CHEAT SHEET - ELECTROMAGNETISM

Jika ternampak 𝑟 = garisan diatas r itu adalah vektor ‘→’

No. Topics Definition

Electrostatics

1. Coulomb’s Law
𝑞1𝑞2
𝐹=𝑘 2 𝑟12
𝑟

The Coulomb constant:

1 9 2 2
𝑘= 4πε𝑜
= 8. 9875 × 10 𝑁𝑚 /𝐶

𝑟
𝑟= 𝑟
, 𝐹01 =− 𝐹10

Units : Coulomb

2. Principle of superposition (Sum)

𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 +........

𝑛 𝑞𝑞 𝑛 𝑞
1 𝑖 0 1 𝑖
𝐹0 = 4πε0
∑ 2 𝑟= 𝑞0[ 4πε0 ∑ 2 𝑟𝑖0]
𝑖 𝑟 𝑖 𝑟

Electric Field
1. Electric Field

𝐹
𝐸= 𝑞
-The vector F depends on (x,t)
-Fnet is vector superposition (separate
Force)
𝑞1𝑞2
- 𝐹∝ 2 (probe charge) <+> >-<
𝑑
—----<+>------->-<------

2. Vector Fields -have both a magnitude and direction at every

𝐸= 𝑖 𝐸x+ 𝑗 𝐸y+ 𝑘𝐸z location

The electric field is a function of position not

the probe charge.
E(x,y,z)

3. System of point charges

𝑛 𝑞
1
Ep= 4πε0
∑ 𝑖
2 𝑟𝑖𝑝
𝑖 𝑟
𝑛
E0=∑E0i
𝑖

4.

5. Net electric field at axis of dipole (𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑃 = 𝑞𝑑)

 Net electric field at perpendicular bisector of the dipole

Electric Flux

1. Flux Flux,Φ is the normal component of the vector field,𝐹

through any surface

Gauss Law

Gauss Law The total flux linked with a closed surface is 1/ε0
times the charge enclosed by the closed surface.
 ● Gauss’s law for the electric field describes
the static electric field generated by a
distribution of electric charges. It states that
the electric flux through any closed surface is
proportional to the total electric charge
enclosed by this surface

No. Formula Notes

Electrostatics

1. Electrostatics: Experimental Facts ● Objects can carry charge

● Like charges repel. Unlike attract
● Charge is quantized
−19
[𝑒 = 1. 602 × 10 𝐶]
● Charge is conserved

2. Coulomb’s Law Where,

1 𝑞1𝑞2 1 𝑞1𝑞2 ξ = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐹= 4πξ𝑜ξ𝑟
. 2 = 4πξ𝑜𝐾
. 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝐾 𝑜𝑟 ξ𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑞1𝑞2
ξ𝑜 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
1
𝐹= 4πξ
. 2 −12 2 2
𝑑 = 8. 86 × 10 𝐶 /𝑁𝑚

𝑞1𝑞2
𝐹∝ 2
𝑑

3. Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form

1 𝑞1𝑞2
𝐹12 = 4πξ𝑜
. 2 𝑟12; 𝐹12 =− 𝐹12
𝑟12

𝐹12 is the force exerted by 𝑞1 on 𝑞2

𝐹21 is the force exerted by 𝑞2 on 𝑞1

𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 +........

Electric Field
1 Discrete charge distributions : Electric dipole

● The Electric dipole comprises two equal

and opposite charges 𝑄 separated with
distance,𝑙

𝑝 = 𝑄. 𝑙

Where
𝑝= 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑄 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

2 E on the perpendicular bisector of the dipole Where

𝐸⊥ =− 𝑖
2𝑞 ξ = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
2
4πϵ0𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ + 𝑗0 𝑑
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 𝑟
𝑝
𝐸⊥ =− 3 𝑝 = 𝑞𝑑𝑖
4πϵ0𝑟

3 Electric dipole field at points on the dipole

axis

𝑞 1 1
𝐸| | =𝑖 4πϵ0
( 𝑑 2
− 𝑑 2
(𝑥− 2
) (𝑥+ 2 )
2𝑞𝑑𝑥
=𝑖 2
2 𝑑 2
4πϵ0(𝑥 −( 2 ) )

*For distance x>>d,can be simplified to:

2𝑃
𝐸| | = 3
4πϵ0𝑟

4 Continuous Charge Distributions Where

𝑑𝑞 =λ𝑑𝑙 λ=Charge per unit length

𝑑𝑞 =σ𝑑𝑆 σ=Charge per unit area
 𝑑𝑞 =ρ𝑑τ ρ=Charge per unit volume

1 𝑑𝑞
𝐸𝑝 = 4πϵ0
∫ 2 𝑟
𝑟 𝑝'𝑝
𝑝' 𝑝'𝑝

Thus,this integral can be written as:

1 ρ𝑑τ
𝐸𝑝 = 4πϵ0
∫ 2 𝑟 Volume Charge
𝑟
𝑝'

1 σ𝑑𝑆
𝐸𝑝 = 4πϵ0
∫ 2 𝑟 Surface Charge
𝑟
𝑝'

1 λ𝑑𝑙
𝐸𝑝 = 4πϵ0
∫ 2 𝑟 Linear Charge
𝑟
𝑝'

5 E on the bisector of a finite uniform linear

charge The unit vector 𝑟 = 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ ,
𝑦 𝑅
𝐿 While 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝑅 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 𝑟
1 λ𝑑𝑦
𝐸= 4πϵ0
∫ 2 𝑟
−𝐿 𝑟
𝑅
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑅𝑑(𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ) = 2 𝑑θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

And
2
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
2 = 2
𝑟 𝑅

Subtituition of these leads to:

θ0
λ
𝐸= 4πϵ0𝑅
∫ (𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ)𝑑θ
−θ0

The limits ± θ0are the maximum values

corresponding to the two ends of the line
𝐿
charge,where 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ0 = 𝑅

λ
𝐸 = 2πϵ0𝑅
𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ0
6 E on Axis of Ring Charge

1 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖 = 4πϵ0 𝑟2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
1 𝑑𝑞 𝑥
= 4πϵ0 𝑟2 𝑟
𝑥 𝑑𝑞
= 4πϵ0 𝑟3
Thus

1 𝑥
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖 = 4πϵ0 𝑟3
∫ 𝑑𝑞
1 𝑄
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖 = 4πϵ0 𝑟3
𝑥

7 E on Axis of Uniform Charge Disk .

𝑑𝑞 = 2π𝑎σ𝑑𝑎
1 𝑥
𝑑E = 4πϵ 3 2π𝑎σ𝑑𝑎
0 𝑟
2 2 2
But 𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑎
Therefore,

𝑅
1 𝑥
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖 = 4πϵ0
∫ 3 2πσ𝑎𝑑𝑎
2 2 2
0 (𝑥 +𝑎 )
𝑅
σ 𝑥
= 2ϵ0
∫ 3 𝑎𝑑𝑎
2 2 2
0 (𝑥 +𝑎 )
σ 𝑥
= 2ϵ0
(1- 2 2 1
)
(𝑥 +𝑅 ) 2

Note that when 𝑥 << 𝑅 then

σ
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖 = 2ϵ0

8 Flux of a vector field 𝐹.𝑑𝑆 = 𝐹.𝑑𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

ϕ= ∫ 𝐹.𝑑𝑆
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

θ =angle between the vector 𝐹. 𝑑𝑆

Concentric Spherical Surface

1 𝑞
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 4πϵ0 𝑟2
𝑟

𝑞
∮ = 𝐸.𝑑𝑆 = ϵ0
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

Solid Angle 2-D

(Closed loop enclosing point)

𝑠𝑖𝑛ϑ
𝑑θ = 𝑑𝑙 𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

∮ 𝑑θ=2π 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

Solid Angle 3-D

(Closed surface enclosing point)
𝑑𝑆.𝑟
𝑑Ω = 2
𝑟
𝑑𝑆. 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
= 2 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑟

∮ 𝑑Ω= 4π 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

Point not enclosed by closed surface

Ω=0

Electrix flux for arbitrary closed surface

enclosing point charge q

𝑞 𝑞
∮ = 𝐸.𝑑𝑆 = 4πϵ0
∮ 𝑑Ω = ϵ0
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
 Electrix flux for arbitrary closed surface not
enclosing point charge q

𝑑𝑆.𝑟
∮ 𝑑Ω = 2 =0
𝑟

Gauss Law

(Arbitary closed surface enclosing discrete

charge distribution)

(Continous Charge distribution)

Symmetry

1. Spherical
Uniform charge spherical shell

Inside the shell

𝐸𝑟 = 0

Outside the spherical shell r ≥ R

1 𝑄
𝐸𝑟 = 4πϵ0 𝑟2

1 𝑄
𝐸= 4πϵ0 𝑟2
𝑟
Uniformly charged solid sphere

Outside solid sphere r ≥ R

1 𝑄
𝐸= 4πϵ0 𝑟2
𝑟

Inside solid sphere r < R

*only the charge within the sphere of radius r
contributes to E
*the region between r and R does not contribute
to E

4 3
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠, 𝑟: 3
π𝑟 ρ

4 3
3
π𝑟 ρ
𝐸= 2 𝑟
4πϵ0𝑟

4 3
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑄 = 3
π𝑅 ρ

1 𝑄
𝐸= 4πϵ0 𝑅3
𝑟
2. Cylindrical
Infinite line charge

λ𝐿
ϕ= ∮ 𝐸.𝑑𝑆 = 𝐸2π𝑟𝐿 = ϵ0
𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

λ
𝐸= 2πϵ0𝑟
𝑟

Outside cylindrical shell r > R

λ𝐿
ϕ= ∮ 𝐸.𝑑𝑆 = 𝐸2π𝑟𝐿 = ϵ0
𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

λ
𝐸= 2πϵ0𝑟
𝑟

Inside cylindrical shell r > R

*No enclosed charge in the inner Gaussian
surface, by symmetry the field inside the
cylindrical shell is zero

𝐸 = 0
3. Planar
Infinite plane of charge
*infinite plane sheet of areal charge density
2
σ 𝐶/𝑚
*Consider a small cylindrical Gaussian pill box
enclosing an area △𝑆 of the charged surface

σ
∮ 𝐸.𝑑𝑆 = 2𝐸△𝑆 = ϵ0
△𝑆
𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑥

σ
𝐸⊥ = 2ϵ0

4. Motion of Point Charges in Electric Fields

Electric Potential Energy

Electric Potential Energy ● Electric Potential Energy is the work

done moving from a to b against a
force F
● Electric Potential Energy is
conservative because it is
independent with path taken.

1. ∆𝑈𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑈(𝑟 ) − 𝑈(𝑟 ) ∆𝑈𝑎−𝑏 = Potential Energy from a to b

𝑏 𝑎
𝑏
= -∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑙
𝑎
Proving Conservative
(Example as in Lecture Notes)

Path A: Tangetianal + Radial Path

Path B : Arbitrary Path

Electric Field for Multiple Charges

Principle of Superposition

𝑛
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∑ 𝐹𝑖
𝑖=1

𝑏
𝑛𝑒𝑡
∆𝑈𝑎−𝑏 = − ∫ 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑙
𝑎
𝑛
𝑖
= − ∑ ∆𝑈𝑎−𝑏
𝑖=1
Since each component is conservative,the total
potential energy difference also conservative.

Electric Potential

Electric Potential difference is the work that must 𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸

𝑏
be done to move a unit charge from a to b with 𝑛𝑒𝑡
∆𝑈𝑎→𝑏 = − ∫ 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑙
no change in kinetic energy. 𝑎
𝑛𝑒𝑡
∆𝑈𝑎−𝑏 𝑏
𝑛𝑒𝑡
∆𝑉𝑎→𝑏 = 𝑞0
=−∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙
𝑎

∆𝑈 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

 ∆𝑉 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

Electric Potential and Superposition

𝑏
∆𝑉𝑎→𝑏=− ∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙
𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑛𝑒𝑡
∆𝑉𝑎→𝑏=− ∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙− ∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙− ∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑛
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖
∆𝑉𝑎→𝑏 = ∑ 𝑉𝑎−𝑏
𝑖

Equipotential

Surfaces of constant electric potential are

perpendicular to the electric field

Electric Potential Difference for discrete

Charges

𝑛
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞 1
∆𝑉→𝑏 = ∑ 4πϵ0 𝑟𝑏𝑖
𝑖=1

Electric Potential Difference for continuous Where

charge distribution
 τ = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
ρ = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

Example 1
Uniformly Charged thin Spherical Charge

Example 2
Uniformly Charged Spherical shell

Determination of E from V

𝑏
𝑛𝑒𝑡
∆𝑉→𝑏 =∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙
𝑎
dv= - 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙

Circulation of a static electric field

𝑏
∆𝑉𝑎→𝑏=− ∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙
𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
∮= ∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
∮= ∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙 - ∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙
𝑎 𝑎
=0
 Electrical Conductors (Conductors in 𝐸)

1. Electrostatics (insde good conductors)

𝐸=0
Statics
The conductor is an equipotential
𝑛𝑒𝑡
∆𝑈𝑎→𝑏 𝑏
𝑛𝑒𝑡
∆𝑉𝑎→𝑏 = 𝑞0
=−∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙 where, E=0
𝑎
Surface charge distribution cancels external field
𝐸 ⊥ to surface

