RATE OF FLOW OR DISCHARGE (Q)

The quantity of a liquid, flowing per second through a

section of a pipe or a channel, is known as the rate of
discharge or simply discharge. It is generally denoted by
Q. Now consider a liquid flowing through a pipe.

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆, 𝑸 = 𝑨 𝒙 𝒗
(m3/s)

Where;
A = Cross-sectional area of pipe (m2)
v = Average velocity of fluid across the
section (m/s)
THE CONTINUITY EQUATION

The equation of continuity states

that in the steady flow of any liquid
in a limited space, where the
parameters if state do not change
in time, the rate of flow in any
section of flow is the same. This is
known as the equation of
continuity of a liquid flow.

𝑸 𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐
𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
 A typical application of mass
conservation is at pipe junctions;

𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑
𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 𝒗𝟑
EXERCISE 4.1
The diameters of a pipe at the sections 1 and 2 are
10cm and 15cm respectively. Find the discharge
through the pipe if the velocity of water flowing
through the pipe at section 1 is 5m/s. Determine
also the velocity at section 2. (0.039m3/s, 2.167m/s)
EXERCISE 4.1
The diameters of a pipe at the sections 1 and 2 are 10cm and 15cm respectively.
Find the discharge through the pipe if the velocity of water flowing through the
pipe at section 1 is 5m/s. Determine also the velocity at section 2. (0.039m3/s,
2.167m/s)
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐
Solution: 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝜋𝑑 2
Q1= 𝑣1
4

𝜋 0.1 2
Q1= 5 = 0.039 m3/s
4

𝜋𝑑 2
Q2= 𝑣2
4

𝜋 0.15 2
0.039= 𝑣2
4
0.039= 0.018𝑣2
∴ 𝑣2 = 2.167m/s
EXERCISE 4.2
A 30cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches
into two pipes of diameters 20cm and 15cm
respectively. If the average velocity in the 30cm
diameter pipe is 2.5m/s, find the dicharge in the
pipe. Also determine the velocity in 15cm pipe if
the average velocity in 20cm diameter pipe is 2
m/s.

(0.177m3/s, 6.333m/s)
EXERCISE 4.2
A 30cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters
20cm and 15cm respectively. If the average velocity in the 30cm diameter pipe
is 2.5m/s, find the dicharge in the pipe. Also determine the velocity in 15cm
pipe if the average velocity in 20cm diameter pipe is 2 m/s.
(0.177m3/s, 6.333m/s) Q2
Q1
Solution: 𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸 𝟑
𝜋 0.3 2 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 𝒗𝟑
Q1= 2.5 = 0.177m3/s
4

Q1= Q2 + Q3 Q3

𝜋 0.2 2 𝜋 0.15 2
0.177= 2 + 𝑣3
4 4
0.177= 0.063 + 0.018𝑣3
0.114= 0.018𝑣3
∴ 𝑣3 = 6.333m/s
EXERCISE 4.3
The diameters of a pipe at the sections 1 and 2 are
25cm and 30cm respectively. Find the discharge
through the pipe if the velocity of water flowing
through the pipe at section 1 is 4m/s. Determine
also the velocity at section 2.

(0.197m3/s, 2.775m/s)

d =25cm
V = 4m/s d =30cm
 EXERCISE 4.4
Water flows through a pipe AB with diameter 140cm at 3.5m/s
and then passes through a pipe BC with diameter of 165cm. At C,
the pipe is branches into pipe CD and CE. Given the diameter and
discharge of pipe CD is 100cm and one-third of the discharge in
pipe AB respectively. The velocity in pipe CE is 5.0m/s.
Determine;
i. Discharge at pipe AB
ii. Velocity in BC
iii. Velocity in CD
iv. Diameter of CE

(5.3878m3/s, 2.520m/s, 2.288m/s, 0.956m)

ENERGY OF A LIQUID
The energy, in general, may be defined as the capacity to do
work. Though the energy exists in many forms, yet the
following are important from the subject point of view;

1 Potential energy

2 Kinetic energy

3 Pressure energy
Potential Energy
• It is energy possessed by a liquid particle by virtue of its position. If a liquid particle
is Z metres above the horizontal datum, the potential energy of the particle will be Z
metre-kilogram (briefly written as mkg) per kg of the liquid. The potential head of
the liquid, at that point, will be Z metres of the liquid.

