|Jpice-mmcm review center

hydraulics
hydraulics
|Bernoulli’s energy theorem
|flow rates: Continuity equation
|Pipes and turbines, Head losses

Prepared by Rianne marie d. jusain

 Bernoulli
Bernoulli’s s
energy
theorem
energy theorem
Bernoulli’s principle
Originally formulated in 1738 by Swiss
mathematician and physicist Daniel
Bernoulli, it states that the total energy in a
steadily flowing fluid system is a constant
along the flow path. An increase in the fluid’s
speed must therefore be matched by a
decrease in its pressure.

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 =𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦+𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

𝑝 𝑣2
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = +𝑧 +
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
head form
𝑝 𝑣2
+ +h =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Bernoulli’s equation
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

energy form
𝑝 𝑣2
+ + 𝑔h =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌 2

pressure form
𝑝 2
𝑝+ 𝑣 + 𝜌 𝑔h =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
 Bernoulli’s equation
𝑝1 𝑣1 2 𝑝2 𝑣 22 𝜌 2 𝜌 2
𝑝 1+ 𝑣1 + 𝜌 𝑔 h 1=𝑝 2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝜌 𝑔 h2
+ h1 + = + h2+ 2 2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

in terms of energy in terms of pressure

 1 Sample problem

Water, with a gauge pressure of 5 kPa, flows through a pipe with a velocity of
10 m/s. The pipe is 2 meters above the ground. Calculate the energy flowing
through the pipe.
 2 Sample problem

Suppose that a huge tank 50m high and filled with water is open to the
atmosphere and is hit with a bullet that pierces one side of the tank, allowing
water to flow out. The hole is 2m above the ground. If the hole is very small in
comparison with the size of the tank, how quickly will the water flow out of the
tank?
 3 Sample problem

Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2m and a velocity of 3 m/s.

It flows down a chute into another channel where the depth is 1m and the
velocity is 10 m/s. Neglecting friction, determine the difference in elevation of
the channel floors.
 Flow rates:
Flow continuity
rates:
Continuity equationequation
 Flow rate
Also known as discharge, it refers to the amount of fluid passing through a
section per unit of time.

𝑄= 𝐴𝑣 𝑀=𝜌 𝑄 𝑊 =𝛾 𝑄
Volume flow rate mass flow rate weight flow rate

• = discharge in m3/s or ft3/s

• = cross sectional area of flow in m2 or ft2
• = average velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s
• = mass density in kg/m3 or slugs/ft3
• = weight density (or unit weight) in N/m3 or lb/ft3
 continuity equation
For incompressible
fluids
𝑄= 𝐴 1 𝑣 1= 𝐴2 𝑣 2= 𝐴 3 𝑣 3 =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

For compressible fluids

𝑄=𝜌 1 𝐴1 𝑣 1=𝜌 2 𝐴 2 𝑣 2 =𝜌 3 𝐴 3 𝑣3 =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑄=𝛾 1 𝐴1 𝑣 1=𝛾 2 𝐴 2 𝑣 2=𝛾 3 𝐴 3 𝑣 3 =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
4 Sample problem
ce board exam (November
1995)
What is the rate of flow of water passing through a pipe with a diameter of 20
mm and speed of 0.5 m/sec?
Pumps and turbines, head
losses
Head losses
 Pumps vs. turbines
General equation

General equation (applying head

loss)
 Power and efficiency
Power is the rate at which work is done. For a fluid of unit weight ϒ (N/m3) and
moving in a rate of Q (m3/s) with a total energy of E (m), the power in N-m/s
(Joule/second) or watts is:

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =𝑄𝛾 𝐸 Conversion factors

• 1 W = 1 Joule/sec = 1 N-m/s
• 1 hP = 746 W
𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 • 1 hP = 0.746 kW = 0.746 kN-m/s
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100 • 1 hP = 550 lb-ft/s
𝑃 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
 5 Sample problem

A turbine is installed as shown. The gage at point 1 is 80kPa while that of point 2 is -46kPa. If the
rate of flow is 0.48 m3/sec,
a) Compute the total head extracted by the turbine.
b) Compute the input horsepower of the turbine.
c) If the efficiency of the turbine is 82%, compute the output in hP.
 major head losses
Also known as friction loss, it is the loss of pressure or “head” in pipe flow due
to the effect of the fluid’s viscosity near the surface of the pipe or duct.

Darcy-weisbach Manning’s formula Hazen William’s

formula
0.0826 𝑓𝐿 𝑄2 10.29 𝑛2 𝐿 𝑄 2 formula
10.67 𝐿𝑄 1.85
h𝑓 = 5
h𝑓 = 8 h𝑓 = 1.85 4.87
𝐷 3 𝐶 𝐷
𝐷

f = friction factor n = rugosity coefficient C = roughness coefficient

 minor head losses
Also known as local loss, it is the loss of pressure or “head” in pipe flow due to
the components such as bends, fittings, valves, or heated channels.

2
𝑣
h𝑙 =𝑘
2𝑔
• = minor loss coefficient
• = velocity at downstream
 6 Sample problem

Given the following data, determine the total head loss for the pipeline:
a) Friction factor: 0.014
b) Discharge: 150 gallons per minute (1 gallon = 3.7854 L)
c) Coefficient for gate valve: 10
d) Coefficient for 90o elbow: 0.19
Ce123-1
review

hydraulics
hydraulics
|Bernoulli’s energy theorem
|flow rates: Continuity equation
|Pipes and turbines, Head losses

Prepared by Rianne marie d. jusain