Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
CONTINUES
Problem: A rectangular channel has a width of 2m and carries a discharge of 4.8 m3/s with a
depth of 1.60m. at a certain section a small hump with a flat top and of height 0.10m is to be built.
Calculate the likely change in water surface. Neglect energy loss.
Solution:
𝟒𝟒.𝟖𝟖
𝐪𝐪 = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 m2/s/m
𝟐𝟐.𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐.𝟒𝟒 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓/𝒔𝒔 , = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏.𝟔𝟔 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏
𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 < 𝟏𝟏 ⇒ u/s flow = subcritical
𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈

𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 = 1.6 + 0.115 = 1.715m

𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 = 𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 − ∆𝒁𝒁 = 1.715 - 0.10 = 1.615m
𝟏𝟏/𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏/𝟑𝟑
𝒒𝒒𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐
𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒈𝒈 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Now 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 + = 𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐
Now, 𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 < 𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 ⇒ 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 > 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

∴ 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 remains unchanged. (𝟐𝟐.𝟒𝟒)𝟐𝟐

⇒ 𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 + = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 ∴ 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
𝟐𝟐×𝟗𝟗.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖×𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 3
Problem: In Problem 1 if height of hump=0.5m estimate water surface elevation on hump and a
section u/s of hump.
Solution: 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏
𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈
𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 = 1.6 + 0.115 = 1.715m
𝟏𝟏/𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏/𝟑𝟑
𝒒𝒒𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐
𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒈𝒈 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 = 𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 − ∆𝒁𝒁 = 1.715 – 0.5 = 1.215m
(𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 ) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 (𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 ) = 1.256m
Now, 𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 > 𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 ⇒ 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
Hence, 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎
(𝒒𝒒)𝟐𝟐
∴ 𝒚𝒚′𝟏𝟏 + = (𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 )𝟐𝟐 +∆𝒁𝒁
𝟐𝟐×𝒈𝒈×𝒚𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 = increased to 𝒚𝒚′𝟏𝟏
(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)𝟐𝟐
𝑽𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 ⇒ 𝒚𝒚′𝟏𝟏 + = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝑬𝑬′𝟏𝟏 = 𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 + ∆𝒁𝒁 = 𝒚𝒚′𝟏𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐×𝟗𝟗.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖×𝒚𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
By trial and error

Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL

𝒚𝒚′𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 (𝒚𝒚′𝟏𝟏 > 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 ) 4
UNIFORM FLOW

y1 = y2 = yO A1 = A2 = AO Sf = Sw = S0
Since Q = A.V = constant, V1 = V2 = V
Hence uniform flow is possible in prismatic
channel only.

Applying momentum equation:

Rate of Change in momentum = net
horizontal force

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 + 𝒘𝒘 sin 𝜽𝜽 − 𝑭𝑭𝒇𝒇 − 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑴𝑴𝟐𝟐 − 𝑴𝑴𝟏𝟏

Since flow is uniform P1= P2 M1 = M2

⇒ 𝑭𝑭𝒇𝒇 = 𝒘𝒘 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽
5
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Derivation of Chez’s Equation ⇒ 𝑭𝑭𝒇𝒇 = 𝒘𝒘 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽
Putting 𝒘𝒘 = 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑭𝑭𝒇𝒇 = 𝝉𝝉𝟎𝟎 𝐏𝐏 𝐋𝐋 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽 = 𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎

⇒ 𝝉𝝉𝟎𝟎 𝐏𝐏 𝐋𝐋 = 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨

𝑨𝑨
⇒ 𝝉𝝉𝟎𝟎 = 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘 𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎 P = welted perimeter
𝑷𝑷
R=A/P = hydraulic mean radius
⇒ 𝝉𝝉𝟎𝟎 = 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘 𝑹𝑹𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎

Expressing average shear stress 𝝉𝝉𝟎𝟎 = 𝑲𝑲𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐

⇒ 𝝉𝝉𝟎𝟎 = 𝑲𝑲𝝆𝝆𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘 𝑹𝑹𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎

𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘
⇒ 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝑹𝑹𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘
𝑲𝑲𝝆𝝆 𝑪𝑪 =
𝑲𝑲𝝆𝝆
=Chezy’s constant=Depends

𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘 upon channel bed roughness

⇒ 𝒗𝒗 = 𝑹𝑹𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎
𝑲𝑲𝝆𝝆
⇒ 𝒗𝒗 = 𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎 Chezy’s Equation 6
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
 Manning’s Equation
Velocity in a open channel
n= Manning’s roughness coefficient
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗 = 𝑹𝑹 𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎
𝒏𝒏

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐
𝑸𝑸 = 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 = 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎
𝒏𝒏

Comparing Chezy’s equation with Manning’s equation

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏/𝟔𝟔
𝑪𝑪 = 𝑹𝑹
𝒏𝒏
Kutter’s Formula
𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + +
𝑵𝑵 𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨 N= Kutter’s rugosity coefficient
𝐯𝐯 = 𝑹𝑹𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎
𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍𝐍
𝟏𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 +
𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨 𝐑𝐑 7
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Problem 1
A Trapezoidal channel is 10.0 m wide and has a side slope of 1.5 H: 1 V . The bed slope =
0.0003. The channel is lined with smooth concrete n = 0.012. Compute the mean velocity
and Q for depth of flow of 3.0 m ?
Solution

A = (B+my)y = (10+1.5x3)3 = 43.5 m2

P = B+2y 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏
= 10+ 2 x 3 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏 = 20.817 m
R = A/P= 2.09 m
𝟏𝟏
V = R2/3 S01/2 = 2.36 m/s
𝒏𝒏

Q = AV =102.63 m3/s

8
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL