UNIT-3
PROBLEMS ON 2 WATTMETER METHOD
1. FOR LAGGING POWER FACTOR
Wattmeter Reading W1 = VL IL cos(30 - ø)
Wattmeter Reading W2 = VL IL cos(30 + ø)
√3 (𝑊1−𝑊2)
Phase Angle ø = 𝑡𝑎𝑛− ( )
𝑊1+𝑊2
2. FOR LEADING POWER FACTOR
Wattmeter Reading W1 = VL IL cos(30 + ø)
Wattmeter Reading W2 = VL IL cos(30 - ø)
√3 (𝑊2−𝑊1)
Phase Angle ø = 𝑡𝑎𝑛− ( )
𝑊1+𝑊2
PROBLEMS ON WATTMETER READING
CASE :1- WHEN PRESSURE COIL ON SUPPLY SIDE
1. Actual wattmeter reading = power consumed by the load + power loss
in current coil
2. Actual wattmeter reading = (1 + tanø tanβ) true power + 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝑪
Where
True Power = VL IL cos(ø)
𝑅𝐶 = Current coil resistance
Ø = Power factor angle
𝑋𝑃
β = 𝑡𝑎𝑛− ( ) = Angle between pressure coil voltage and pressure coil current
𝑅𝑃
Where, 𝑅𝑃 = Pressure Coil resistance
𝑋𝑃 = Pressure coil reactance
CASE :2- WHEN PRESSURE COIL ON LOAD SIDE
3. Actual wattmeter reading = power consumed by the load + power loss
in pressure coil
𝑽𝟐
4. Actual wattmeter reading = (1 + tanø tanβ) true power +
𝑹𝑷
Where 𝑅𝑃 = Pressure Coil resistance
𝑋𝑃 = Pressure coil reactance
Ø = Power factor angle
𝑋𝑃
β = 𝑡𝑎𝑛− ( ) = Angle between pressure coil voltage and pressure coil current
𝑅𝑃
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈−𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
% Error = * 100
𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
UNIT-2
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
𝐼𝑃 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿+𝐼𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿
Actual ratio = R = =n+
𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑠
𝑁2
Wher n =turns ratio =
𝑁1
𝛿 is positive for lagging power factor and -ve for leading power factor
𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿−𝐼𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
Phase angle error = θ = radians
𝑛𝐼𝑠
𝐾𝑛 −𝑅
Ratio Error =
𝑅
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
𝑉𝑃 𝑛𝐼𝑠 [𝑅2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛥+𝑋2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛥]+𝐼𝑐 𝑟𝑝 +𝐼𝑚 𝑥𝑝
Actual ratio = R = =n+
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑠
𝑁1
Wher n =turns ratio =
𝑁2
𝛥 = angle between secondary load voltage and secondary current
𝑅2𝑒 = Total equivalent Resistance referred to secondary
𝑋2𝑒 = Total equivalent Reactance referred to secondary
𝑟𝑝 = Primary winding resistance
𝑥𝑝 = primary winding reactance
𝑅1𝑒
𝑅2𝑒 =
𝑛2
𝑅1𝑒 = 𝑟𝑝 + 𝑛2 𝑟𝑠
𝑋1𝑒 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑛2 𝑥𝑠
𝑋1𝑒
𝑋2𝑒 =
𝑛2
𝑰𝒔 𝑰𝒄 𝒙𝒑 −𝑰𝒎 𝒓𝒑
Phase angle error = θ = ( 𝑿𝟐𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜟 − 𝑹𝟐𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜟) +
𝑽𝒔 𝒏𝑽𝒔
radians
𝑲𝒏 −𝑹
Ratio Error =
𝑹
where
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐾𝑛 = Nominal Ratio = for P.T
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐾𝑛 = Nominal Ratio = for C.T
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
R = Actual Ratio = for P.T
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
R = Actual Ratio = for C.T
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
PROBLEMS ON POTENTIOMETER
PROBLEMS ON ENERGY METER
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑊ℎ∗𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1. Speed of Disc in r.p.m =
60
2. If Δ lag adjustment
sin(𝛥−ø)−𝑐𝑜𝑠ø
% error = * 100
𝑐𝑜𝑠ø
3. PROBLEM ON PHANTOM LOADING
UNIT – 1
1) PMMC Instrument (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil)
Deflecting torque 𝑇𝑑 = NBA * I
𝑁𝐵𝐴𝐼
Angular Displacement θ =
𝐾
Where K = Spring constant
Where N = No. of turns
B=Flux Density
A = Area of cross section
I = current flowing through the coil
2) MI Instrument (Moving Iron)
1 𝑑𝐿
Deflecting torque 𝑇𝑑 = 𝐼 2
2 𝑑𝜃
1 𝐼 2 𝑑𝐿
Angular Displacement θ =
2 𝐾 𝑑𝜃
Where K = Spring constant
L = Self Indcutance
3) DMMC Instrument (Dynamometer Moving Coil)
FOR DC
𝑑𝑀
Deflecting torque 𝑇𝑑 = 𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑑𝜃
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑑𝑀
Angular Displacement θ =
𝐾 𝑑𝜃
Where K = Spring constant
M = Mutual Inductance
FOR AC
𝑑𝑀
Deflecting torque 𝑇𝑑 = 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ø
𝑑𝜃
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑑𝑀
Angular Displacement θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ø
𝐾 𝑑𝜃
Where K = Spring constant
M = Mutual Inductance
BASIC DC AMMETER :-
𝑚 𝑅
Shunt Resistance Rsh = 𝑚−1
𝐼
Where m = 𝐼
𝑚
BASIC DC VOLTMETER :-
Series Resistance Rse = 𝑅𝑚 (𝑚 − 1)
𝑉
Where m = 𝑉
𝑚
1 1
Sensitivity = 𝐼 = 𝐹𝑈𝐿𝐿 𝑆𝐶𝐴𝐿𝐸 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐿𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
𝑚
Unit of sensitivity is ohm/volt
PROBLEMS ON MULTI RANGE AMMETER
PROBLEMS ON MULTI RANGE VOLTMETER
