UNIT-3

PROBLEMS ON 2 WATTMETER METHOD

1. FOR LAGGING POWER FACTOR

Wattmeter Reading W1 = VL IL cos(30 - ø)

Wattmeter Reading W2 = VL IL cos(30 + ø)
√3 (𝑊1−𝑊2)
Phase Angle ø = 𝑡𝑎𝑛− ( )
𝑊1+𝑊2

2. FOR LEADING POWER FACTOR

Wattmeter Reading W1 = VL IL cos(30 + ø)

Wattmeter Reading W2 = VL IL cos(30 - ø)
√3 (𝑊2−𝑊1)
Phase Angle ø = 𝑡𝑎𝑛− ( )
𝑊1+𝑊2

PROBLEMS ON WATTMETER READING

CASE :1- WHEN PRESSURE COIL ON SUPPLY SIDE
1. Actual wattmeter reading = power consumed by the load + power loss
in current coil
2. Actual wattmeter reading = (1 + tanø tanβ) true power + 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝑪
Where
True Power = VL IL cos(ø)
𝑅𝐶 = Current coil resistance
Ø = Power factor angle
𝑋𝑃
β = 𝑡𝑎𝑛− ( ) = Angle between pressure coil voltage and pressure coil current
𝑅𝑃

Where, 𝑅𝑃 = Pressure Coil resistance

𝑋𝑃 = Pressure coil reactance
 CASE :2- WHEN PRESSURE COIL ON LOAD SIDE

3. Actual wattmeter reading = power consumed by the load + power loss

in pressure coil
𝑽𝟐
4. Actual wattmeter reading = (1 + tanø tanβ) true power +
𝑹𝑷

Where 𝑅𝑃 = Pressure Coil resistance

𝑋𝑃 = Pressure coil reactance
Ø = Power factor angle
𝑋𝑃
β = 𝑡𝑎𝑛− ( ) = Angle between pressure coil voltage and pressure coil current
𝑅𝑃

𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈−𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

% Error = * 100
𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

UNIT-2

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

𝐼𝑃 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿+𝐼𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿
Actual ratio = R = =n+
𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑠

𝑁2
Wher n =turns ratio =
𝑁1

𝛿 is positive for lagging power factor and -ve for leading power factor

𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿−𝐼𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
Phase angle error = θ = radians
𝑛𝐼𝑠

𝐾𝑛 −𝑅
Ratio Error =
𝑅

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

𝑉𝑃 𝑛𝐼𝑠 [𝑅2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛥+𝑋2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛥]+𝐼𝑐 𝑟𝑝 +𝐼𝑚 𝑥𝑝

Actual ratio = R = =n+
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑠
 𝑁1
Wher n =turns ratio =
𝑁2

𝛥 = angle between secondary load voltage and secondary current

𝑅2𝑒 = Total equivalent Resistance referred to secondary

𝑋2𝑒 = Total equivalent Reactance referred to secondary

𝑟𝑝 = Primary winding resistance

𝑥𝑝 = primary winding reactance

𝑅1𝑒
𝑅2𝑒 =
𝑛2

𝑅1𝑒 = 𝑟𝑝 + 𝑛2 𝑟𝑠

𝑋1𝑒 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑛2 𝑥𝑠

𝑋1𝑒
𝑋2𝑒 =
𝑛2

𝑰𝒔 𝑰𝒄 𝒙𝒑 −𝑰𝒎 𝒓𝒑
Phase angle error = θ = ( 𝑿𝟐𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜟 − 𝑹𝟐𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜟) +
𝑽𝒔 𝒏𝑽𝒔

radians
𝑲𝒏 −𝑹
Ratio Error =
𝑹

where
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐾𝑛 = Nominal Ratio = for P.T
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐾𝑛 = Nominal Ratio = for C.T
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

R = Actual Ratio = for P.T
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

R = Actual Ratio = for C.T
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
PROBLEMS ON POTENTIOMETER

PROBLEMS ON ENERGY METER

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑊ℎ∗𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1. Speed of Disc in r.p.m =
60
2. If Δ lag adjustment
sin(𝛥−ø)−𝑐𝑜𝑠ø
% error = * 100
𝑐𝑜𝑠ø
3. PROBLEM ON PHANTOM LOADING

UNIT – 1

1) PMMC Instrument (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil)

Deflecting torque 𝑇𝑑 = NBA * I
𝑁𝐵𝐴𝐼
Angular Displacement θ =
𝐾

Where K = Spring constant

Where N = No. of turns
B=Flux Density
A = Area of cross section
I = current flowing through the coil
2) MI Instrument (Moving Iron)
1 𝑑𝐿
Deflecting torque 𝑇𝑑 = 𝐼 2
2 𝑑𝜃
1 𝐼 2 𝑑𝐿
Angular Displacement θ =
2 𝐾 𝑑𝜃

Where K = Spring constant

L = Self Indcutance
3) DMMC Instrument (Dynamometer Moving Coil)
FOR DC
𝑑𝑀
Deflecting torque 𝑇𝑑 = 𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑑𝜃
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑑𝑀
Angular Displacement θ =
𝐾 𝑑𝜃

Where K = Spring constant

M = Mutual Inductance
FOR AC
𝑑𝑀
Deflecting torque 𝑇𝑑 = 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ø
𝑑𝜃
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑑𝑀
Angular Displacement θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ø
𝐾 𝑑𝜃

Where K = Spring constant

M = Mutual Inductance

BASIC DC AMMETER :-
𝑚 𝑅
Shunt Resistance Rsh = 𝑚−1
𝐼
Where m = 𝐼
𝑚

BASIC DC VOLTMETER :-

Series Resistance Rse = 𝑅𝑚 (𝑚 − 1)

𝑉
Where m = 𝑉
𝑚

1 1
Sensitivity = 𝐼 = 𝐹𝑈𝐿𝐿 𝑆𝐶𝐴𝐿𝐸 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐿𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
𝑚

Unit of sensitivity is ohm/volt

PROBLEMS ON MULTI RANGE AMMETER

PROBLEMS ON MULTI RANGE VOLTMETER