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Remote sensing:

1. Energy and emission

𝑐
 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 = ℎ 𝜆 ; 𝑐 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝜆 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝜈 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑀𝐵 = 𝜎𝑇 4 ; 𝑇 𝑖𝑛 𝐾, 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
5.6 × 10−8 𝑊𝑚−2 𝐾 −4
𝑀
 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝜖 = 𝑀𝑅
𝐵
2898
 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑤, 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑚
𝑇(𝐾)

 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝑄 = ℎ𝜈
𝑑𝑄
 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥, 𝜑 = 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝐽𝑠 −1
𝑑𝑡
𝜑
 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐸 =
𝐴
𝜃 𝜃
2. Image calculation: 2 2
𝐷𝑁0 −𝐷𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛
 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ, 𝐷𝑁 = 255 × (𝐷𝑁 )
𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝐷𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐻
 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝑓 ÷ 𝐻
𝑆𝑤𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑠𝐷 = 2 × 𝐻 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 ) ; 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝐻 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2𝐻 tan (𝜃 )
𝜃

2
3. Scattering:

dp is partice size
λ is wavelngth

4. Band ratio
Band ratio (TM) Mineral
5/7 clay, carbonate, silica, mica group
3/1 heamtite goethite and jarosite
5/4 bare rock and soil
5. Important absorption windows
Geomorphology:

1. Fluvial Systems:
𝐿
 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐷 = 𝐴 ; 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑁
 𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑇 = 𝑝 ; 𝑁 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑟
P is perimeter of basin in km
𝑁𝑢
 𝐵𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑁 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑢+1
𝐴
 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦, 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝑟 × 100;
𝑡

𝐴𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐴𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚,

𝐴𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴𝑡
 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒, 𝑅𝑓 = ; 𝐴𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐿2𝑏

 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝑄 = 𝑤. 𝑑. 𝑣; 𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ, 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝐿 = 𝑘𝑄 𝑥 ; 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
 𝜑 − 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = ; 𝑡𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑡𝑟
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑒𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝑆 = = = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

2. Miscellaneous:
𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 𝑅𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝑅𝐼 = 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝑆𝐼 = 𝑙𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑎
 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝑅𝐷𝐼 =
𝑏

𝑄 ℎ2 −ℎ1
 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤, 𝑉 = 𝐴 = −𝑘 𝐿
;
𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡,
𝐿
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

(𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 — ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦′𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤)

 Iribarren number
tan(𝛼 )
∈= ; 𝛼 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐻 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡,
𝐻
√𝐿
𝑜
𝐿𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑝 − 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ,
 Reynolds number
𝜌𝑢𝐿 𝑢𝐿
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇 𝜈
ρ is the density of the fluid (SI units: kg/m3)
u is the velocity of the fluid with respect to the object (m/s)
L is a characteristic linear dimension (m)
μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa·s or N·s/m2 or kg/m·s)
ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s).
 Froude number
𝑢𝑜
𝐹𝑟 = ;
√𝑔𝑜 𝑙0

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑔𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦,

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ.

Ore geology:

1. Fuel Characterization

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔

 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛, 𝐹𝐶 = 100 − (%𝑀 + %𝐴 + %𝑉𝑀)

𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝐴𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑉𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
 %𝑀 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 100
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒
 %𝐴 = × 100
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 1 𝑔𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡

950°𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 7 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟.

 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑉𝑀 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑉𝑀
 %𝑉𝑀 = × 100
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔

 %𝑂 = 100 − (%𝐶 + %𝐻 + %𝑁 + %𝑆 + %𝑎𝑠ℎ)

%𝐴 𝑜𝑟 %𝑉𝑀
 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 = { } × 100
100−%𝑀
 %𝐹𝐶 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 100 − (%𝑀 + %𝐴)
%𝑉𝑀
 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 = {100−(%𝑀+%𝐴)} × 100
 %𝐹𝐶 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 100 − (%𝑀 + %𝐴)
 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑉𝑀 = 100 − (𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐶 )
 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.1 × 𝐴𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡

2. Metal content:
 Tonnage = Volume of ore-block X Specific gravity
 Metal content = tonnage X grade (or assay value)