EE2EE1 – Electrical and Electronics 1

Electrical and Electronics 1

Lecture 1

Dr. Mohamed Shaik Honnurvali , PhD(UK) , CEng(UK), IntePE(UK)

hshaikh@muscatuniversity.edu.om
Room 601 or 617
Tel: 2464-5(401)

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 Module information
Credits / TP: 15 credits, Term 2
Delivery: Lectures (3 h/week—Lecture 2 hrs, tutorial 1 hr and each student lab 4 hr/semester)
Assessments: 1. Quizzes x 4 = (20%)—Every Three weeks
2. Lab Group report x 2 = (20%)
3. Final Exam (60%)
Coursework: • Lab reports

Resources Textbook
1. Don Johnson, 2014. Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, OpenStax CNX, ISBN 13:
9781300160137
2. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits ISBN10: 1260226409 | ISBN13: 9781260226409 By
Charles Alexander and Matthew Sadiku
Lecture slides E-material (Research articles, reliable Internet information)

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Module content
1- Basic electrical quantities (charge, electric field, current, voltage and power) and laws (Coulomb
electrostatic force law, Faraday's Law of induction, Ohm's law and Ampere's magnetic force law.
2- Basic components of electronic circuits: resistors, capacitors, capacitive, inductors, all
semiconducting devices.
3- Signal parameters and their types.
4- Operational Amplifiers.
5- Active Filters: Op amps use in active filter, as an integrator and differentiator, as a comparator and
as an oscillator.
6- The Cartesian and polar representation of voltage and current.
7- Electromechanical actuators: Plungers, solenoids. Motors: DC/AC motor/generator, synchronous
generator.
8- Power supplies and measurement instruments.
9- Fundamentals of power systems

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 Atomic structure

Two types of charges exist:

• positive charge: protons
• Negative charge: electrons

• Like charges repel and unlike charges

attract

• Electric charge is always conserved:

Charge is not created, only exchanged

*from different references

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 Charge
Charge is an electric property of the atomic particles of which matter consists
Charge is measured in coulombs (C)

Some important points about electric charge:

1. Nature’s basic carrier of positive charge is the proton, 1.6x10-19C

2. basic carrier of negative charge is the electron, -1.6x10-19C

3. The coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1 C of charge, there are 1/(1.602 × 10−19 ) = 6.24 × 1018
electrons.

4. Charge is quantized

Only charges that occur in nature are integral multiples of the electronic charge
e = − 1.602 × 10−19 C
Coulomb’s Law
The force F of attraction or repulsion between two electrically
charged objects, q1 and q2 in a vacuum is directly proportional to the
magnitude of their product and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance, r between them.
q1 q2

*from different references

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 Coulomb’s Law

EXAMPLE 1.0: Three-point charges lie along the x axis as shown in the
Figure. The positive charge q1= +15.0 𝜇C, the positive charge q2=+ 6.0 𝜇C
and the negative charge q3= -15.0 𝜇C.
a) Calculate F23 5
b) Calculate F12

SOLUTION
𝑞2𝑞3
𝑎 𝐹23 = 𝑘
𝑟2 2
(+6×10−6 𝐶)(−15×10−6 𝐶)
𝐹 = 9 × 109 𝑁. 𝑚
𝐶2
= −0.09 N
5 𝑚−2 𝑚 )2

𝑞1𝑞2
𝑏 𝐹12 = 𝑘
𝑟2 2
(+15×10−6 𝐶)(6×10−6 𝐶)
*from different references F= 9 × 109 𝑁. 𝑚2 = +0.0324 N
𝐶 (5 𝑚) 2

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EXAMPLE 1.2

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EXAMPLE 1.3: The charge q1= +2.0 x 10 -7 C, the charge q 2 =-4.0 x 10 -7 C and
the charge q3= -1.0 x 10 -7 C are placed at the corners of the triangle shown
below. a) Calculate F13
b) Calculate F12

SOLUTION

2
(+2×10−7 𝐶)(−1×10−7 𝐶)
𝑎 𝐹13 = 𝑘 𝑞𝑟12𝑞 3 =9× 109 𝑁. 𝑚
𝐶2 3𝑚 2
𝐹13 = −2 × 10−5 N
2
(+2×10−7 𝐶)(−4×10−7 𝐶)
𝑏 𝐹12 = 𝑘 𝑞𝑟12𝑞 2 =9× 109 𝑁. 𝑚
𝐶2 5𝑚 2
𝐹12 = −2.88 × 10−5 N

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 Electric Field
➢ When charges are separated, a space is created where forces are exerted on the
charges. An Electric Field is such a space.
➢ Depending upon the polarity of the charges, the force is either attractive or
repulsive.
➢ An electric field influences the space surrounding it.
➢ Electric field strength is determined in terms of the force exerted on charges.
 Electric Field
Electric field lines have these
characteristics:
1. At every point in space, the electric field
vector 𝑬 at that point is tangent to the
electric field line through that point.

2. Electric field lines are close together in

regions where the magnitude of 𝑬 is large,
farther apart where it is small.

