Fluid Dynamics

Prepared by
Mohammad Zunaied-Bin-Harun
Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environental Engineering (IUT).
Fluid Dynamics:
Fluid kinematics deals with the motion of fluid particles without considering the
forces the forces which caused the motion.

Fluid dynamics deals with the motion of fluid particles also with the forces which
caused the motion.

To describe the motion of fluid a set of equations should be available which can be
solved analytically or numerically applying initial and boundary conditions. The
three basic equations are
1. The equation of continuity based on the principle of conservation of mass.
2. The equation of energy based on the principle of conservation of energy.
3. The equation of momentum based on the principle of conservation of momentum.
Equation of Continuity:
Mass flow rate:
Mass of fluid which passes through the system per unit time. Its unit is kg/sec,
slug/sec or pound/sec. (1 slug = 32.2lb or 14.6kg )
Volume flow rate (Q):
The volume of water passing per unit time across a section of a conduit (a pipe or
channel) is known as discharge or volume flow rate. (Unit m3/sec.)

Let, Cross sectional are of a pipe = A

Cross sectional mean velocity of the low = V

Discharge is given by Q = A x V
Velocity profile:
• The velocity of fluid in a pipe is not constant across the cross section.
• The velocity is zero at the walls increasing to a maximum value at the
center then again decreasing symmetrically to the to the other wall.
! The variation of velocity across the section is known as the velocity
profile of velocity distribution.

Figure : Velocity Profile

Cross sectional mean velocity:

dA, v

A, V

Figure: Determination mean velocity

Equation of Continuity for 1-D steady
flow:
The concept of conservation of mass is
“In the non-nuclear process matter can neither be created nor
destroyed.”
So the mass of fluid per unit time entering the upstream
section of a conduit must be equal to the mass of fluid per
unit time at the downstream section leaving the conduit for a
steady flow.
Let,
Mass flow rate at upstream (M 1 ) = Mass flow at down
stream (M2)
ρ1Q1 = ρ2Q2
Q1 = Q2 [For a incompressible flow ρ1= ρ2]
A1V1 = A2V2
Which is the general equation of continuity for one
dimensional steady flow. It is the first and fundamental
equation of flow. Figure: 1-D steady flow through a pipe
Limitations of Continuity Equation:
1. The flow must be steady, which is usually the case for most of the
problem of fluid mechanics.
2. The fluid must be incompressible i.e. the densities must be constant.
T h i s i s t h e c a s e fo r m o s t p ro b l e m s o f hy d ra u l i c s w h e re
compressibility effect is negligible.
3. The flow must be one-dimensional. Because of simplicity and
practical purpose all pipe and channel flow problems are solved by
this assumption.
Problem:
Water is flowing through a pipe 10cm in diameter with an average
velocity 10 m/s. Compute the discharge in liters/sec. Also, determine the
velocity at the end of the pipe if the diameter of the pipe is gradually
changed to 20cm.
Energy equation:
• Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.
• It manifests in various forms and it can change from one form to another.
• There are three forms of energy present in a fluid flow. They are:
1. Potential energy.
2. Pressure energy.
3. Kinetic energy.
Potential energy: This energy in a fluid exerts by virtue of it’s position or elevation
with respect to a horizontal datum. (z)
Pressure energy: It is the energy possessed by a fluid by the virtue of it’s existing
pressure. (p/ϒ)
Kinetic energy: It is the energy possessed by a fluid particle by the virtue of it’s
velocity. (v2/2g)
Total energy or head of a fluid particle in motion:

The total energy or head of a fluid particle in motion is the sum of potential
energy/head, pressure energy/head and kinetic energy/head. Mathematically

Total energy/head, H = z + (p/ϒ) + (v2/2g) (unit m-kg/kg or m-N/m)

Problem:

Water is flowing through a pipe 7 cm in diameter under a gauge pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2
and with a mean velocity of 1.5 m/s. Neglecting friction, determine the total head. If
the pipe is 7m above datum line.
Bernoulli’s equation:
The equation states that “In a steady, irrotational flow of frictionless, incompressible
fluid the total energy remains constant”. Mathematically,

z + (p/ϒ) + (v2/2g) = constant

A similar but more general statement of Bernoulli’s equation derived from general
energy equation is “ In a steady, irrotational flow of frictionless, incompressible fluid
the sum of potential, pressure and velocity head remains constant at every section,
provided energy is neither added nor taken out by external sources.
Problem:
The diameter of a pipe changes from 20 cm at a section 5m above the datum to 5cm
at a section 3m above the datum. The pressure of water at first section is 5kg/cm2. If
the velocity of flow at the first section is 1 m/s. Determine the intensity of pressure at
the second section. Neglect losses.

Problem:
A certain oil of specific gravity .90 is flowing through a taper pipe of 225mm
diameter at section (1) and 450 mm diameter at section (2). The flow rate through the
pipe is .25m3/sec and pressure at (1) and (2) are 100 kPa and 200 kPa respectively.
Find the headloss in the direction of flow. The difference of height between two
points are 4.5m
Kinetic energy co-efficient:
Hydraulic and energy gradelines:
Hydraulic gradelines:
The line joining the piezometric heads at every section of a conduit is known
as the hydraulic grade line.
If the piezometer reading is denoted by p1/ϒ at section (1) and the elevation
head is z1 the piezometric head is p1/ϒ + z1

Energy gradeline:
The line joining all the total energy heads of every section is know as the
energy grade line.
Total energy head = piezometric head + velocity head.
The total head is indicated by a pilot tube i.e. the line joining the readings of
pilot tubes at every section is known as the energy grade line.
Hydraulic and energy gradelines:

Figure: Definition sketch for the energy equation and grade lines.
Head and power:
Each term of Bernoulli’s or energy equation is called a head and
represents energy per unit weight having unit as m-kg/kg or N-m/m or
simply m. Power is defined as the rate of doing work . It is designated by
P and obtained by multiplying head H by the weight of liquid per second.
i.e.
P=WxH=γQH
HP is the measure of power in MKS unit and is equal to 75 kg-m/sec.
HP = (γQH)/75
In SI unit, power is measured in watt (W), which is equal to one joule per
second.
Problem:
Moment equation:
The fundamental principle of dynamics is the Newton’s 2 nd law of motion
which states that“ The time rate change of momentum is proportional to the
applied force and takes place in the direction of force”.
Let,
The change in velocity of a fluid of mass m in time dT be dV
Then, F = m (dV/dT)
F dT = m dV
The left hand side of the above equation is known as the impost of applied force.
The left hand side is the resulting change in the momentum. The equation is
known as the impulse-momentum equation which states that the impulse is
equal to the resulting change in the momentum of a body.
Moment equation:

Figure: Determination of Momentum Equa.

Momentum co-efficient: