Lecture 6: Energy Parts 2 and 3

ENGG2500
Lecturer: Kristen Splinter
Before class, students are encouraged to read and review the notes on Energy Part 2 and Part 3

Additional text resources:

Cengel and Cimbala, Ch. 5
White, Chapter 3.5-3.7

Acknowledgements: Slides based upon class material kindly provided by Dr. Kristen Splinter. Some parts
of these slides have been taken from Dr. Bruce Cather’s notes for CVEN2501.
Questions?

Today’s MS Forms to
answer questions/test
yourself

https://forms.office.com/Pages/ResponsePage.as
px?id=pM_2PxXn20i44Qhnufn7o0iD4P5C4N5Pv
HxDzB0QgAdUMlZGWkRONkRYSTU3R1VKUk9
ENEtKMEZHSS4u
Overview

Fluid
Hydrostatics Continuity Energy Momentum
Properties

Last Lecture
» What are streamlines, streamtubes?
» What forces are acting on fluids?
§ Body
§ Shear
§ Normal
» What’s work?
» Bernoulli equation 𝟐
𝒑 𝒖
𝝆𝒈
+ 𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒛 =constant along a streamtube/streamline
6.1 Bernoulli Equation Derivation – Review from Last Class
!#
• ∫!" (𝑅$!%&'( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸

• Summarizing all three components:

𝒎
𝑾𝑫 = (𝒑 − 𝒑𝟐 )
𝝆 𝟏

∆𝑷𝑬 = −𝒎𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒎𝒈𝒛𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
∆𝑲𝑬 = − 𝒎𝒖𝟐𝟏 + 𝒎𝒖𝟐𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
6.1 Bernoulli Equation Derivation – Method 1

• Bernoulli equation – no energy losses:

𝒑 𝒖𝟐
+ + 𝒛 =constant along a streamtube/streamline
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

• The equation has dimensions of length,

which we call ‘head’
Overview

Fluid
Hydrostatics Continuity Energy Momentum
Properties

Today’s Lecture
» Energy Line vs Hydraulic Grade Line
» Graphical representation of head (H) wrt Bernoulli
𝒑 𝒖𝟐
+ + 𝒛 =constant along a streamtube/streamline
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

» Flow measuring devices (Pitot and Static tubes)

1. Example: Discharge from a Slot in a Tank

Water discharges into the atmosphere from

a reservoir through a rounded, smooth
slot of height D = 4.0 m (consider width
= 1 m). The centreline of the slot is a
distance h = 8 m below the water
surface.
Determine the discharge through the slot
by:

Method 1 (approximate): assume a

constant velocity over the depth of the
slot.
Method 2 (accurate): take the variation of
velocity over the depth of the slot into
account
1. Example: Discharge from a Slot in a Tank

Method 1 (approximate): assume a

constant velocity over the depth of
the slot.
• Apply Bernoulli between the free surface
(1) and the center of the slot (2).
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
• + + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
• 𝝆𝒈
+ 𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒛𝟏 = 𝝆𝒈
+ 𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒛𝟐

• 𝑢# = 2𝑔(8) = 12.52 m/s

• 𝑄 = 12.52 ∗ 4 ∗ 1 = 50.11 m3/s/m
 1. Example: Discharge from a Slot in a Tank

Method 2 (accurate): take the variation

of velocity over the depth of the slot
into account
• Apply Bernoulli between the free surface
(1) and an elevation z above the
centerline of the slot(2).
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
• 𝝆𝒈
+ 𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒛𝟏 = 𝝆𝒈
+ 𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒛𝟐

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑 𝒖𝟐
• 𝝆𝒈
+ 𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒛𝟏 = 𝝆𝒈𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐

• 𝑢# = 2𝑔(ℎ − 𝑧)
• To find Q, we must integrate dQ = u2dA
over the height of the slot, D
1. Example: Discharge from a Slot in a Tank

Method 2 (accurate): take the variation

of velocity over the depth of the slot
into account
• 𝑢# = 2𝑔(ℎ − 𝑧)
• To find Q, we must integrate dQ = u2dA
over the height of the slot, D.
0/#
• 𝑄 = ∫/0/# 2𝑔(ℎ − 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 ∗ 1

• See your notes for full integration

• Q=50.11 m3/s/m

• So – to 2 decimals places, both

answers are identical! So we can
usually use method 1.
2. Test yourself: Flow through a Syphon