2. Charge density on the surface of a conductor

Inside conductor
𝐸 ⊥ surface outside = 0
σ𝐴
ϕ= ∮ 𝐸.𝑑𝑆 = EA = ϵ0
𝑛
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
σ
𝐸= ϵ0
𝑛

σ = local surface charge density

3. Applications Electrical Screening

Faraday Cage
Faraday Ice Pail

4. Concentric Conductor Shell around cage

(Charge Conservation)

Inside Cavity (-Q)

1 𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡= 4πϵ0 2 𝑟
𝑟

Outside Conductor (+Q)

1 𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡= 4πϵ0 2 𝑟
𝑟
5. Action of points
𝑞1 𝑞2 2
𝑉 = 4πϵ0𝑟1
= 4πϵ0𝑟2
(subs q = 4π𝑟 σ)

σ1 σ2
ϵ0
𝑟1= ϵ0
𝑟2 (𝐸 = σ
ϵ0
at surface each sphere)

𝐸𝑟
1
= 𝐸𝑟2

Calculations of 𝐸 near conductors

Complicate charge distribution on conductor surface

Assume boundary condition (equipotentials) Application:

Lightning Rod | Van der Graff Generator
Once V is known then the 𝐸 can be deduce

𝐸 is greatest at the sharpest points of a charged object

Capacitor (store Charge)

6. Capacitance
∆𝑄
C= ∆𝑉

∆𝑄= 𝐶∆𝑉

Units = Farad,F
∆𝑄
1 F = 1 ∆𝑉
7. Two Concentric Sphere
Assume:
Inner sphere (+Q)
Outer sphere (-Q)
∆𝑉=𝑉1- 𝑉2

8. Parallel Plates
𝐴
C = ϵ0 𝑑

(Dielectric-filled)
𝐴
C = Kϵ0 𝑑
Where:
A= Area of the plates
d= Distance between the plates
K= Dielectrics constant

9. Capacitors in parallel
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 +.......+ 𝑄𝑖

𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑖

𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 +.......+ 𝐶𝑖

𝐶𝑒𝑞 = Equivalent capacitance

10. Capacitors in series
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄𝑖

𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 +.......+ 𝑉𝑖
1 1 1 1
= + +.......+
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑖

𝐶𝑒𝑞 = Equivalent capacitance

11 Energy stored = work done

Electric Current & DC Current

Electric Current , I Where

𝑑𝑄 𝑄 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐼= 𝑑𝑡 𝑗 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑣 = 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑗. 𝑑𝑆

=∫ 𝑗. 𝑑𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

𝐼 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝐴

Electric Current Density, j Where

Rate of charge flow per unit Area through an σ = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

infinitessimal area. 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

𝐼
𝐽= 𝐴
𝑛𝑞𝑣𝐴
= 𝐴
𝐽 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣

𝐽 = ∑ 𝑛𝑞𝑣

𝐽 = σ𝐸
Electric Current Density, j - microscopic

*Microscopic : consider a collection of n charges

per unit volume which each of charges moving at
drift velocity v.

∆𝑄 = (𝑛𝑞)(𝐴𝑣∆𝑡)
= 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝐴∆𝑡
= 𝐼∆𝑡
So,
𝐼 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝐴
𝐽 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣

𝐽 = ∑ 𝑛𝑞𝑣
2
𝑛𝑞 <𝑡>
𝑗 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣 = 𝑚
𝐸

Charge Conservation

Charge conservation implies that the net electric

current out of a closed surface must equal the
rate of loss of enclosed charge.
𝑑
∮ 𝑗. 𝑑𝑆 + 𝑑𝑡
∫ ρ𝑑τ = 0
𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Conductivity, σ Where
1
σ= ρ σ = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
ρ = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

Potential difference, ∆𝑉 Where

∆𝑉 = ∫ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐸𝑑 ∆𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑑
∆𝑉 = ( 𝐴σ )𝐼 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠

Resistance, 𝑅 Where

𝑑 ρ𝑑 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅= 𝐴σ
= 𝐴
K
Ohm’s Law

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅

Average Drift Velocity Where

σ 𝑣 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

v= 𝐸
𝑛𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠

Average Velocity Where

<𝑣> = < 𝑣0 >+

𝑞𝐸
<𝑡> < 𝑣 > = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑚
< 𝑡 > = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
When < 𝑣0 > is zero
𝑞 <𝑡>
< 𝑣 >= 𝑚
𝐸
2
𝑛𝑞 <𝑡>
𝑗 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣 = 𝑚
𝐸

Acceleration of Charges Where

𝑞 𝑎 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑎 = 𝑚
𝐸 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒

Potential Energy lost Where

∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄𝑉 ∆𝑈 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡

Power dissipated as heat Where

𝑑𝑈 ∆𝑈 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑃= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑄
𝑃 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼

Potential at point A that is related to point B Where

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑏 + ξ − 𝐼𝑟 ξ = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

Voltage difference V across the terminals

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 = ξ − 𝐼𝑟
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = ξ − 𝐼𝑟
Current

ξ
𝐼 = 𝑟+𝑅

Series Resistors

𝐼𝑅1 + 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝑅3 − ξ = 0

ξ = 𝐼(𝑅1 + 𝑅2+ 𝑅3) = 𝐼𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∑ 𝑅𝑖
𝑖

Parallel Resistors

𝐼𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
ξ = 𝐼1𝑅1 = 𝐼2𝑅2 = 𝐼3𝑅3
1 1 1 1
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ξ( 𝑅 + 𝑅2
+ 𝑅3
)= 𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
1

Kirchoff’s Rule to circuits

𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2

Magnetism

Magnetic Force on moving charge

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑔 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵

Lorentz Force Where

𝐹 = 𝑞 ( 𝐸 + 𝑣 × 𝐵) 𝐹 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝐵 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

SI Unit

𝐹 = 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑁
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠, 𝐶
𝑣 = 𝑚/𝑠
𝐵 = 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎, 𝑇
Magnetic Forve by Moving Charges in a
uniform B field

2
𝑚𝑣
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑔 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 = 𝑅

Radius of Curvature

𝑚𝑣
𝑅= 𝑞𝐵

Period of Circular Motion

2π𝑅 2π𝑚
𝑇= 𝑣
= 𝑞𝐵

Frequency

1 𝑞𝐵
𝑓= 𝑇
= 2π𝑚

Cyclotron Where

Maximum Radius 𝑅 = 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝑚𝑣
𝑅= 𝑞𝐵

Maximum Kinetic Energy

2 2
1 2 1 𝑞𝐵 2
2
𝑚𝑣 = 2
( 𝑚
)𝑅

Magnetic Confinement Where

𝐹 = 𝑞(𝑉| | × 𝐵) + 𝑞(𝑉⊥ × 𝐵) 𝑅 = 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

Radius of motion,R

𝑚𝑣⊥
𝑅= 𝑞𝐵

Hall Effect Where

𝑉= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑤

Voltage Difference

1 𝐼𝐵
𝑉 = ( 𝑛𝑞 )( 𝑑
)

Magnetic force on electric currents Where

𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵𝑑τ 𝑗 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐵 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑗 × 𝐵𝑑τ 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
∆𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑗 × 𝐵𝐴𝑑𝑙 𝑑τ = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 dτ

∆𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐼 × 𝐵𝑑𝑙

∆𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐼 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡

Magnetic torque on a current loop Where

𝐼 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑎𝐵
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
τ = 𝐼𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

Magnetic dipole moment Where

𝑁 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
µ = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝑛 µ = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Torque by definition Where

τ= µ × 𝐵 µ = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐵 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

Magnetic Field

Magnetic field due to moving point charge

µ0 𝑞𝑣 × 𝑟
𝐵= 4π 2
𝑟
Units
−7
µ0 ≡ 4π × 10 𝑇. 𝑚/𝐴
−7 2
= 4π × 10 𝑁/𝐴
 Gauss’s Law
1
ϕ = ∮𝐸 .𝑑𝑆 = ε0
∫ ρ𝑑τ

Biot-Savart Law
An equation that gives the magnetic field produced due to a
current carrying segment. This segment is taken as a vector
quantity known as the current element.
µ0 𝐼𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
∆𝐵 = 4π 2
𝑟

µ0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟
𝐵= 4π
∮ 2
𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑.𝐶 𝑟

Ampere’s Law General form:

For any closed loop path, the sum of the length Over an arbitrary closed path
elements times the magnetic field in the direction
of the length element is equal to the permeability ∮B.𝑑𝑙 = µ0𝐼
µ0 times the electric current enclosed in the loop.
Where,
I = Current enclosed by amperian loop

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑗. 𝑑𝑆 (current density)

Maxwell’s equations for statics

Flux Electrostatics Magnetostatics

 1
∮𝐸 .𝑑𝑆 = ε0
∫ ρ𝑑τ ∮𝐵 .𝑑𝑆 = 0

Circ
∮𝐸 .𝑑𝑙 = 0 ∮𝐵 .𝑑𝑙 = µ0∫ 𝑗. 𝑑𝑆
𝐶