Kinetic Energy
• It is the energy, possessed by a liquid particle, by virtue of its motion or velocity. If a
liquid particle is flowing with a mean velocity of v metres per second, then the kinetic
𝑣2
energy of the particle will be mkg per kg of the liquid. Velocity head of the liquid,
2𝑔
𝑣2
at that velocity, will be metres of the liquid.
2𝑔

Pressure Energy
• It is the energy, possessed by a liquid particle, by virtue of its existing pressure. If a
liquid particle is under a pressure of p kN/m2 (i.e. kPa), then pressure energy of the
𝑃
particle will be mkg per kg of the liquid, where w is the specific weight of the
𝜔
𝑃
liquid. Pressure head of the liquid under that pressure will be metres of the
𝜔
liquid.
TOTAL HEAD OF A LIQUID
The total head of a liquid
particle, in motion, is the
sum of its potential
head, kinetic head and
pressure head.

Pressure Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

Total Head
𝑷 𝒗𝟐
𝑯 = + + 𝒁
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
EXERCISE 4.5
Water is flowing through a pipe of 5cm diameter
under a pressure of 29.43N/cm2 (gauge) and with
mean velocity of 2.0m/s. Find the total head of the
water at a cross-section, which is 5m above the
datum line. (35.204m)
EXERCISE 4.6
Water is flowing through a pipe of 250mm
diameter under a gauge pressure of 65kPa, and
with a mean velocity of 2.5m/s. Determine the total
head, if the pipe is 4.5m above the datum line.
(11.445m)
EXERCISE 4.5
Water is flowing through a pipe of 5cm diameter under a pressure of 29.43N/cm2 (gauge)
and with mean velocity of 2.0m/s. Find the total head of the water at a cross-section,
which is 5m above the datum line. (35.204m)

29.43𝑁 2𝑚
Solution: Given ∅ = 5𝑐𝑚, 𝑃 = ,𝑉 = ,𝑍 = 5𝑚
𝑐𝑚2 𝑠

𝑷 𝒗𝟐 Convert
𝑯 = + + 𝒁
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 29.43N/cm2 → N/m2

29.43 × 104 22
𝐻= + +5
1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81

𝐻 = 30 + 0.204 + 5
∴ H= 35.204m
EXERCISE 4.6
Water is flowing through a pipe of 250mm diameter under a gauge pressure of 65kPa, and
with a mean velocity of 2.5m/s. Determine the total head, if the pipe is 4.5m above the
datum line. (11.445m)

2.5𝑚
Solution: Given ∅ = 250𝑚𝑚, 𝑃 = 65𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑉 = ,𝑍 = 4.5𝑚
𝑠
𝑷 𝒗𝟐
𝑯 = + + 𝒁
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

65 × 103 2.52
𝐻= + + 4.5
1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81

𝐻 = 6.626 + 0.319 + 4.5

∴ H= 11.445m
EXERCISE 4.7
Water is flowing through a pipe of 100mm
diameter under a gauge pressure of 55kPa, and
with a mean velocity of 2.0m/s. Determine the total
head, if the pipe is 5m above the datum line.
(10.811m)
EXERCISE 4.8
Water is flowing through a pipe of 100mm
diameter under a pressure of 19.62N/cm2 with
mean velocity of flow 3m/s. Find the total head of
water at the cross-secttion, which is 8m above the
datun line. (28.459m)
EXERCISE 4.9
A circular pipe of 250mm diameter carries an oil of
specific gravity 0.8 at the rate of flow of 120litres/s
and under a pressure of 20kPa. Calculate the total
energy in metres at a point which is 3m above the
datum line. (5.854m)
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

It states, “For a perfect incompressible

liquid, flowing in a continuous stream,
the total energy of a practical remain
the same, while the particle moves from
one point to another.” This statement is
based on the assumption that there are no
losses due to friction in the pipe.
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Consider a perfect incompressible liquid, flowing through a
non-uniform pipe as shown in figure.

𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
EXERCISE 4.10
The water is flowing through a pipe having
diameters 20cm and 10cm at section 1 and 2
respectively. The rate of flow through pipe is
35liters/s. The section 1 is 6m above datum and
section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at
section 1 is 39.24N/cm2, find the insentity of
pressure at section 2.

