PRINCIPLES OF

HYDRODYNAMICS
 "For a perfect incompressible liquid, flowing in a
continuous stream, the total energy of a particle
remains the same, while the particle moves from one
point to another."

BERNOULLI’S
ENERGY
EQUATION
 CONTINUITY EQUATION
• The amount of fluid per unit of time passing every section of a flowing stream is
constant
• The rate at which mass enters a system is equal to the rate at which mass leaves
the system plus the accumulation of mass within the system (Conservation of Mass)
 CONTINUITY EQUATION
• The amount of fluid per unit of time passing every section of a flowing stream is
constant
• The rate at which mass enters a system is equal to the rate at which mass leaves
the system plus the accumulation of mass within the system (Conservation of Mass)

Compressible Fluid

Ɣ1 A1V1 = Ɣ2 A2V2 = Ɣ AV = ƔQ

Incompressible Fluid

A1V1 = A2V2 = AV = Q
 ENERGY EQUATION
• That energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form
into another or transferred from one object to another
• The energy of the flowing fluid per unit time passing any upstream section is
the same as the energy per unit time passing any downstream section plus the
loss of head between the two sections
Neglecting Head lost.The total amount of energy
per unit weight is constant at any point in the path of
flow.sure at the surface of the earth due to the head
of air above the surface. Theoretical value. Considering Head lost. Actual value.
ENERGY EQUATION
 ENERGY EQUATION
Bernoulli’s Equation

V12 P1 V22 P2
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + hL
2g Ɣ 2g Ɣ
ENERGY EQUATION
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A fluid if slowing in a 20cm diameter pipeline
with a velocity of 3m/s. the pressure at the
center of the pipe is 35kPa and the elevation
of the pipe above an assumed datum is 5m.
Compute the total energy of the flowing fluid
if it is (a) water, (b) molasses (s=1.50) and
(c) gas (Ɣ=6.29 N/m³)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
If the velocity of water is 8m/s and the
pressure is 140kPa on the discharge side of
a pump

a. What is the head of the pump of the velocity is 4m/s and the
pressure is 90kPa on the suction side of the pump?
b. How mush power is required to drive it if the diameter of the
suction side is 600mm CE Board Nov. 1991
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
If the velocity of water is 8m/s and the
pressure is 140kPa on the discharge side of
a pump

c. If the pump is rated at 120hp, what is the efficiency of the

pump neglecting energy losses in the system
CE Board Nov. 1991
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 60mm diameter pipe contains glycerin
(ρ = 1258 kg/m3) at 8.5 m3/hr
a. Compute the velocity of
glycerin flowing
inside the pipe
b. Compute the headloss
for these pressures
 SEATWORK
Liquid of specific gravity 1.75 flows in a 6cm
diameter horizontal pipe. The total energy at
a certain part in the flow is 80J/N. the
elevation of the pipe above a fixed datum of
2.6m. If the pressure at the specified point is
75 kPa, determine the following
a. Velocity of flow
b. Discharge
CE Board Nov. 1991
 SEATWORK
Water enters a pump through a 250mm dia.
Pipe at 35 kPa. It leaves the pump at 140
kPa through a 150mm dia. Pipe. If the flow
rate is 150L/s

a. Compute the velocity of discharge pipe

b. Compute the energy added by the pump
 SEATWORK
The water tank is being
filled through section 1 at
V1 = 5m/s and through
section 3 at Q3=0.012m3/s.
If the water level ‘h’ is
constant
a. Compute the discharge at 2
b. Compute the exit velocity at 2
 HOMEWORK
At point A, where the suction pipe leading
to a pump is 1.2m below the datum, an
open manometer indicates a vacuum of
18cm of mercury. The pipe is 10cm in
diameter, and the discharge is 30 L/s of oil
(s=0.85). Compute the total energy or head
at point A with respect to the datum at the
pump
 HOMEWORK
Water flows through a pipe at 5L/s, if gage
pressure of 12.5 kPa, 11.5 kPa and 10.3
kPa are measured for P1, P2 and P3,
respectively. Compute the head loss

a. Between 1 and 2
b. Between 1 and 3
c. Between 2 and 3
 HEADLOSS
Darcy - Weisbach Equation. The head loss, or pressure loss, due to friction along
a given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. The
equation is named after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach.

