Calculus I (math 101) Formula Sheet Fall 2022

1) Differentiation Rules
Assume that 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are differentiable functions of 𝑥
Constant 𝒅 Sum 𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
(𝑪) = 𝟎 (𝒖 + 𝒗) = +
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Difference 𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗 Constant 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
(𝒖 − 𝒗) = − (𝒄𝒖) = 𝒄
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Multiple 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Product 𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
(𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖 +𝒗 𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 −𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Quotient ( )= 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 𝒗𝟐
Power 𝒅 𝒏 Chain Rule 𝒅
𝒙 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 (𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))) = 𝒇′ (𝒈(𝒙)) ∙ 𝒈′ (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
General 𝒅 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒖
(𝒖(𝒙)) = 𝒏(𝒖(𝒙)) ∙
Power Rule 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
2) Trigonometric Identities
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
• 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = • 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 = • 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

• 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 • 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 • 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙

• 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 • 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 •
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙)
𝟐
𝟏
• 𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙)
𝟐
3) Trigonometric Differentiation
𝒅 𝒅
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 • 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
• 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 • 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
• 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 • 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 = 𝒖′ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 • 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 = −𝒖′ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
• 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 = 𝒖′ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 • 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 = 𝒖′ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
• 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 = −𝒖′ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 • 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 = −𝒖′ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

4) Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

𝐥𝐧(𝒆𝒙 ) = 𝒙, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹 𝒆𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒙, 𝒙>𝟎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂(𝒂𝒙 ) = 𝒙, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒂≠𝟏 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙
= 𝒙, 𝒙 > 𝟎
𝒅 𝒙 𝒅 𝟏
𝒆 = 𝒆𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅 𝒈′ (𝒙)
𝒆 = 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝐥𝐧(𝒈(𝒙)) =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒅 𝒙 𝒅 𝟏
𝒂 = 𝒂𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒂 , 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒂≠𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒂
𝒅 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅 𝒈′ (𝒙)
𝒂 = 𝒂𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝐥𝐧 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂(𝒈(𝒙)) =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐧 𝒂
5) Exponential and Logarithmic Properties
Exponential Properties Logarithmic Properties
𝒂𝒙 . 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙+𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂(𝑨𝑩) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑨 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑩
𝒂𝒙 𝑨
= 𝒂𝒙−𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 ( ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑨 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑩
𝒂𝒚 𝑩
(𝒂𝒙 )𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑨𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑨
(𝒂𝒃)𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒏 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 =
𝐥𝐧 𝒂

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6) Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

▪ Part I
𝒈(𝒙)
𝒅
∫ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))𝒈′ (𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒉(𝒙))𝒉′ (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝒉(𝒙)

▪ Part II
𝒃
𝒅
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂), 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝒂
7) The average value of a continuous function 𝒇(𝒙) on the interval [𝒂, 𝒃]
𝒃
𝟏
𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒆 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒃−𝒂
𝒂
8) Integration Rules
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪, 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪

∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙| + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙| + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐥𝐧|𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙| + 𝑪

∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙| + 𝑪
𝒏 𝒖𝒏+𝟏 𝒖′ (𝒙)
∫(𝒖(𝒙)) 𝒖′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪, ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐√𝒖(𝒙) + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒏+𝟏 √𝒖(𝒙)
𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝟏 𝒂𝒙
∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪 ∫ 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪, 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒂
𝒈′ (𝒙) 𝒂𝒇(𝒙)
∫ 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) + 𝑪 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒈(𝒙)| + 𝑪 ∫ 𝒂𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐧 𝒂

9) Area between two curves

If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are continuous with 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥) throughout [𝑎, 𝑏], then the area of the region
between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) from 𝑎 to 𝑏 is
𝒃

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∫[𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙

𝒂
10) Volume by Disks for Rotation About the x-axis
𝒃

𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ 𝑹𝟐 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
11) Volume by Disks for Rotation About the y-axis
𝒅

𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ 𝑹𝟐 (𝒚) 𝒅𝒚
𝒄
12) Volume by Washers for Rotation About the x-axis
𝒃

𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫[𝑹𝟐 (𝒙) − 𝒓𝟐 (𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙

𝒂

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13) Volume by Washers for Rotation About the y-axis
𝒅

𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫[𝑹𝟐 (𝒚) − 𝒓𝟐 (𝒚)] 𝒅𝒚

𝒄
14) Shell Formula for Revolution About a Vertical Line
The volume of the solid generated by revolving the region between the x-axis and the graph
of a continuous function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0, 𝐿 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, about a vertical line 𝑥 = 𝐿 is
𝒃
𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐥
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ ( )( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝒂
15) Arc Length
▪ If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a smooth curve on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then the arc length 𝑳 of this
curve over [𝑎, 𝑏] is defined as
𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝑳 = ∫ √𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √𝟏 + (𝒇′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂

▪ Similarly, for a smooth curve given by 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), the arc length 𝑳 of this curve over
[𝑐, 𝑑] is defined as
𝒅 𝒅
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝑳 = ∫ √𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ √𝟏 + (𝒈′ (𝒚)) 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚
𝒄 𝒄
16) Area of a Surface of Revolution

▪ Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) have a continuous derivative on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. The area 𝑆 of the
surface of revolution formed by revolving the graph of 𝑓 about a horizontal or
vertical axis is
𝒃
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒓(𝒙) √𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝒂
where 𝑟(𝑥) is the distance between the curve of 𝑓 and the axis of revolution.
▪ If 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) on the interval [𝑐, 𝑑], then the surface area is
𝒅
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒓(𝒚) √𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒚, 𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒅𝒚
𝒄
where 𝑟(𝑦) is the distance between the curve of 𝑔 and the axis of revolution.
17) L'Hopital's Rule for Form 𝟎/𝟎
Suppose that 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable functions on an open interval containing 𝑥 =
𝑎, except possibly at 𝑥 = 𝑎, and that
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Then
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ′
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙→𝒂 𝒈 (𝒙)

assuming that the limit on the right side of this equation exists.

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 18) L'Hopital's Rule for Form ∞/∞
Suppose that 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable functions on an open interval containing 𝑥 =
𝑎, except possibly at 𝑥 = 𝑎, and that
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = ∞ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = ∞
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Then
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ′
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙→𝒂 𝒈 (𝒙)

assuming that the limit on the right side of this equation exists
19) Derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions
𝒅 𝒖′ 𝒅 𝒖′ 𝒅 𝒖′
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒖 = , |𝒖| < 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏
𝒖 = , |𝒖| > 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙 |𝒖|√𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒅 −𝒖′ 𝒅 −𝒖′ 𝒅 −𝒖′
𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒖 = , |𝒖| < 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 −𝟏
𝒖 = , |𝒖| > 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙 |𝒖|√𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
20) Integrals evaluated with inverse trigonometric functions
𝒅𝒖 𝒖
∫ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 +𝑪, 𝒖𝟐 < 𝒂𝟐
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒂

𝒅𝒖 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒖
∫ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒖 𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖
∫ = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 + 𝑪, |𝒖| > 𝒂 > 𝟎
𝒖√𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

21) Exponential Growth and Decay Models

A quantity 𝑦(𝑡) is said to have an exponential growth model if it increases at a rate that
𝑑𝑦
is proportional to the amount of the quantity present ( 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝑦), and it is said to have an
exponential decay model if it decreases at a rate that is proportional to the amount of
𝑑𝑦
the quantity present ( 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑘𝑦). Hence,
Exponential Growth Model
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒚𝟎 𝒆𝒌𝒕 , 𝒌>𝟎
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒕 = 𝟎
Exponential Decay Model
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒚𝟎 𝒆−𝒌𝒕 , 𝒌>𝟎
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒕 = 𝟎
Newton’s Law of Cooling
𝑯 − 𝑯𝒔 = (𝑯𝟎 − 𝑯𝒔 )𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝑯𝑺 : the constant surrounding temperature
𝑯𝟎 : the temperature at 𝒕 = 𝟎