3. Field lines point away from positive charges

and toward negative charges

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 Electric Field on Charge
The space around a particle Electric Field on charge Q
through which an electric
charge can exert a force is The electric field, 𝐸 is defined as the
called an Electric field, 𝑬. force, 𝐹 applied per unit stationary
charge q on an object and is expressed
as: 𝑬 = 𝑭 .
𝒒

𝑬 has the unit N/C or V/m

𝑭 𝑲𝑸𝒒 = 𝑲 𝑸
𝑬= = 𝟐
q 𝒓 𝒒 𝒓𝟐

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EXAMPLE : The distance from the proton to the electron is 5.29 x 10 -11 m.
Find the electric field due to the proton at this distance.

SOLUTION

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EXAMPLE. What is the magnitude of a point charge that would create an
electric field of 1.00 N/C at points 1.00 m away?

Solution:
𝑞
𝐸=𝑘
𝑟2
𝐸𝑟 2 (1 𝑁/𝑐)(1.0 𝑚)2
𝑞= = 2 = 1.11 × 10−10𝐶
𝑘 𝑁𝑚
8.99 × 109
𝐶2
The magnitude of the charge is 1.11 × 10−10𝐶

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The work done to move a charge

• The work done to move a charge, q is

the force, F, exerted on the charge,
multiplied by the displacement, d , of the
charge in the direction of the force.
• W = F d = qEd , F = qE
• W= qEd
𝐹𝑑 𝑊
𝐸𝑑 = = = ∆𝑉
𝑞 𝑞
𝑁 𝑁𝑚 𝐽
Units 𝑚 = = = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶

𝑊
= ∆𝑉
𝑞

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EXAMPLE : What potential difference is required to do 100 J of work to carry a
charge of 10 C between two points?

SOLUTION:

Given, work done (W) = 100J

Charge (Q) = 10C
Potential difference (V) =?
We know that; 𝑉 = 𝑊
𝑞
100𝐽
𝑉= = 10𝑉
10𝐶

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EXAMPLE: How much work is done on a proton to move it
from the negative plate to a positive plate 4.3
cm away if the field is 125 N/C?

a)5.5 x 10 -23 J
b)1.1 x 10 -16 J
c)8.6 x 10 -19 J
d) 5.4 J
e) None of the above

𝑁
𝑊 = 𝑄𝐸𝑑 = 1.60 × 10−19 𝐶 × 125 × 4.3 × 10−2 𝑚
𝐶
𝑊 = 8.6 x 10−19 J

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Electric Current
Electric Current is the time rate of change of charge
Current is measured in Amperes (A)

Mathematically, the relation between current i, charge q, at time t is

dq
i= 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
dt
The charge transferred between time t0 and t is obtained by integrating both sides of above equation

t
Q = idt t 0
Electric Current contd…
When voltage is applied With no voltage applied

Battery

A controlled
Electrons
drift of
drift aimlessly
electrons
Types of Electric Current
I
Current that
Direct remains constant
Current with time

t
Electric 0

Current
i

Alternating Current that

varies sinusoidally
Current with time t
0
 Voltage
Voltage (or Potential Difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge
through an element, measured in volts (V)

The voltage vab between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the energy
or work needed to move a unit charge from a to b. a
Mathematically,
dw
vab = vab
dq
Where w is the energy in joules (J) and q is the charge in coulomb (C)

1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton-meter/coulomb b

Reference direction of Voltage
Interpretation of the voltage vab in the diagram

1. The potential of point a is higher than the potential of point b a

𝑣𝑎 > 𝑉𝑏
vab
The potential difference between point a and b is vab where,

𝑣𝑎𝑏 = 𝑣𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏
Logically, 𝑣𝑎𝑏 = −𝑣𝑏𝑎
b
Polarity of Voltage
Point a is +10 V above point b

Point b is −10 V above point a

There is 10 V voltage drop from a to b

OR
A 10 V voltage rise from b to a

A voltage drop from a to b is equivalent to a voltage rise from b to a

Point to remember

vab

i
b
Power
A Classification of Circuit
Components

•One common classification for circuit components

is to group them in two major groups:

1) Passive components or passive elements

Components or elements that absorb power.

2) Active components or active elements

Components that are not passive! that is,
components that deliver power.

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Passive Sign Convention
Tellegan’s Theorem

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Passive Sign Convention
Example

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 Resistance
•Different material allow charges to move within them with
different levels of ease. This physical property or ability to
resist current is known as resistance.
•The resistance of any material with a uniform cross-
sectional area A and length l is inversely proportional to A
and directly proportional to l.

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 Resistance
•In honor of George Simon Ohm (1787-1854), a German
Ohm’s Law
physicist, the unit of resistance is named Ohm (W).

•A conductor designed to have a specific resistance is called a

resistor.

