Electric Charge

and Electric
Field
MODULE 1
MELCs
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing and charging by
induction;
2. Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic charging by
rubbing;
3. Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction;
4. State that there are positive and negative charges, and that charge is
measured in coulombs; and
5. Predict charge distributions, and the resulting attraction or repulsion,
in a system of charged insulators and conductors.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02
Charge and structure
03
Electric Conductors, Insulators,
of matter and Induced Charges
charge
Electric charge is conserved. Charging by induction
Induced-charged effect
 Electric
Charge
- 600 BC
- Amber
- Electric
- Greek word, elektron
(amber)
- Benjamin Franklin
Fig.1. Amber
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY

- Negative charges
- Positive charges
Figure 2. Experiments in electrostatics. A.) Negatively charged objects repel each other. B.) Positively charged objects repel
each other. C.) Positively charged objects and negatively charged objects attract each other.
Electric Charge and the Structure of
Matter

Protons Nuetrons
Positively charged Nuetral charged

Electrons Nucleus
Negatively Chraged Saturn is the ringed
one and a gas giant
me (electron) = 9.109 x 10-31kg
mp (proton) = 1.673 x 10-27kg masses
mn (neutron) = 1.675 x 10-27kg
Figure 3. The particles of an atom
More negative or positive?
 Electric charge is conserved.
Principle of conservation of charge
the algebraic sum of all the electric
charges in any closed system is constant
Principle: magnitude of charge of the electron or
proton is a natural unit of charge.
This principle implies that electric charges are quantized.
Quantization is when every observable amount of electric
charge is always either zero or an integer multiple of proton or
electron.
 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced
Charges
Intermediate
between
conductors and
Mostly metals insulators
Insulators

Conductors Mostly non Semicondcutors

metals
Charging by induction
 Induced-charge effect

JUPITER SATURN NEPTUNE

JUNE 2 OCTOBER 14 JANUARY 23

It’s the biggest planet Saturn is composed Neptune is the farthest

in the Solar System mostly of hydrogen planet from the Sun
Figure 7. Combing pieces of papers and helium
MELCs
At the end of this lesson, you should be
able to:
calculate the net electric force on a
point charge exerted by a system of
point charges.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02 03
Coulomb’s Superposition of
Electric Force Forces
Law
 Coulomb’s
Law
- Charles-Agustin de
Coulomb
- Point charges
- Electric force
- 1/r2
- Quantities of charges
Coulomb’s Law
“the magnitude of the electric force
between two point charges is directly
proportional to the product of the
charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between
them.”
Coulomb’s Law

F = electric force;
k = proportionality constant (8.988 x 109 N.m2/C2);
q1 and q2 = point charges interacting;
r = distance between the point charges
Coulomb’s Law

ε0 = 8.854 x 10-12 C2/Nm2

Figure 1: Interaction of point charges
Example1. Two point charges, q1 = +20nC and q2
= -65nC, are 4.0cm away from each other. What is
the electric force q1 exerts on q2 and the electric
force q2 exerts on q1?
Solutions:

 
Superposition of Forces
Example 2: Refer of example 1. A third charge, q3 (+60 nC), is
3.0cm away left of q1, and 7.0cm away left of q2. What is the total
electric force exerted by q1 and q2 on q3? Sketch the direction of
forces.
Given: q1 = +20nC = +20 x 10-9 C; q2 = -65nC = -65 x 10-9 C;
r1from2 = 4.0cm = 4.0 x 10-2m; q3 = +60nC = +60 x 10-9 C; r1&3 =
3.0cm = 3.0 x 10-2m; r2&3 = 7.0cm = 7.0 x 10-2m
Solutions:

(F1on3 is a repulsive force.)

  

(F2on3 is an attractive force.)

