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FORMULA BOOK

ELECTRO MAGNETIC
THEORY
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UNIT – I - Electrostatics 8. Total work done or electric

potential energy:
𝐵
1. Coulomb’s law of force:
𝑊 = −𝑄 ∫ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙
𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹= 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 2 𝑅
9. Potential V = − ∫ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + 𝐶
2. Electric field intensity:
𝐹 𝑄 10. Potential difference 𝑉𝐴𝐵
𝐸= = 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵
𝑄 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 2 𝑅 𝑊
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = − ∫ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴
𝑅⃗ 𝑄
𝑎𝑅 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴
|𝑅⃗ | 11. Since an electrostatic field is
3. For a continuous charge conservative:
distribution, the total charge is
⃗⃗⃗ = 0
∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
𝑄 = ∫ 𝜌𝐿 𝑑𝑙 (for line charge)
𝑄 = ∫ 𝜌𝑆 𝑑𝑆 (for surface charge) 12. Maxwell’s second equation:

𝑄 = ∫ 𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝑉 (for volume charge) ∇ × 𝐸⃗ = 0

4. For an infinite line charge, 13. Relation between potential field
𝜌𝐿 and electric field:
𝐸= 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜌 𝜌 𝐸⃗ = −∇𝑉
For an infinite sheet of charge, 14. For a continuous volume charge
𝜌𝑆 distribution:
𝐸= 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗
2𝜀0 𝑛 1 1
⃗ . 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑣 = 𝜀0 |𝐸|2 𝑑𝑣
𝑊𝐸 = ∫ 𝐷
5. Electric flux density: 2 2
𝑣
⃗ = 𝜀0 𝐸⃗
𝐷
𝜀0 = permittivity of free space
= 8.854 × 10−12 F/m
UNIT – 2 – Electric Fields in
Material Space
Electric flux:

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Ψ = ∫𝐷 𝑑𝑠 𝜎 = Conductivity; S = Surface Area
𝑆 1. For conductors (𝜎 ≫ 1, 𝜀𝑟 = 1)
6. Gauss’s law: For dielectrics (𝜎 ≪ 1, 𝜀𝑟 ≥ 1)
Ψ = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐 2. Electric current:

Ψ = ∮𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐 = ∫ 𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝑉
⃗ . 𝑑𝑠 𝐼 = ∫ 𝐽. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠

7. Maxwell’s first equation: 3. The resistance of a conductor of

⃗ uniform cross section is
𝜌𝑉 = ∇. 𝐷
𝜌
𝑅=
𝜎𝑆

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4. For dielectric medium:
𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸 UNIT – 4 – Magneto Static
5. The electric susceptibility Fields
𝑥𝑒 = 𝜀𝑟 − 1
6. Continuity equation based on 1. Biot-Savart’s Law:
Kirchhoff’s current law:
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐼 𝑑𝑙
 𝑑𝐻 (in A/m) (for line
𝜕𝜌𝑣 4𝜋𝑅 3
∇. 𝐽 + =0 current distribution)
𝜕𝑡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾 𝑑𝑆×𝑅
7. Boundary conditions for  ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐻 = 4𝜋𝑅3 (in A/m2 )
(i) Dielectric-dielectric interface: (surface current distribution)
𝐸⃗1𝑡 = 𝐸⃗2𝑡  ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐽 𝑑𝑉×𝑅
𝑑𝐻 = 4𝜋𝑅3 (in A/m3 )
⃗ 1𝑛 − 𝐷
𝐷 ⃗ 2𝑛 = 𝜌𝑠 (volume current distribution)
or ⃗ 1𝑛 = 𝐷
𝐷 ⃗ 2𝑛 if 𝜌𝑠 = 0 2. Ampere’s circuit law:
(ii) Dielectric-conductor interface, ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = ∫ 𝐽. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆
⃗ 𝑡 = 𝜀 𝐸⃗𝑡 = 0
𝐷
3. Maxwell’s third equation:
⃗ 𝑛 = 𝜀𝐸⃗𝑛 = 𝜌𝑠
𝐷 ⃗ =𝐽
∇×𝐻
because E = 0 inside the conductor.
4. The magnetic flux:
(iii) If no free charge exists at
interface ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Ψ = ∫𝑆 𝐵 𝑑𝑆 (in Wb)
tan 𝜃1 𝜀𝑟1 ⃗ = magnetic flux density
Where 𝐵
= 2
tan 𝜃2 𝜀𝑟2 (Wb/m )
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻
UNIT – 3 Poisson’s and Where 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 H/m =
permeability of free space.
Laplace Equation
5. The magnetic susceptibility
𝑥𝑚 = 𝜇𝑟 − 1
1. Poisson’s equation for 6. Since an isolated or free magnetic
nonhomogeneous region: monopole does not exist, the net
magnetic flux through a closed
∇. 𝜀 ∇𝑉 = −𝜌𝑣 surface is zero;
2. For homogeneous region:
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Ψ = ∮𝐵 𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝜌𝑣
∇2 𝑉 = −
𝜀 7. Maxwell’s fourth equation:
3. For charge-free region (𝜌𝑣 = 0),
⃗ .𝐵
∇ ⃗ =0
Poisson’s equation becomes
Laplace’s equation: 8. Magnetic scalar potential 𝑉𝑚 is
∇2 𝑉 = 0 𝐻 = −∇𝑉𝑚 if J = 0
Magnetic vector potential A is

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⃗ = ∇×𝐴
𝐵 ⃗ 1𝑛 = 𝜇2 𝐻
𝜇1 𝐻 ⃗ 2𝑛
9. Relation between electric and tan 𝜃 𝜇
(iii) tan 𝜃1 = 𝜇1
magnetic fields corresponding to 2 2

Poisson’s equation:
∇2 𝐴 = −𝜇0 𝐽 UNIT – 5 – Maxwell’s
10. Lorentz force equation: Equation
𝑑𝑢
𝐹 = 𝑄(𝐸⃗ + 𝑢 ⃗)=𝑚
⃗ ×𝐵
𝑑𝑡 1. Maxwell’s equation for static
11. Force experienced by current electric and magnetic fields
element: Differential
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 ⃗ (or point Integral Form
form)
12. Magnetization
⃗∇. 𝐷
⃗ = 𝜌𝑣
magnetic dipole moment ⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑉
∮D
M=
unit volume of the material 𝑆 𝑣
M = 𝑥𝑚 𝐻 ⃗∇. 𝐵
⃗ =0
Where 𝑥𝑚 is the magnetic ∮ ⃗B. 𝑑𝑆 = 0
susceptibility of the material. 𝑆

13. The magnetic properties for linear ⃗∇ × 𝐸⃗ = 0

∮ ⃗E. 𝑑𝑙 = 0
materials
𝐿
𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻 = 𝜇0 (1 + 𝑥𝑚 )𝐻 ⃗∇ × 𝐻
⃗ =𝐽
= 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀) ∮ ⃗H
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐽 . 𝑑𝑆
For non-linear materials 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻 𝐿 𝑆

14. Energy in magneto static field

1 2. Maxwell’s equation for time-
𝑊 = ⃗ .𝐻
∫𝐵 ⃗ 𝑑𝑣 varying field
2
For an inductor carrying current I Differential
Integral Form
Form
1
𝑊𝑚 = 𝐿𝐼 2 ⃗∇. 𝐷
⃗ = 𝜌𝑣
2 ∮ ⃗D. 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑉
15. Magnetic Boundary conditions 𝑆 𝑣
(i) Tangential component relation ⃗∇. 𝐵
⃗ =0
∮ ⃗B. 𝑑𝑆 = 0
⃗ 1𝑡 = 𝐻
𝐻 ⃗ 2𝑡
𝑆
(or) ⃗ × 𝐸⃗ 𝜕
∇
⃗ 1𝑡 𝐵⃗ 2𝑡 ∮ ⃗E. 𝑑𝑙 = − ∮ ⃗B. 𝑑𝑆
𝐵 𝜕𝐵⃗ 𝜕𝑡
= =− 𝐿 𝑆
𝜇1 𝜇2 𝜕𝑡
(ii) Normal component relation ⃗ ×𝐻
∇ ⃗ ⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ (𝐽 +
⃗
𝜕𝐷
∮𝐿 H 𝑆 𝜕𝑡
) 𝑑𝑆
⃗ 1𝑛 = 𝐵
⃗ 2𝑛 𝜕𝐷⃗
𝐵 =𝐽+
𝜕𝑡
(or)

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