(402729.93N/m2)
EXERCISE 4.10
The water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20cm and 10cm at section
1 and 2 respectively. The rate of flow through pipe is 35liters/s. The section 1 is
6m above datum and section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is
39.24N/cm2, find the intensity of pressure at section 2.
(402729.93N/m2)
39.24𝑁 35𝑙
Solution: Given ∅1 = 20𝑐𝑚, ∅2 = 10𝑐𝑚, 𝑃1 = ,𝑄 = , 𝑍1 = 6𝑚, 𝑍2 = 4𝑚
𝑐𝑚2 𝑠

𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 First, find value

𝝆𝒈
+
𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒁𝟏 =
𝝆𝒈
+
𝟐𝒈
+ 𝒁𝟐 for Velocity.

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉,
𝑄 35 × 10−3
𝑉= =
𝐴 𝜋 0.22
4
𝑉 = 1.114𝑚/𝑠
EXERCISE 4.10
The water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20cm and 10cm at section
1 and 2 respectively. The rate of flow through pipe is 35liters/s. The section 1 is
6m above datum and section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is
39.24N/cm2, find the intensity of pressure at section 2.
(402729.93N/m2)
39.24𝑁 35𝑙
Solution: Given ∅1 = 20𝑐𝑚, ∅2 = 10𝑐𝑚, 𝑃1 = ,𝑄 = , 𝑍1 = 6𝑚, 𝑍2 = 4𝑚
𝑐𝑚2 𝑠

𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

39.24 × 104 1.114 2 𝑃2 4.456 2

+ +6= + +4
103 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 103 × 9.81 2 × 9.81

𝑃2
46.063 = + 5.012
103 × 9.81
𝑃2
41.051 = 3 , ∴ 𝑃2 = 402,710. 31N/m2
10 ×9.81
EXERCISE 4.11
The diameter of a pipe changes from 300mm at a
section 7m above datum to 150mm at a section
2.5m above datum. The pressure of water at first
section is 550kN/m2. If the velocity of flow at the
first section is 3.5m/s, determine the intensity of
pressure at the second section.

(504587.16N/m2)
EXERCISE 4.12
Water is flowing through a pipe having diameter
300mm and 200mm at the bottom and upper end
respectively. The intensity of pressure at the
bottom end is 24.525N/cm2 and the pressure at the
upper end is 9.81N/cm2. Determine the difference
in datum head if the rate of flow through pipe is
40litres/s.

(14.931m)
VENTURI METER
A venturi meter is a device used for measuring the rate of
flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe. It consists of three
part;

A short converging
part

Throat

Diverging part
 Venturi Meter

 
DISCHARGE THROUGH A VENTURI METER
Consider a venturi meter through which some
liquid is flowing as shown in figure.
Theoretical discharge;

𝑸𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒙 𝒗𝟐
𝑨𝟏
= 𝑨𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝑨𝟏 𝟐 − 𝑨𝟐 𝟐

Actual discharge;

𝑨𝟏 Cd= Coefficient
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅 𝒙 𝑨𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝑨𝟏 𝟐 − 𝑨𝟐 𝟐 of discharge
VALUE OF ‘h’ GIVEN BY
DIFFERENTIAL U-TUBE MANOMETER

Case I. Let the differential Case II. If the differential

manometer contains a liquid manometer contains a liquid
which is heavier than the which is lighter than the liquid
liquid flowing through the flowing through the pipe, the
pipe. value of h is given by;

𝑺𝒉 𝑺𝒉
𝒉 = −𝟏 𝒙 𝒉 = 𝟏 − 𝒙
𝑺𝒐 𝑺𝒐

Sh= Specific gravity of liquid in manometer

So= Specific gravity of liquid flowing in pipe
EXERCISE 4.13
A horizontal venturi meter with an inlet diameter
30cm and throat diameter 15cm is used to measure
the flow of water. The reading in the differential
manometer connected to the inlet and throat is
10cm of mercury. Determine the flow rate if the
coefficient of venturimeter is 0.98. (0.091m3/s)
EXERCISE 4.13
A horizontal venturi meter with an inlet diameter 30cm and throat diameter
15cm is used to measure the flow of water. The reading in the differential
manometer connected to the inlet and throat is 10cm of mercury. Determine the
flow rate if the coefficient of venturimeter is 0.98. (0.091m3/s)

