Lecture for Quiz 2

Pipe Flow
• Always full flowing
• Pressurized flow
• Constant velocity if constant diameter
• Wall drag and changes in height lead to pressure drops
Head Losses
• Darcy – Weisbach Equation

If Re < 2000 , Laminar Flow

𝟔𝟒
𝒇=
𝑹𝒆
Head Losses
• Manning’s Formula

Metric System English System

𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟐 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐

𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺 𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺
𝒏 𝒏
Head Losses
• HAZEN WILLIAMS’

Metric System
𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶𝐷2.63 𝑆 0.54
English
𝑄 = 0.4322𝐶𝐷 2.63 𝑆System
0.54
Minor Head losses
• Losses due to change in shapes or forms of the conduits of pipes

• General Formula
𝑣2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐶
2𝑔
Where:
C – Form loss coefficient
𝑣2
- velocity head
2𝑔

Note:
𝐿
Check first length L and Diameter D Ratio, to know whether minor losses can be neglected
𝐷
𝐿
If ≥1000, minor losses can be neglected
𝐷
Minor Head Loss
1. Minor Loss Due to Bend, 𝒉𝒃
Minor Head Loss
2. Minor Loss due to contraction of cross-section of conduits or
entrance, ℎ𝑐
Minor Head Loss
3. Minor Loss due to enlargement of cross-section or exit, ℎ𝑒
Other Minor Head Loss
Pipe Connections (Series Connection)
A. Pipes Connected in Series
Notes:

1. For pipes in series, the discharges are

equal. That is,
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸

2. The total Headlosses 𝒉𝑳𝑻 is equal to

the sum of the individual headlosses.
That is,
𝒉𝑳𝑻 = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑
Pipe Connections (Parallel connection)
B. Pipes connected in Parallel
Notes:
1. For pipes connected in parallel, the headlosses are equal to each
other.
In the figure, Pipes 1, 2, 3 are connected in parallel with each
other, hence,
𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 𝒉𝒇𝟑
2. The Discharge entering junction is equal to the discharge leaving the
junction. That is,
𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸𝑻
Pipe Connections (Series and Parallel
Connection)
C. Pipes Connected in parallel and
series
• Combination of Series and
Parallel pipes properties
Sample Problem
Given are the following data for pipes connected in series.
Determine the total headloss from point A to point B. using :
a. f = 0.02
b. C = 120
c. n = 0.013
𝑚3
Q = 0.10
𝑠
𝐿1 = 50 𝑚 𝐷1 = 0.50 𝑚
𝐿2 = 80 𝑚𝐷2 = 0.80 𝑚
𝐿3 = 60 𝑚𝐷3 = 0.60 𝑚
Sample Problem
Using the Figure Below determine the discharge in each pipe if the total
headloss from A to B is 15 m.
𝐿1 = 100 𝑚 𝐷1 = 50 𝑐𝑚
𝐿2 = 150 𝑚 𝐷2 = 40 𝑐𝑚
𝐿3 = 80 𝑚 𝐷3 = 60 𝑐𝑚
𝐿4 = 150 𝑚 𝐷4 = 80 𝑐𝑚
𝐿5 = 120 𝑚 𝐷5 = 100 𝑐𝑚

Using
a. f = 0.02
b. C = 120
c. n = 0.013
Sample Problem
If the total headloss from A to B is 30m. Calculate the discharge in each
pipe. Assuming friction factor for all pipes to be 0.021

𝐿1 = 350 𝑚 𝐷1 = 400 𝑚𝑚
𝐿2 = 500 𝑚 𝐷2 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝐿3 = 250 𝑚 𝐷3 = 350 𝑚𝑚
𝐿4 = 300 𝑚 𝐷4 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝐿5 = 275 𝑚 𝐷5 = 350 𝑚𝑚
𝐿6 = 400 𝑚 𝐷6 = 300 𝑚𝑚
PIPE-RESERVOIR SYSTEM
TWO RESERVOIR SYSTEM:
Sample Problem
A new cast iron pipe (C=110) 200mm diameter and 30 m long. Having a
sharp-covered entrance draws water from a reservoir and discharges it
into air. What is the difference in elevations between the water surface
𝑚3
in the reservoir and the discharge end of the pipe if the flow is 0.15 ?
𝑠
Assume Cc = 0.5
Pipes with Pump and Turbine
A. Pump
Pump
• Applying Energy Equation from point 1 to point 2

• Power
𝑃𝑜
𝑃𝑜 = 𝛾𝐿 𝑄𝐸𝑝 𝑃𝑖 =
𝑒𝑓𝑓
Where:
𝑃𝑜 = power output of the pump (kW)
𝛾𝐿 = Specific weight of the liquid flowing in the pipes (kN/𝑚3 )
Q = discharge (𝑚3 /s)
𝐸𝑝 = energy input of the pump (m)
𝑃𝑖 = power input of the pump (kW) 1ℎ𝑝 =
746 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 (𝑆𝐼)
eff = efficiency of the pump =
550 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 (𝑒𝑛𝑔)
Pipes with Pump and Turbine
B. Turbine
Turbine

• Applying Energy Equation from point 1 to point 2

• Power
𝑃𝑖 = 𝛾𝐿 𝑄𝐸𝑇 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑓𝑓
Where:
𝑃𝑜 = power output of the turbine (kW)
𝛾𝐿 = Specific weight of the liquid flowing in the pipes (kN/𝑚3 )
Q = discharge (𝑚3 /s)
𝐸𝑇 = energy extracted of the turbine (m)
𝑃𝑖 = power input of the turbine (kW) 1ℎ𝑝 = 746 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 (𝑆𝐼)
eff = efficiency of the turbine =
550 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 (𝑒𝑛𝑔)
Sample Problem
A Pump draws water from a 200mm diameter suction pipe and
discharges through a 150mm diameter pipe in which the velocity is
3.60 m/s. the pressure at A in the suction pipe is -34.475 Kpag. The 150
mm diameter pipe discharges horizontally into the air at C. To what
height, h, above B can the water be raised if B is 1.80m above A and 15
kW is delivered to the pump? Assume that the pump operates at 70%
efficiency and that the frictional loss in the pipes from A to C is 3.0m.
Sample Problem
2. Water flows from an upper reservoir to a lower one while passing
through a turbine, as shown in the figure below. Find the power
generated by the turbine. Neglect minor losses.
Three – Reservoir System
Three – Reservoir System
Possible Cases
1. 𝑄1 = 𝑄3
If this condition controls, the calculated values are the solutions to the problem.
Meaning, the discharge in the pipe connected to reservoir B which is 𝑄2 is really zero

2. 𝑄1 > 𝑄3
If this condition governs, then 𝑄2 is toward the reservoir or away the junction. The
controlling continuity equation is:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

3. 𝑄1 < 𝑄3
If this condition exists then 𝑄2 is away from the reservoir or toward the junction. The
controlling continuity is:
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄3
Sample Problem
𝐿1 = 4000 𝑚 𝐷1 = 300 𝑚𝑚 El. A
𝐿2 = 3000 𝑚 𝐷2 = 200 𝑚𝑚 El. B
𝐿3 = 5000 𝑚 𝐷3 = 150 𝑚𝑚 El. C

Use friction factor = 0.022

Determine the flow into or out

of the reservoir
(𝑄1 , 𝑄2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄3 )