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 Linear and Nonlinear Resistors
•Linear resistor Nonlinear resistor Resistors (Fixed and Variable)
•Fixed resistors have a resistance that remains
constants.
•Two common type of fixed resistors are:
(a) wirewound
(b) composition (carbon film type)

•In this course, we assume that all the elements that

are designated as resistors are linear (unless
mentioned otherwise)

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 Fixed Resistors

•Inside the resistor Variable Resistors

•Variable resistors have adjustable resistance and
are typically called potentiometer (or pot for short).
•Potentiometers have three terminals one of which
is a sliding contact or wiper.

•A common type of resistor that you will work with in your

labs:
•It has 4 color-coded bands (3 for value and one for
tolerance)
–How to read the value of the resistor?

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Identification of Resistor

Multiplier
Colour Digit Tolerance
(Number of zeros)
Black 0 1
Brown 1 10 ±1%
Red 2 100 ±2%
Orange 3 1k
Yellow 4 10k
Green 5 100k ±0.5%
Blue 6 1M ±0.25%
Violet 7 10M ±0.1%
Grey 8 ±0.05%
White 9
Gold 0.1 ±5%
Silver 0.01 ±10%
1500 Ω ±10% None ±20%

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 Conductance

•G=1/R is called the conductance of the element and is Short and Open Circuits
measured in siemens (S) or mho. •A device with zero resistance is called short circuit
and a device with zero conductance (i.e., infinite
German inventor resistance) is called open-circuit.
Ernst Werner von Siemens
(1816-1892)

•Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct

current..

•A device with zero (no) resistance has infinite

conductance and a device with infinite resistance has zero
conductance.

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 Example

•Given the following network, find R and

•The power absorbed by the 10- VS.
kΩ resistor in the following circuit
is 3.6 mW. Determine the voltage
and the current in the circuit.

•Given the following circuit, find the value of the voltage source
and the power absorbed by the resistance.

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 Magnetic Field
▪ A current-carrying conductor or a coil produces magnetic field around it.
▪ The strength of the magnetic field produced depends on the magnitude of
the current flowing through the conductor or the coil.
▪ There is presence of magnetic field around permanent magnets as well.
▪ A magnet is a body which attracts iron, nickel, and cobalt. Permanent
magnets retain their magnetic properties. Electromagnets are made from
coils through which current is allowed to flow. Their magnetic properties will
be present as long as current flows through the coil.
▪ The space within which forces are exerted by a magnet is called a magnetic
field. It is the area of influence of the magnet.
Magnetic Field Around A
Current Carrying Conductor
The cross ⨂ indicates
that current is entering
perpendicular to the
plane of the paper
The dot ⨀ indicates
that the current is
coming towards the
observer

Cross-sectional view of Resultant magnetic field

Cross-sectional view of a
the conductor with the produced by two current-
conductor with flux
direction of current carrying conductor
around it
reversed
A long current- The direction of flux lines around a current-carrying conductor is determined
carrying by applying the cork screw rule which is stated below.
conductor
 Magnetic Field Around A Coil
A coil is formed by winding a wire of certain cross section around a former (a hollow cylinder made
of some non-magnetic material like bakelite, plastics, etc). Such a coil is often called a solenoid.

➢ When current is allowed to flow through a coil, a

magnetic field is produced. The direction of flux
produced by a current-carrying coil is determined by
applying the right-hand-grip rule.

Right Hand Grip Rule

If we hold the coil by our right hand in such a way
that the four fingers bend towards the direction of the
current flow through the coil turns, the thumb will
indicate the direction of the resultant flux produced.
 Magnetic Field Around A Coil Contd…

❖ If a sinusoidal ac supply is provided, both the magnitude as well as the direction of current flow will
change.
❖ As a result, the magnitude of the magnetic field produced will change starting from zero value reaching its
maximum value, then getting reduced again to zero, and then becoming negative.
❖ The direction of flux produced will change in every half cycle of current flow. Such a magnetic field
whose magnitude as also its direction changes is called a pulsating alternating magnetic field.
❖ In case of dc supply, the magnetic field produced will be of constant magnitude and fixed polarity.
 Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday, on the basis of laboratory experiments, established that whenever there a is change
in the magnetic flux linkage by a coil, EMF is induced in the coil. The magnitude of the
EMF induced is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages.
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction are stated as:
First law: EMF is induced in a coil whenever magnetic field linking that coil is changed.

Second law: The magnitude of the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage.

d
e = −N
dt
 Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction Contd…

If the magnet shown in figure is quickly brought near the coil, there will be deflection in the galvanometer
indicating EMF induced in the coil and current flow in the circuit. If the magnet is held stationary near the coil,
although there is flux linking the coil, there will be no induced EMF since there is no change in the flux
linkage. The induced EMF will be there only if there is increase or decrease in flux linkage by the coil.
 Ampere’s Law
Consider a long straight conductor carrying current i1 as shown in figure. As discovered by
Ampere, the current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding medium. To investigate the field,
we place an elemental conductor of length l parallel to the long conductor carrying current i2 in
opposite direction.
➢ A force of repulsion acts on the elemental
conductor at right angles to the long
conductor and the element. The magnitude of
this force is given by

where μ is a constant of the medium called permeability

Ampere’s Law Contd…

Same direction of current Opposite direction of current

i1 i2 i1 i2