Solution: Given ∅1 = 30𝑐𝑚, ∅2 = 15𝑐𝑚, 𝐶𝑑 = 0.98, 𝑥 = 10𝑐𝑚

𝐴1 𝜋𝑑2 𝜋 0.32
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑥 𝐴2 𝑥 2𝑔ℎ 𝐴1 = =
2 2 4 4
𝐴1 − 𝐴2 = 0.071m 2

0.071
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.98 𝑥 0.018𝑥 2 9.81 1.26 𝜋𝑑2 𝜋 0.152
0.071 2 − 0.018 2 𝐴2 = =
4 4
=0.018m2
0.071
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.98 𝑥 0.018𝑥 4.972
0.071 2 − 0.018 2 𝑠ℎ
h = −1 𝑥
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.091𝑚3 /s 𝑆𝑜

13.6
h = − 1 0.1= 1.26m
1
 EXERCISE 4.14
A venturi meter with a 20cm diameter at inlet and
10cm at throat is laid with its axis horizontal and is
used for measuring the flow of oil specific gravity
0.8. The oil mercury differential monometer shows
a gauge difference of 30cm. Assume coefficient of
discharge as 0.98. Calculate the discharge in litres
per second. (0.077m3/s)

𝑨𝟏
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅 𝒙 𝑨𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝑨𝟏 𝟐 − 𝑨𝟐 𝟐
EXERCISE 4.15
A horizontal venturi meter 160mm x 80mm is used
to measure the flow of an oil of specific gravity 0.8.
Determine the deflection of the oil mercury gauge,
if the discharge of the oil is 50litres/s. Take
coefficient of venturimeter as 1. (0.283m)
EXERCISE 4.16
In a laboratory, a 100mm x 50mm venturi meter
was used, which recorded a discharge of 18litres of
water per second, when the mercury reading
350mm. What is the value of venturi meter
coefficient? (0.95)
ORIFICES
An opening, in a vessel, through which the liquid flows out is known as
an orifice. This hole or opening is called an orifice, so long as the level of
the liquid on the upstream side is above the top of the orifice. The usual
purpose of an orifice is the measurement or discharge. An orifice may
be provided in the vertical side of a vessel or in the base. On the basis of
the size of orifice and height of liquid from the center of the orifice,
orifices are classified as;

1 Small orifice

2 Large orifice
JET OF WATER
The continuous stream of a liquid, that comes
out or flows out of an orifice, is known as the jet
of water.
VENA CONTRACTA
Consider a tank fitted with an
orifice, as shown in figure 3.8. The
liquid particles, in order to flow out
through the orifice, move towards
the orifice from all directions. A few
of the particles first move
downward, then take a turn to enter
into the orifice and then finally flow
through it.
It may be noted, that the liquid particles lose some energy, while
taking the turn to enter into the orifice. It has been, thus, observed that
jet, after leaving the orifice, gets contracted. The maximum contraction
takes place at a section slightly on the downstream side of the orifice,
where the jet is more or less horizontal. Such a section is known as
vena contracta as shown by the section V − C in figure 3.8.
HYDRAULIC COEFFICIENTS
The following coefficients are known as hydraulic coefficients or
orifice coefficients;

Coefficient of contraction
The ratio of area of the jet, at vena contracta, to the area of the orifice
is known as coefficient of contraction. Mathematically coefficient of
contraction;

𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒋𝒆𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂

𝑪𝒄 =
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒆
𝑨𝒋
=
𝑨𝒐

The value of coefficient of contraction varies slightly with the

available head of the liquid, size and shape of the orifice. An average
of Cc is about 0.64.
Coefficient of velocity
The ratio of actual velocity of the jet, at vena contracta, to the theoretical velocity
is known as coefficient of velocity. Mathematically coefficient of velocity;

𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒋𝒆𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂

𝑪𝒗 =
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒋𝒆𝒕
𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
=
𝒗𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚
2𝑔ℎ

Coefficient of Flow Rate

The ratio of actual flow rate through an orifice to the theoretical flow rate is
known as coefficient of flow rate. Mathematically coefficient of flow rate;

𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒙 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

𝑪𝒅 =
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒋
= 𝐱
𝒗𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝑨𝒐
= 𝐶𝑣 x 𝐶𝑐
DISCHARGE THROUGH A SMALL ORIFICE
An orifice is considered to be small, if the head of water above the
orifice if over 5 times the height of the orifice.