h f = fD L V2
D 2g
 HEAD LOSS
Manning Equation Hazen – Williams Equation

10.29L(nQ) 2
hf = 10.64LQ 1.85
D 16/3 hf = 1.85 4.87
C D

6.35L(nV) 2
hf =
D 4/3
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 50mm diameter siphon is drawing
oil(s=0.82) from an oil reservoir. The head
loss from pt.1 to pt. 2 is 1.50m and from pt. 2
to pt. 3 is 2.4m.
a. If the total length of siphon is 8m,
compute the friction factor
b. Compute the discharge of oil
from the siphon
c. Compute the lowest vacuum
pressure of the siphon
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Water is being pump from reservoir A to
reservoir B. The total length of pipe is 1090m
and a diameter of 600mm. The rate of flow in
the system is 0.65 m3/s

a. Compute the head loss of the pipe system if C = 120

b. Compute the head added by the pump
c. Compute the horsepower required to drive it if the
pump is 72% efficient
 HOMEWORK
At point A, where the suction pipe leading
to a pump is 1.2m below the datum, an
open manometer indicates a vacuum of
18cm of mercury. The pipe is 10cm in
diameter, and the discharge is 30 L/s of oil
(s=0.85). Compute the total energy or head
at point A with respect to the datum at the
pump
 HOMEWORK
Water flows through a pipe at 5L/s, if gage
pressure of 12.5 kPa, 11.5 kPa and 10.3
kPa are measured for P1, P2 and P3,
respectively. Compute the head loss

a. Between 1 and 2
b. Between 1 and 3
c. Between 2 and 3
 HOMEWORK
A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to
reservoir B. the loss of head from A to 1 is 3 times
the velocity head in the
150mm pipe and the
loss of head from 2 to
B is 20 times the
velocity head in the
100mmm pipe. When the discharge is 20 L/s,
Compute the horsepower output of the pump in kW
a. Compute pressure head at 1
b. Compute pressure head at 2 CE Board May 2009
 HOMEWORK
Water is being discharged
from a reservoir through a
turbine. assume C =120 for
all pipe. Rate of flow is 0.28
m3/s
a. Determine the total head loss of the pipe
b. Determine the energy extracted by the turbine to generate
56 kW of power
c. Determine the elevation of the water surface in the
reservoir that would be required in order for the turbine to
generate 56 kW of power
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A pump is discharging 12L/s of water through
100mm dia smooth steel pipe. When the pressure
on the discharge side of the pump is 700kPa, the
discharge pipe is at a
point 540m distant from
the pump and 45m
higher in elevation
a. What is the velocity of flow on the discharge side of the pump
b. Assuming f=0.025, compute the head loss of the pipe
c. Compute the pressure expected in the discharge pipe
 CE Board Nov 1978
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A fire pump delivers water through a 300mm main to a
hydrant to which is connected in cotton rubber-lined fire
base 100mm in dia terminating in a 25mm nozzle.
The nozzle is 2.5m above the hydrant and 16m
above the pump. Assuming frictional
losses of 3m from the pump to the
hydrant, 2m in the hydrant and 10m
from the hydrant to the base of the
nozzle and a loss in the nozzle of
4% of the velocity head in the jet
 CE Board Nov 1978
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A fire pump delivers water through a 300mm main to a
hydrant to which is connected in cotton rubber-lined fire
base 100mm in dia terminating in a 25mm nozzle. The
nozzle is 2.5m above the hydrant and 16m above the
pump. Assuming frictional losses of 3m from the pump to
the hydrant, 2m in the hydrant and 10m from the hydrant
to the base of the nozzle and a loss in the nozzle of 4%
of the velocity head in the jet
a. What vertical height can the jet be thrown if the gage pressure at the pump
is 550kPa
b. Compute the total headloss
c. Compute the discharge of water out of the nozzle in L/s