓 𝜌 =
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌
𝐶 ln 𝜌 + 𝐷.
• Applying the boundary conditions:
o 𝜓 𝑎 = 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐶 ln 𝑎 + 𝐷 and 𝜓 𝑏 = 0 = 𝐶 ln 𝑏 + 𝐷
𝑏
𝑉𝑜 ln𝜌
• The scalar potential is: 𝜓 𝜌 = 𝑏
ln𝑎 22
 TEM wave of coaxial transmission line (cont’d)
• To get the electric field, 𝑒റ 𝜌, 𝜙 = −𝛻𝑡 𝜓 𝜌 and 𝐸 𝜌, 𝑧 =
𝑒റ 𝜌 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜕𝜓 𝜌 1 𝜕𝜓 𝜌
• 𝛻𝑡 𝜓 𝜌 = 𝜌ො + 𝜙෠
𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜙
ෝ 𝑉𝑜
𝜌
• Then: 𝐸 𝜌, 𝑧 = 𝑏 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜌 ln
𝑎

𝑒𝜌 𝜔𝜇 𝜇
• 𝑍𝑇𝐸𝑀 = = = = 𝜂.
ℎ𝜙 𝛽 𝜖

1 𝜖 𝑉𝑜
• ℎ 𝜌 = 𝑧Ƹ × 𝑒റ 𝜌 . Then: 𝐻 𝜌 = 𝜙෠ 𝑏 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝑍𝑇𝐸𝑀 𝜇 𝜌 ln
𝑎

23
 TEM wave of coaxial transmission line (cont’d)
• The voltage between the two conductors is:
2
o 𝑉(𝑧) = ‫׬‬1 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙 =
𝑏 𝑏 𝑉𝑜
‫𝜌 𝜌𝐸 𝑎=𝜌׬‬, 𝑧 𝑑𝜌 = ‫𝑎=𝜌׬‬ 𝑏 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑑𝜌 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜌 ln𝑎

• The total current on the inner conductor at 𝜌 = 𝑎:

2𝜋 𝜖 𝑉𝑜 𝜖 𝑉𝑜 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
o 𝐼(𝑧) = ‫𝐻 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = ‫=𝜙׬‬0 𝑎𝑑𝜙 = 2𝜋 𝑒
𝜇 𝑎 ln𝑏 𝜇 ln𝑏
𝑎 𝑎

24
 TEM wave of coaxial transmission line (cont’d)
𝑏
𝑉(𝑧) 𝜇 ln𝑎
• The characteristic impedance is: 𝑍𝑜 = = .
𝐼(𝑧) 𝜖 2𝜋

• The power flow in the z-direction on the coaxial line is computed

from the Poynting vector:
1
o 𝑃 = Re ‫ ∗ 𝐻 × 𝐸 𝑠׬‬. 𝑑 𝑠റ =
2

1 2𝜋 𝑏 𝑉𝑜 𝜖 𝑉𝑜∗ 1 𝑉𝑜 2
‫׬‬ ‫׬‬ 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙 =
2 𝜙=0 𝜌=𝑎 𝜌 ln𝑏 𝜇 𝜌 ln𝑏 2 𝑍𝑜
𝑎 𝑎

25
 TEM wave of coaxial transmission line (cont’d)
𝛽 tan 𝛿
• The attenuation constant due to dielectric loss is: 𝛼𝑑 = .
2
𝑃
• The attenuation constant due to conductor loss is: 𝛼𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠.
2𝑃
𝑅 2 𝑅 2𝜋 2 2𝜋 2
o 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠 ‫=𝜙׬ 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑑 𝜙𝐻 𝐶׬‬0 𝐻𝜙 𝜌 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝜙 + ‫=𝜙׬‬0 𝐻𝜙 𝜌=𝑏 𝑏𝑑𝜙
2 2
𝑅𝑠 2𝜋 𝑉𝑜 2 2𝜋 𝑉𝑜 2 𝑅𝑠 𝑉𝑜 2 1 1
o 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ‫=𝜙׬‬0 4𝜋2𝑍 2𝑎2 𝑎𝑑𝜙 + ‫=𝜙׬‬0 4𝜋2𝑍 2𝑏2 𝑏𝑑𝜙 = +
2 𝑜 𝑜 4𝜋𝑍𝑜2 𝑎 𝑏
𝑅𝑠 1 1 𝑅𝑠 1 1
o 𝛼𝑐 = + = 𝑏 +
4𝜋𝑍𝑜 𝑎 𝑏 2𝜂 ln𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

Dielectric
𝜔𝜇 1
o 𝜂(𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓) = 𝑗𝜔 𝜇Τ𝛾 ≅ 1 + 𝑗 = 1+𝑗 , where 𝑅𝑠 =
2𝜎 𝜎𝛿𝑠
𝑅𝑒(𝜂).
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 Transmission line parameters of coaxial
transmission line
ෝ 𝑉𝑜
𝜌
• 𝐸 𝜌, 𝑧 = 𝑏 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜌 ln𝑎

𝜖 𝑉𝑜 𝜖 𝑉𝑜 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
• 𝐻 𝜌 = 𝜙෠ 𝑏 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝐼(𝑧) = 2𝜋 𝑒
𝜇 𝜌 ln 𝜇 ln𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
𝜇 𝜇 2𝜋 𝑏 1 𝜇 𝑏
• 𝐿= ‫׬‬ 𝐻. 𝐻∗ 𝑑𝑠 = ‫׬‬ ‫׬‬ 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙 = ln H/m.
𝐼𝑜 2 𝑆 2𝜋 2 𝜙=0 𝜌=𝑎 𝜌2 2𝜋 𝑎
𝜖′ ∗ 𝜖′ 2𝜋 𝑏 1 2𝜋𝜖 ′
• 𝐶= ‫׬‬ 𝐸. 𝐸 𝑑𝑠 = ‫׬‬ ‫׬‬
𝑏 2 𝜙=0 𝜌=𝑎 𝜌2
𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙 = 𝑏 F/m.
𝑉𝑜 2 𝑆 ln ln𝑎
𝑎
𝑅𝑠 ∗ 𝑑𝑙 𝑅𝑠 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 1
• 𝑅= 2 ‫׬‬ 𝐻. 𝐻 = ‫=𝜙׬‬0 𝑎2 𝑎𝑑𝜙 + ‫=𝜙׬‬0 𝑏2 𝑏𝑑𝜙 =
𝐼𝑜 𝐶1 +𝐶2 2𝜋 2
𝑅𝑠 1 1
+ Ω/m.
2𝜋 𝑎 𝑏
𝜔𝜖 ′′ 𝜔𝜖 ′′ 2𝜋 𝑏 1 2𝜋𝜔𝜖 ′′
• 𝐺= ‫׬‬ 𝐸. 𝐸 ∗ 𝑑𝑠 = ‫׬‬ ‫׬‬
𝑏 2 𝜙=0 𝜌=𝑎 𝜌2
𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙 = 𝑏 S/m.
𝑉𝑜 2 𝑆 ln𝑎 ln𝑎
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 Cable specs (example)
●Note the cable size versus attenuation
and frequency
●The larger the cable diameter the lower
the attenuation
●But the larger the cable diameter the
higher the dispersion (more modes can
propagate) – good only for short
distances

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29
30
Summary on transmission line parameters

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