The discharge through the orifice is then;

𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒄 𝑨𝒐 𝑪𝒗 𝟐𝒈𝒉
= 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈𝒉
EXERCISE 4.17
A 4cm diameter orifice in the vertical side of a
large tank discharges water under a head of 4m.
The coefficient of contraction and velocity are
0.62 and 0.98 respectively. Determine;
o The diameter of the jet at vena contracta.
(0.031m)
o The velocity of jet at vena contracta.
(8.682m/s)
o The discharge. (6.765x10-3m3/s)
 EXERCISE 4.17
A 4cm diameter orifice in the vertical side of a large tank discharges water under a head
of 4m. The coefficient of contraction and velocity are 0.62 and 0.98 respectively.
Determine;
o The diameter of the jet at vena contracta. (0.031m)

Solution: Given ∅ = 4𝑐𝑚, h = 4𝑚, 𝐶𝑐 = 0.62, 𝐶𝑣 = 0.98

* Diameter of the jet at vena contracta = 𝑑𝑗 ,

𝐴𝑗
𝐶𝑐 = *The velocity of jet at vena contracta. (8.682m/s)
𝐴𝑜 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐶𝑣 =
𝜋𝑑2 𝑉𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦
4 0.785𝑑2
0.62 = 𝜋 0.04 2
= 1.257 ×10−3 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡
4 0.98 = =
2𝑔ℎ 2×9.81×4

7.791 × 10−4 = 0.785𝑑 2 0.98=

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡
∴ 𝑑 = 0.031𝑚 8.859

∴ 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 8.682m/s
 EXERCISE 4.17
A 4cm diameter orifice in the vertical side of a large tank discharges water under a head
of 4m. The coefficient of contraction and velocity are 0.62 and 0.98 respectively.
Determine;
o The discharge. (6.766x10-3m3/s)

Solution: Given ∅ = 4𝑐𝑚, h = 4𝑚, 𝐶𝑐 = 0.62, 𝐶𝑣 = 0.98

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔ℎ
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.62 (1.257 × 10−3 ) 0.98 × 2(9.81)(4)
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.62 (1.257 × 10−3 ) 8.682

∴ 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 6.766 × 10−3 m3/s

EXERCISE 4.18
A jet of water issues from an orifice of diameter
20mm under a head of 1m. What is the coefficient
of discharge for the orifiece, if actual discharge is
0.85litres/second. (0.61)
EXERCISE 4.19
A 60mm diameter orifice is discharging water
under a head of 9m. Calculate the actual discharge
through the orifice in litres per second and actual
velocity of the jet in metres per second at vena
contracta, if Cd = 0.625 and Cv = 0.98. (0.023m3/s,
13.023m/s)
EXERCISE 4.20
An orifice with a diameter of 35mm discharge
water from a tank with a velocity of 8.5m/s. The
water head above the orifice is 5.0m. Calculate the
coefficient of velocity (Cv), coefficient of
contraction (Cc) and the coefficient of discharge
(Cd) if the actual flow rate is 0.008m3/s. (0.84,
0.858, 0.979)
DISCHARGE THROUGH LARGE ORIFICES

With a large rectangular

orifice, the velocity of the
liquid particles is not
constant, because there is a
considerable variation of
effective pressure head over the height of an orifice:
Velocity of liquid varies with the available pressure head
of the liquid.
Discharge;
EXERCISE 4.21
A rectangular orifice of 1.5m wide and 0.5m deep
is discharging water from a tank. If the level in the
tank is 3m above the top of the orifice, find the
dicharge through the orifice. Take coefficient of
discharge for the orifice as 0.6. (3.592m3/s)
EXERCISE 4.22
A rectangular orifice of width 1m and height 1.5m
in the vertical side of a tank. The measured
discharge is 8.21m3/s. If the bottom edge of the
orifice is 5m below the water level in the reservoir,
determine the coefficient of discharge of the
orifice. (0.60)