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 22) Hyperbolic functions Identities

𝒆𝒙 −𝒆−𝒙 𝒆𝒙 +𝒆−𝒙 𝒆𝒙 −𝒆−𝒙

• 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = • 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 = • 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝒆𝒙 +𝒆−𝒙
• 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 • 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 • 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 • 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 •
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟐
𝟏
• 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟐

23) Derivatives of hyperbolic functions

𝒅 𝒅
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 • 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
• 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒙 𝟐
• 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒙 = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
• 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒙 • 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
24) Integral formulas for hyperbolic functions

∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 + 𝑪

∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒙 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒙 + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙 + 𝑪

25) Derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions

𝒅 𝒖′ 𝒅 𝒖′ 𝒅 −𝒖′
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝟐
, |𝒖| < 𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒖 = , 𝟎<𝒖<𝟏
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒖√𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
𝒅 −𝟏
𝒖′ 𝒅 𝒖′ 𝒅 −𝒖′
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖= , |𝒖 | > 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡−𝟏 𝒖 = , |𝒖| > 𝟏 −𝟏
𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖 = , 𝒖≠𝟎
𝒅𝒙 √𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙 |𝒖|√𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
26) Integrals leading to inverse hyperbolic functions

𝒅𝒖 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒖
∫ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 +𝑪, 𝒂>𝟎 ∫ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 +𝑪, 𝒖> 𝒂>𝟎
√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒂 √𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂

𝟏 𝒖
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 + 𝑪, 𝒖𝟐 < 𝒂𝟐
𝒅𝒖 𝒂 𝒂
∫ =
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒖
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡−𝟏 + 𝑪, 𝒖𝟐 > 𝒂𝟐
{𝒂 𝒂

𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖
∫ =− 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡−𝟏 + 𝑪, 𝟎<𝒖<𝒂 ∫ = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡−𝟏 | | + 𝑪, 𝒖 ≠ 𝟎,
𝒖√ 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒂 𝒂 𝒖√ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
𝒂>𝟎

27) Expressing inverse hyperbolic functions as logarithms

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) , −∞ < 𝒙 < ∞ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) , 𝒙≥𝟏

𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 , |𝒙| < 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 , |𝒙| > 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 ( ), 𝟎<𝒙≤𝟏 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 ( + ), 𝒙≠𝟎
𝒙 𝒙 |𝒙|

5
28) Integration by parts formula

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗| − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖

𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
29) Trigonometric Substitutions

Expression Substitution
𝝅 𝝅
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽, −
≤𝜽≤
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 , − < 𝜽 <
𝟐 𝟐
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝒙 = 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽, 𝟎≤𝜽< 𝐨𝐫 𝝅 ≤ 𝜽 <
𝟐 𝟐

30) Products of Sines and Cosines

𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 = [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒎 − 𝒏)𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒎 + 𝒏)𝒙]
𝟐
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 = [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒎 − 𝒏)𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒎 + 𝒏)𝒙]
𝟐
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 = [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒎 − 𝒏)𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒎 + 𝒏)]
𝟐

31) Partial Fractions

Case 1: The denominator contains distinct linear factors
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝐴2
= + +⋯
(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 )(𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 ) … (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 ) (𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 )
Case 2: The denominator contains repeated linear factors
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑟
= + + ⋯ + +⋯
(𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1 )𝑟 … (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 ) (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 )2 (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 )𝑟
Case 3: The denominator contains irreducible quadratic factors
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
= +⋯
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) … (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
32) Linear First-Order Differential Equation
The standard form of the linear first-order DE is
𝒅𝒚
+ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
The solution of this DE is given by
𝝑(𝒙)𝒚 = ∫ 𝝑(𝒙) 𝑸(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪
where 𝜗(𝑥) is the integrating factor and it is given by

𝝑(𝒙) = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

GOOD LUCK