Find the discharge and the pressure head at B if the

pipe is 15cm diameter. How can water flow up hill
(from M to B)?
Solution:
First select a datum and draw a streamline
through M, B and N (as shown).
Assuming no losses to friction, Hm=HB=HN

𝒑𝑴 𝒖𝟐𝑴 𝒑𝑩 𝒖𝟐𝑩 𝒑𝑵 𝒖𝟐𝑵

+ + 𝒛𝑴 = + + 𝒛𝑩 = + + 𝒛𝑵
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

*answer on MS Forms
2. Test yourself: Flow through a Syphon

Solution:
𝒑𝑴 𝒖𝟐𝑴 𝒑𝑩 𝒖𝟐𝑩 𝒑𝑵 𝒖𝟐𝑵
+ + 𝒛𝑴 = + + 𝟏. 𝟐 = + −𝟓
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

By continuity: uB=uN

Solve for uN (given that HM=HN=0):

𝒖𝟐𝑵
= 𝟓 → 𝒖𝑵 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
𝟐𝒈

QB=QN=uN*A=0.175 m3/s
2.Test yourself: Flow through a Syphon
Pressure head at B:
𝒑𝑩 𝒖𝟐𝑩
+ + 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝒑𝑩 𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟐
+ + 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝒑𝑩
= −𝟔. 𝟐 𝐦
𝝆𝒈

The pressure at B is negative (less than atm).

Water flows from high to low pressure, so
the water can travel against gravity
between M and B.
3. Graphical Representation of Head

We can represent total, velocity and

pressure heads graphically, which can
greatly facilitate solving these EL
hydraulics problems. HGL

You should have a thorough

understanding and be comfortable
doing these.

Energy Line (EL): represents the total head

of the system.
Who remembers what the piezometric head
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL): represents the is??
piezometric head. 𝒑
+𝒛
𝝆𝒈
What are the EL and HGL in this example?

EL

HGL
3. Graphical Representation of Head

We are dealing with inviscid flows, so no energy losses and the total head line (EL) is
horizontal.
Let’s look at each point (0-4) to examine the individual parts of the EL (or total Head, H).
3. Graphical Representation of Head

Point (0):
• Atmospheric pressure (p=0)
• No flow (u=0)
• Elevation: zo
• Therefore:
𝒑 𝒖𝟐𝒐
• 𝝆𝒈
+ 𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒛𝟎 =𝐇

• 𝐇 = 𝒛𝟎
3. Graphical Representation of Head

Point (1):
• Pressure = 𝑝" = 𝜌𝑔ℎ"
• No flow (u=0)
• Elevation: zo-h1=z1
• Therefore:
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏
• 𝝆𝒈
+ 𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒛𝟏 =𝐇

𝒑
• 𝐇= 𝒛𝟏 + 𝝆𝒈𝟏
3. Graphical Representation of Head

Point (2):
𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
• + + 𝒛𝟐 =𝐇
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

• Point(3):
𝒑𝟑 𝒖𝟐𝟑
• 𝝆𝒈
+ 𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒛𝟑 = 𝐇, note at this point that p3 <
patm

• Point(4):
So you can see the transfer of energy as
𝒖𝟐𝟒 we go along a streamline. We started
• =𝐇
𝟐𝒈 out with only PE and ended with only
KE.
 Test yourself: Free Surface Flow down a Channel

Water flows down a channel of constant width b.

The data is h1=1m, l=3m, v1 = 4 m/s.

The flow is uniform at section 1 and 2.

Neglecting losses, find h2.

There are 3 solutions possible, only 2 are
realistic though.

Solution:
Use Bernoulli and Continuity to find u2 and
h2.

*answer on MS forms
Test yourself : Free Surface Flow down a Channel

Solution:
1. Define your datum:
2. Define your streamline:
– The free surface is a streamline

3. Apply Bernoulli between 1 and 2

𝑝 1 # 𝑝 1 #
+ 𝑧" + 𝑢" = + 𝑧# + 𝑢
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 #
1 # 1 #
𝑙 + ℎ" + 4 = ℎ# + 𝑢
2𝑔 2𝑔 #
8 1 #
4 + = ℎ# + 𝑢
𝑔 2𝑔 #
Test yourself : Free Surface Flow down a Channel