 ΣFx = F1on3 + F2on3
ΣFx = -1.2 x 10-2N + (+7.16 x 10-
3
N)
ΣFx = -4.84 x 10-3N
The total electric force exerted on
q3 by q1 and q2 is 4.84 x 10-3N
 MELCs
1. Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge
experiences a force;
2. Draw electric field patterns due to systems with isolated point
charges;
3. Use in calculations the relationship between the electric field and
the electric force on a test charge;
4. Calculate the electric field due to a system of point charges using
Coulomb’s law and the superposition principle;
5. Predict the trajectory of a point charge in a uniform electric field.
Test Charge
● qo
● Placed in the same space as another
charge
● Used to determine the existence of
an electric field.
Electric Field
●E
● Intermediary through which a charge
communicates its presence with another
charge in the same space.
Figure 2. A charged body creates a field around it.
The electric force on a charged body is
exerted by the electric field created by
the other charged bodies.

● a single charge ● The electric field created

or produced by a charged
produces an electric body cannot exert a net
field in the force onto itself but to
surrounding space another charged body.
Electric Field
● Vector quantity
● SI unit, N/C
● the electric field at a point is the electric force

experienced by qo at that point, divided by the charge,

qo.
⃗
𝐹
⃗
𝑬=
𝑞0
How does the charge of a point charge affect
the electric field produced and the electric
force exerted by this field?
Electric Force at a Field
Point

⃗
𝐹
⃗
𝑬=
𝑞0

⃗ 1 |𝑞|
𝐸=
4 π ε0 𝑟2
Superposition of Electric
Fields
Superposition of Electric
Fields
What is the magnitude of the
electric field at field point, P,
where q0 is located, that is 3.0m
away from a point charge, q,
5.0nC?
MELCs
1. Calculate electric flux;
2. Use Gauss’s law to infer electric field
due to uniformly distributed charges
on long wires, spheres, and large
plates.
Electric field lines show the direction of
electric field at each point. The direction of
the total electric field at every point is along
the tangent to the electric field line passing
through that point.
The spacing of the electric field lines give
a general idea of the magnitude of the
electric filed at each point. The lines
drawn closer to each other indicates a
strong magnitude of electric field, while
field lines drawn farther apart indicate
weaker magnitude of electric field.
At any particular point, the electric field has
a unique direction. The field lines never
intersect..

Field lines are directed away from positive

charges and toward the negative charges.
Enclosed surface
● An imaginary surface
Electric Flux
● a measure of the flow of the electric field
through a surface
Whether there is a net outward or inward electric flux
through a closed surface depends on the sign of the
enclosed charge.

Charges outside the surface do not give a net electric flux

through the surface.

The net electric flux is directly proportional to the net

amount of charge enclosed within the surface but is
otherwise independent of the size of the closed surface.
Electric Flux, ΦE
● a measure of the flow of the electric field
through a surface

●
A disk with radius 0.10m is oriented with its
normal unit vector, , at an angle of 300 to a
uniform E = 2.0x103 N/C.
What is the electric flux through the disk?
What is the flux through the disk if it is turned so that
its normal is perpendicular to ?
What is the flux through the disk if its normal is
parallel to ?
Gauss’s Law
● Carl Friedrich Gauss
● the total electric flux
through any closed surface
is proportional to the total
electric charge inside the
surface, divided by ε0
Gauss’s Law
● Gaussian Surface

●= (4ᴨr2) = q/
Non-spherical surface

𝒒
𝝓 𝑬 =∮ 𝑬 ⋅ ⅆ 𝑨=
⃗ ⃗
𝜺𝟎
Collection of point charges
●Qencl = q1 + q2 + q3 +…
Example
The figure shows
the field produced
by electric dipole.
Find the electric
flux through each
point of the closed
surfaces A, B, C,
and D.
Example
● In surface A:
= +q/ε0
Example
● In surface B:
= -q/ε0
Example
● In surface C:
= (+q + -q)/ε0 = 0
Example
●In surface D:
No enclosed
charge, thus, =
0