Solution:
8 1 #
4+ = ℎ# + 𝑢
𝑔 2𝑔 #

Two unknowns, need a 2nd equation

(continuity):
𝑢"ℎ"𝑏" = 𝑢#ℎ#𝑏#
ℎ"
𝑢# = 𝑢"
ℎ#
4
𝑢# =
ℎ#

Sub this back into the top equation (Bernoulli)

and solve for h (note that this leaves us with a
cubic)
 Test yourself : Free Surface Flow down a Channel
Solution:
8 1 #
4+ = ℎ# + 𝑢
𝑔 2𝑔 #

4
𝑢# =
ℎ#
8 1 16
4+ = ℎ# +
𝑔 2𝑔 ℎ##

ℎ#7 − 4.82ℎ## + 0.82 = 0

Solutions for h:
h2 = 4.78 m
h2 = 0.432 m
h2 = -0.396 m (not realistic as it’s a negative depth!)
4. Bernoulli Equation Derivation – Method 2

Method 1 (last lecture):

We derived Bernoulli last week using Method 1 which used the relationship between KE,
PE and WD.

Method 2:
We derived the Bernoulli Eqn considering forces acting on a cylindrical fluid element of
cross-sectional area dA and length dS.
We continue to assume that frictional forces are small and can be neglected.

WATCH the mini-lecture video on Method 2 derivation.

Rotational flows
• Example using the continuous deformation due to shear stress:
Measure of overall
rotation

𝑭 𝒅𝝋 𝟏 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒖
𝝉= = −
𝑨 𝒅𝒕 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛
F

dφ

dz
z

x
dx
Rotational vs Irrotational Flow
5. Application of the Bernoulli Equation (a reality check)

• Real fluids have viscosity à experience energy losses during flow

• IF friction effects are significant à the Bernoulli constant (total head) will change even
along a streamline.
– We will look more into this here, but also with Stefan later in the course.
– Friction losses are treated as gradual (along a section of pipe).
– A modified Bernoulli equation accounting for this head loss would look like:
» H1 = H2 + hf, Where 1-2 are the points between which we are looking at, hf is the
head loss due to friction.
» Friction causes 8⁄9 to decrease in the downstream direction.
5. Application of the Bernoulli Equation (a reality check)

• Real fluids have viscosity à experience

energy losses during flow

• Local energy losses also occur over short

distances.
– We apply these at a single location
– Examples: pipe expansions,
contractions, bends, valves and flow
through baffles.
– The head loss is usually expressed as:
=&
» 𝐻:;<': = 𝐾: #>
6. Coefficients Associated with Discharging Jets

When water exits an orifice, there is a brief

period where it flows out parallel before
diverging. This is called a vena
contracta.

• There are 3 coefficients associated with

this type of flow:
– Cv: velocity coefficient
– Cc: coefficient of contraction
– Cd: coefficient of discharge
• These are found from experiments and
are sensitive to geometry and finish of
the orifice.
6. Coefficients Associated with Discharging Jets

• Cv: velocity coefficient

• Ratio of the actual velocity in the vena

contracta (uvc) and the theoretical velocity
(uth) found from Bernoulli.

• For thin-walled orifices:

𝒖𝒗𝒄
𝑪𝒗 = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖
𝒖𝒕𝒉
6. Coefficients Associated with Discharging Jets

• Cv: coefficient of contraction

• Ratio of the area of the vena contracta

(Avc) and the area of the orifice (Ao)

𝑨𝒗𝒄
𝑪𝒄 = = 𝟎. 𝟓 → 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑨𝒐
6. Coefficients Associated with Discharging Jets

• Cd: coefficient of discharge

• Ratio of the actual flow (Qvc) and the

theoretical flow (Qth)

𝑸𝒗𝒄
𝑪𝒅 = = 𝑪𝒄 𝑪𝒗
𝑸𝒕𝒉
Useful numbers:
7. Example: Stagnation Pressure

A car travels at 80 km/hr. What is the maximum

pressure developed somewhere at the front of the
car if it is assumed that the density of air is 1.23
kg/m3.

Solution:
We can treat this as a stationary car with wind
passing it from right to left at 80 km/hr.
Draw streamlines and analyse a point where the
upstream effect of the car is negligible (1) and
another where the velocity is zero (this is the
stagnation point, pt (2))
Apply Bernoulli to get the stagnation pressure
(the pressure at point 2 where the velocity is 0)
7. Example: Stagnation Pressure

Solution:
U1 = 80 km/h à 22.22 m/s

𝑝 1 # 𝑝 1 #
+ 𝑧" + 𝑢" = + 𝑧# + 𝑢
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 #

We assume no elevation change, z cancels, and

p(1)=0 (relative).
1
𝑝# = 𝜌𝑢"#
2
1
𝑝# = (1.23)(22.22)#
2
𝑝# = 304 Pa
Test your knowledge (5 min Break)

The long pipe as shown on the right is filled with

water at 20 0C.
When valve A is closed: 𝑝" − 𝑝# =57kPa
When the valve is open, water flows at 500 m3/hr
and
𝑝" − 𝑝# =232kPa

Calculate the friction head loss between 1 and 2 in

metres for the flowing condition, accurate to 1
decimal place.
Assume density of water is 1000 kg/m3

Answer on MS Forms
Test your knowledge

Step 1:
Solve for z2-z1 when there is no flow.
When there is no flow, there is also no head loss due to
friction.
We use the standard Bernoulli equation between 2 points
along a streamline:
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐
𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 = −
𝝆𝒈 𝝆𝒈

57 ∗ 1000
𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 = = 5.81 m
9810
Test your knowledge

Step 2:
Solve for Hloss when there is flow.
We use the standard Bernoulli equation between 2 points
along a streamline with head loss:
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝑯𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
In this example we can simplify – by continuity, Q1=Q2 and
since the pipe stays the same shape, u1=u2, so these
terms cancel out.
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐
𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + 𝑯𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 =
𝝆𝒈

232 ∗ 1000
𝐻:;GG = − 5.81 = 17.8 m
9810
Energy Part 3
Energy 3

• In Energy 3 we continue to add complexity into our examples on Bernoulli.

• We are building on our knowledge from the past few weeks on:
» Hydrostatics
» Continuity
» Energy

We’ll learn about how we can measure flow using changes in total head with piezometer
and pitot tubes and (if time) do some more examples.
1. Flow measuring Devices

The pitot tube is a device for measuring the total head which makes use of the stagnation
pressure (earlier in today’s lecture).
The tube is bent pointing into the flow. The fluid rises to the level of the total head.

EL
1. Flow measuring Devices
From Bernoulli with a datum at the center of the
pipe:
EL

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

𝑢" = 2𝑔ℎ

The Piezometer only measures the pressure head.

Its opening is tangential to the flow

The differences between a pitot tube and a

piezometer tube is equal to the velocity head (as
shown)
2. Example: Combined Pitot and Static Tube (Piezometer)

Determine the flow through the pipe.

Solution:
We select our datum to be at the level of
the center line of the pipe and use
Bernoulli.

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

2(𝑝# − 𝑝")
𝑢" =
𝜌
2. Example: Combined Pitot and Static Tube (Piezometer)

Determine the flow through the pipe.

Solution:
From hydrostatics (p around the
manometer):

𝑝" − 𝜌𝑔𝑙 − 𝜌H 𝑔ℎ + 𝜌𝑔ℎ + 𝜌𝑔𝑙 = 𝑝#

𝑝# − 𝑝" = 𝜌 − 𝜌H 𝑔ℎ

Sub this back into our expression for u1:

2( 𝜌 − 𝜌H 𝑔ℎ )
𝑢" =
𝜌 𝝅 𝟐
𝑸 = 𝑨𝒖𝟏 = 𝑫 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
u1 = 2.20 m/s 𝟒
Test Yourself: Pipe Reducer with Manometer

Water flows through a pipe reducer as

shown. The static pressures at (1) and
(2) are measured by a manometer
containing oil with a relative density
I
(s.g., 𝑠G = '() < 1)
I

Determine an expression for ∆𝑝 = 𝑝" − 𝑝#

And the manometer reading, h

Where do we start?
Example: Pipe Reducer with Manometer

Solution:
We have our knowledge of Bernoulli,
continuity and hydrostatics that we can
use.

If we assume no energy losses (Bernoulli):

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

1
𝑝" − 𝑝# = 𝜌𝑔 𝑧# − 𝑧" + 𝜌(𝑢## − 𝑢"#)
2

We can use continuity to relate u1 to u2

Example: Pipe Reducer with Manometer

Solution:
𝐴"𝑢" = 𝐴#𝑢#

𝐴#
𝑢" = 𝑢#
𝐴"

Sub this back into Bernoulli:

#
1 𝐴#
∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑧# − 𝑧" + 𝜌𝑢## 1 −
2 𝐴"

Now how do we get h?

– Back to using our knowledge about
manometers
Example: Pipe Reducer with Manometer

Solution:
From hydrostatics we can determine an expression
for h as a relationship between p1 and p2
working our way around the tube:

𝑝" − 𝑧# − 𝑧" + 𝑙 + ℎ 𝜌𝑔 + ℎ𝜌;J: 𝑔 + 𝑙𝜌𝑔 = 𝑝#

Recall that 𝜌;J: = 𝑠G 𝜌

∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑧# − 𝑧" + 𝜌𝑔ℎ 1 − 𝑠G
Example: Pipe Reducer with Manometer
Solution:

We now have 2 equations describing ∆𝑝:

∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑧# − 𝑧" + 𝜌𝑔ℎ 1 − 𝑠G

#
1 𝐴#
∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑧# − 𝑧" + 𝜌𝑢## 1 −
2 𝐴"
Equate and solve for h.
Example: Pipe Reducer with Manometer

Solution:
"
𝜌𝑔 𝑧# − 𝑧" + 𝜌𝑔ℎ 1 − 𝑠G = 𝜌𝑔 𝑧# − 𝑧" + 𝜌𝑢## k1 −
#
K& #
K*
l

#
𝐴#
# 1−
𝑢# 𝐴"
ℎ=
2𝑔 1 − 𝑠G

What do we know about h?

When A2=A1, then h=0
When A2 < A1, h is positive (as pictured)
When A2 > A1, h is negative (just means we need to
redraw and our assumptions above weren’t correct)
3. Bernoulli Constant

Consider the 2 systems of reservoirs and pipes in Figure 4. How would you apply the
Bernoulli equation to each system and what is the essential difference between them?
Neglect any energy losses and assume that the flows are irrotational.
1 Reservoir and 2 outlets

Draw streamlines between 1 and 2 and 1

and 3 (just image the lines I drew were
straight and parallel to the sides of the
pipesJ).
There will be only 1 Bernoulli constant (total
head) determined by the top water level
in the reservoir:

H1=H2=H3
2 Reservoir and 1 outlet

Now draw streamlines between 1 and 4 and

2 and 3 (Again, excuse my bad
drawing).

Here there are 2 Bernoulli constants

determined from the 2 water levels in the
reservoirs.
H1=H4 and H2=H3
This implies that we could have very
different velocities at 3 and 4.

In viscous flow, these flows would mix and

H3=H4
4. Frames of Reference and the Bernoulli Equation

So far, we have dealt with stationary systems.

While PE is measured from an arbitrary datum, KE of the fluid (particularly the velocity) is
referenced to a coordinate system.

We will look at some examples where the frame of reference is moving at a constant
velocity (no acceleration).
Absolute velocity (uabs): referenced to the fixed coordinate system
Relative velocity (u): referenced to the moving coordinate system, moving at uref
𝑢'LG = 𝑢 + 𝑢&$M
Q: What velocity do you think we should apply in Bernoulli?

A video on relative motion (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWgyye8YVzc)

4. Example: Water Flowing from a Tank on a Moving Cart
A large tank full of water is mounted on a cart which moves with absolute velocity 𝑢&$M =
𝑢<'&% . Water in the tank drains out through a thin, smooth orifice (𝐶N = 1.0) on the side of
the tank, located at a distance h below the water surface. Determine the absolute
velocity of the discharge through the orifice of area A. What is the discharge leaving the
tank?
Solution: Relative Velocities

Take datum at the level of the orifice of the

tank.

We need to use the relative velocity in

Bernoulli:

𝐻" = 𝐻#
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒉𝟏 = + + 𝒉𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝒖𝟐𝟐
𝟎+𝟎+𝒉=𝟎+ +𝟎
𝟐𝒈
𝑢# = 2𝑔ℎ
You need to use the relative velocity to determine Q.

𝑄 = 𝐴O 𝑢#

However if you were asked to calculate the absolute velocity:

𝑢#,'LG = 𝑢# + 𝑢<'&%
𝑢#,'LG = 2𝑔ℎ + 𝑢<'&%
5. Bernoulli Equation Compared with a more Complete
Energy Eqn
• Bernoulli:
– is applied to a stream tube, which we simplified
to a stream line between 2 points.
– Usually we consider no losses, H1 = H2
• Energy equation:
– Based on the first law of thermodynamics.
– Applied to a steady flow through a streamtube
with 1 inlet and 1 outlet
– It includes exchanges of heat and work
A more Complete Energy Equation
5. Bernoulli vs Total Energy

The total energy equation collapses to the Bernoulli equation when:

– No heat input or output
– No machines (no pumps, turbines, etc)
– No friction (no fluid shear stresses)

• So Bernoulli is the energy equation when:

𝑄̇ O$'% − 𝑊̇ %=&LJ($ + 𝑊̇ 8=H8 − 𝑊̇ M&J<%J;( = 0

• So the Bernoulli equation is just a restricted form of the total energy equation.
6. Bernoulli assumptions:

1. No shaft work between sections 1 and 2.

» However, a pump that adds energy
to the system can be accounted for
(The Bernoulli equation on either
side can be solved with a different
constant).
» H1 +Hp = H2

2. No heat transfer between 1 and 2.

» Can solve Bernoulli on either side
of a localised and significant heat
transfer
6. Bernoulli assumptions:

3. Steady flow
4. Incompressible flow or constant density (true even for gas flows up to 100 m/s)
5. Frictionless flow (although we do have a simple modification for this):
Friction loss along a pipe: H1 = H2 +hf
=&
Friction loss at a localised source (e.g.,pipe expansion): 𝐻" = 𝐻# + 𝐾Q #>

6. Flow along a streamline (see your lecture notes Energy 2, pages 11-13):
à For irrotational flow – Bernoulli constant the same for all streamlines
à For rotational flow – Bernoulli constant is different for different streamlines
Example: Interconnected Tanks

Estimate the time, t, for the water levels in

the 2 tanks to equalise. Check the
validity of u1= 0 m/s.

Areas of tanks: A1 = 6 m2; A2 = 12 m2

Initial difference in water level: 1 m
Diameter of orifice: Do = 75 mm
Discharge through the orifice:
𝑄 = 𝐶R 𝐴; 2𝑔∆ℎ
Where ∆ℎ = ℎ" − ℎ#
Cd = 0.61
7. Example: Interconnected Tanks

Solution:
First we draw streamlines from 1 to 2
(my yellow line).
Point 2 is within the orifice, before the
flow diverges and significant energy
losses occur.
At point 2, the vena contracta,
pressure is hydrostatic, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝟐

Let the datum be the centre of the

orifice.

Apply Bernoulli
 7. Example: Interconnected Tanks
Solution:
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

Rearranging:
𝑢# = 2𝑔(ℎ" − ℎ#)
Recall:
𝑄 = 𝐶R 𝐴; 2𝑔(ℎ" − ℎ#)

Now let’s look at continuity with the control

volume:
 7. Example: Interconnected Tanks
Now let’s look at continuity with the control volume:
Water flowing out of tank 1 is flowing into tank 2.
𝑑ℎ"
𝐴" = −𝑄
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ#
𝐴# =𝑄
𝑑𝑡
So:
𝑑 1 1
ℎ" − ℎ# = − + 𝑄
𝑑𝑡 𝐴" 𝐴#
𝑑
∆ℎ = −𝑘 ∆ℎ
𝑑𝑡
Where (previous slide):
1 1
𝑘 = 𝐶R 𝐴; 2𝑔 +
𝐴" 𝐴#
Integrating both sides and sub in values, we get t =
670 s
See your notes for the full derivation.
Summary

• The derivation of Bernoulli à viscous effects are neglected!

• IF u~ 0, the Bernoulli simplifies to the hydrostatic pressure relation from week 1.
ST S=
• Irrotational flow: − =0
S! SU
» all parcels of fluid possess the same amount of total energy.
» The Bernoulli constant is the same for the entire flow field
ST S=
• Rotational flow: : S! − SU ≠ 0
» Along any streamline, the Bernoulli constant is the same
» The Bernoulli constant varies from streamline to streamline.
• Know it, learn it, love it. Bernoulli!

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
Useful review videos

Bernoulli videos:
Pipe flow: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdkKkOqnqvw
Flow out of a tank: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxYH41vV-DI
Wind on a roof: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUMspps8d8A
Water lines going up hill: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCMjeta5KCY
Airplanes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMDxv96XluY
The remaining slides contain info that is useful to know
and a few more examples:
From Bruce Cather’s
Fluids vs Solids (From Bruce)